Sprawl locations are often unsightly and starkly modern in a manner that offends some Europeans: "Traditional cities, like many small and mid-sized cities in modern-day Europe, were typically oriented in a compact and efficient way. Preferences of many people, especially in the United States, have led suburban development…in an outward instead of upward manner…Subdivisions are often cited as primary examples of a less efficient use of space that characterizes sprawl. These layouts often only have a few places to enter and exit, causing main roads to have more traffic at these points" (Hill 2010). Creating long commute times and encouraging people to remain within their homes rather than seek out others during times of leisure has had a profoundly negative social impact upon the U.S., many believe, and they cite the fact that the few cities that are anomalous in their development, such as walker-friendly New York City, tend…...
mlaWorks Cited
Hill, Adam. "What is urban sprawl?" Wise Geek. August 11, 2010.
Urban Sprawl is a problem that can have severe consequences for all life if the continuing expansion of developed landscape is left unrestricted. The unrestricted development of the United States and the world is rapidly contributing to the degradation of our ecosystem. Moreover, if over development continues there will be massive human suffering. Air and water quality are in jeopardy and topsoil is being lost at an alarming rate. If something isn't done soon to curtail rampant development there may be no way to prevent its destructive consequences. In order to understand Urban Sprawl it is imperative to understand the history and origin of cities.
As the nation shifted from agricultural society to a manufacturing, and then a technology driven social culture, workers incresingly left the rural life and homestead to find work and social support in the manufacturing centers. This development was based on the marketplace and was designed to…...
mlaBibliography
Baker, Linda. "The Fast-Moving Fight To Stop Urban Sprawl." E. May 2000 v11 i3 p26
Binkley, Clark, Bert Collins, Lois Kanter, Michael Alford, Michael Shapiro, Richard Tabors. Interceptor Sewers and Urban Sprawl. D.C.: Heath and Company, 1975
Brecher, Jeremy, & Tim Costello. Global Village or Global Pillage, Economic Reconstruction from the Ground Up. Cambridge, Ma. South End Press, 1998
Gordon, John Steele. "The American environment: the big picture is more heartening than all the little ones." American Heritage, Oct 1993 v44 n6 p30
Urban sprawl is not something that too many people really seem to spend that much time thinking about. Despite this, however, many people do have to deal with it. Those that are faced with the problem are often unsure about what they should be doing about it, and those that work in the field of trying to control it often struggle between making sure that there are enough places for people to live and making sure that the environment is not destroyed by the new houses and other buildings that are being created. Sometimes, balancing this is very difficult, and this is at the heart of the problem. For this reason, this paper focuses on urban sprawl and the environmental impact that is often seen when it takes place.
Environmentalists have so many concerns that they often can overlook the problems that urban sprawl is causing when it comes to environmental…...
mlaWorks Cited
Garreau, J. (1991). Edge City. New York: Anchor Books.
Gordon, P. & Richardson, H. (1998). Prove it: The costs and benefits of sprawl. Brookings Review 16(3): 23-26.
Lomax, T. & Schrank, D. (1998). Urban Roadway Congestion, 1982 to 1996. College Station, Texas: Texas Transportation Institute.
Reid, A. (10 December 1996). Area traffic stuck in a costly jam. Washington Post, A1.
Urban Sprawl
The area northeast of Madison, Wisconsin between the city and the area of Interstate 90 and Cottage Grove oad contains a large swath of viable and as of yet undeveloped land. This proposal to develop this target plot follows a sustainable policy of sprawl. The goal is to develop the land as an extension of the Madison metropolitan area rather than as a suburb, providing urban residents with green space while providing those living near the target area with recreational activities as well. Land use policies will be progressive and focused on social justice and ethical development. The proposal for development includes the potential for ethical and sustainable business development, which encourages small business owners to establish a presence in the new space. The new area will be known as Park 420.
Park 420 will be divided into quadrants including one quarter set aside for urban farmland. Grown within the…...
mlaReferences
"Urban Sprawl." Almanac of Policy Issues. Retrieved online: http://www.policyalmanac.org/environment/archive/urban_sprawl.shtml
Wolch, J.R., Pastor, M. & Drier, P. (2004). Up Against the Sprawl: Public Policy and the Making of California. University of Minnesota Press.
Wood, H. (1998). How Government Highway Policy Encourages Sprawl. CATO Institute. Retrieved online: http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5837
Paying landowner easements to restrict development on their property is another way to protect habitats (Terris). However, it is still feared that these measures may be inadequate. The most popular solution appears to be controlling growth development to lessen the impact of future urbanization. This means making better use of already developed areas, and providing mixed land uses (Terris). Environmentalists agree that strategic planning is the best solution to help curb further destruction in the future.
Human Rights, not Animal Rights
Numerous wildlife encounters where animals appear in suburban areas make the news headlines at an increasing rate. This would appear to be good, as it indicates that animals are adapting to their human neighbors, and that they are thriving despite the invasion. However, wild animals in the burbs pose a hazard in terms of automobile collisions with deer, and even human deaths by bear attacks (Shaw). Not everyone agrees that…...
mlaWorks Cited
Shaw, Jane. Nature in the Suburbs. (SMG 261-65) (Accessed November 4, 2008).http://www.heritage.org/Research/SmartGrowth/BG1724.cfm
Terris, Jutka. Unwelcome (Human) Neighbors: The Impacts of Sprawl on Wildlife. (SMG 256- 61) (Accessed November 4, 2008).http://www.nrdc.org/cities/smartGrowth/pwild.asp
Land Use Planning Policies and Urban Sprawl
IMPORTANCE
Land planning for distribution has progressed manifolds in the past century. Increase in the number of communities in the country raises the demand for urban development. Developments are often referred as revolutionary plans meant for better living. However, by the end of the 20th century perception of better living means away from the mainstream urbanism. Communities shifted to new areas with open space, tranquility and yet with almost the same kind of amenities as those in the urban areas [illiams, 2000].
Urban spread has become a major concern for various reasons. According to some urban sprawl should be controlled through extensive planning campaigns. Proponents of this group argue that the open spaces for farmland, once considered an off-limits arena for the urban commuters, today with the help of developers has slowly encroached on farm designated land. Opponents to sprawl are quick to point out that…...
mlaWorks Cited
Jacobs, Harvey M. Fighting Over Land America's Legacy... America's Future? Vol. 65 no, Journal of the American Planning Association, 04-15-1999.
Oliver, Charles. "Regulations Are Crimping the Suburbs," Investor's Business Daily, June 23, 1998.
Kaiser, Edward J.; Godschalk, David R., Twentieth century land use planning: a stalwart family tree... Vol. 61, Journal of the American Planning Association, 06-22-1995, pp 365(21).
Gordon, Peter; Richardson, Harry W., Are compact cities a desirable planning goal? Vol. 63, Journal of the American Planning Association, 01-01-1997, pp 95(12).
Therefore, strong educational campaigns are absolutely essential in the successful execution of urban ecological advocacy programs. One of the most fundamental efforts that come from NOAA funding is that of educational campaigns. Along with sponsoring coastal cleanups, NOAA is a prime example of a government agency focusing on recycling education campaigns within Miami-Dade's most populated areas, like the area surrounding Brickell Ave. Educating the public in terms of recycling has been one of NOAA and it's affiliates' most powerful tools in implementing successful urban conservation programs. With such a large population so close to natural wonders, the Brickell Ave area needs effective educational campaigns to curb littering on beaches and in parks, as well as lightening the impact of the local trash supply in the city's landfills. NOAA allocates federal funds for this very purpose within a localized sphere, once again proving the synergetic collaboration between local advocacy groups…...
mlaReferences
City of Miami. (2010). City of Miami tree master plan. Miami Green Commission. Retrieved February 18, 2010 from http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/disaster/Hurricane%20Preparation%20files/City%20of%20Miami%20Master%20Plan.pdf
Devuyst, Dimitri. (2001). Introduction to sustainability assessment at the local level: a human ecological perspective. How Green is the City? Sustainability Assessment and the Management of Urban Environments. New York: Columbia University Press. 1-36.
Gonzalez, George a. (2005). Urban sprawl, global warming and the limits of ecological modernization. Environmental Politics. 14(3):344-362.
Hold the Line. (2010). Supporters. UBD Line. Retrieved February 18, 2010 from http://www.udbline.com/organizations.htm
Urban Culture
hat is urban culture(s)?
Hear the words 'urban culture,' and quite often one thinks of hip-hop, the music that is a fusion of black city culture with other ethnic elements of various cities, from Jamaican to Latino sounds. Of course, this is a single example of modern urban culture. hat hip-hop shares in common with other urban cultural expressions of the past is that hip-hop is the product of fusing the diverse cultural elements of a variety of new ethnicities into a new culture. Urban culture is the result of tightly packing people into close apartment structures, neighborhoods and blocks that often allow them to be ethnically or racially 'isolated' from mainstream modern culture, yet creates a proximity that forces urban residents to adapt to a new American environment in a socially 'sharing' way.
The notion of urban culture is older than such modern-day constructions as hip-hop however. According to urban…...
mlaWorks Cited
Schultz, Stanley. Constructing the Urban Culture American Cities and City Planning, 1800-1920. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989.
Lobo, Daniel G., & Larry Schooler. (2004) "Playing with Urban Life." Technology & Cities. The American City. Issue 6. Retrieved 8 Nov 2005 at http://www.americancity.org/article.php?id_article=21
Essay Topic Examples
1. The Influence of Zoning Regulations on Urban Sprawl:
This topic would explore how zoning laws contribute to urban sprawl by dictating land use and how compaction strategies can be used to encourage more sustainable urban growth. It would analyze the relationship between zoning policies and the expansion of city borders, including economic, environmental, and social implications.
2. Zoning for Social Equity: Balancing Development and Inclusivity:
This essay would investigate the role of zoning in ensuring social equity in urban development. The focus would be on how zoning can either perpetuate or mitigate issues such as housing affordability, gentrification, and the concentration of services, and what strategies can be employed to ensure that all residents benefit from urban growth.
3. The Environmental Impact of Zoning: Conservancy vs. Construction:
This topic would delve into the environmental considerations of urban zoning regulations, addressing how they can protect ecosystems and promote sustainable land…...
mlaPrimary Sources
\"Zoning Bylaws and Ordinances,\" published by the Urban Land Institute.
Urban Land Institute. Zoning Bylaws and Ordinances. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute, 2020.\"Comprehensive Plans and Land Use Regulations: Twin Pillars of an Effective Ecosystem,\" released by the American Planning Association. American Planning Association. Comprehensive Plans and Land Use Regulations: Twin Pillars of an Effective Ecosystem. Chicago: American Planning Association, 2021.\"Zoning as a Barrier to Multifamily Housing Development,\" authored by Eriksen, Michael D., and Amanda Ross. Eriksen, Michael D., and Amanda Ross. \"Zoning as a Barrier to Multifamily Housing Development.\" Journal of Urban Economics 105 (2018): 1-18.\"Zoning and Affordable Housing: Does Zoning Matter?\" documented by Pendall, Rolf.
Smart GrowthChinitz (1990) examines the fallacy of composition in the context of land policy and growth management. The basic idea of the fallacy is that what is good for the individual is not necessarily good for society as a wholewith the normal application of the fallacy relating to interest rates: high rates might benefit one with savingsbut overall high rates tend to induce recession, which is bad for the whole. The same concept is what Chinitz (1990) uses when looking at land policy and managing growth: his argument, however, is that unmanaged growth manifests itself in two wayseither in using the wrong land, or in using land the wrong way. Based on this analysis, he concludes that local growth management efforts do not contribute to larger national problems; in short, he does not subscribe to the idea that policies that limit development in individual towns or cities can have negative…...
mlaReferencesChinitz, B. (1990). Growth management good for the town, bad for the nation?. Journal of the American Planning Association, 56(1), 3-8.Fischel, W. A. (1991). Growth management reconsidered: good for the town, bad for the nation? A comment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 57(3), 341-344.Neuman, M. (1991). Utopia, dystopia, diaspora. Journal of the American Planning Association, 57(3), 344-347.
Integrated Urban Port and Harbor Planning With Environmental Assessment and Coast Guard Facilities
Port planning is a multifaceted project that involves technical, operational, economic, social, and environmental aspects. The projects may range from terminal rehabilitation until altering the whole area into a communal park, involving several different aspects in economic, social, cultural, ethical, and environmental goals.
Every area has unique resources, which need to be incorporated into the whole planning process based on the local legal regulation. As with differences in geographical characteristics, it is necessary to find particular approach to the short- and long-term goals of the port, and every detailed construction or facilities provided. The port and harbor must meet the need on how to convert the urban area into a beneficial site as well as to maintain its original characteristics of the landscape including - and without overlooking - the resident people's objectives for the future. It also needs…...
mlaBibliography
Leverburgh Waterfront Planning Brief. 2001. European and Development Services. 2002).http://www.w-isles.gov.uk/lever00.htm.(Apr1,
Management Measurement For Marina and Recreational Boating. 1997. Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. EPA-840-B-93-001c January 1993. 2002)http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/MMGI/Chapter5/index.html .(Apr1,
Nicholas, Francis W. In Christian Charles M. And Harper, Robert A. 1982. Managing the Urban Physical Environment. Modern Metropolitan System. Charles E. Merrill Pub. Pp. 332-359.
Port of San Francisco Strategic Plan. 2002)http://sfgov.org/sfport/PortMissionFY01_02.pdf .(Apr1,
China's Urban Housing Development -- a Shift from Welfare Housing to Home Ownership
The challenge of housing in China has been on the national agenda for more that four decades now. A lot of efforts have been directed by the government to help solve the challenge and it has substantially achieved a significant mileage. This paper will delve into the policies informing the urban housing reforms, the evolution that the housing reforms has undergone over the years, the challenges it faced, the current situation of China in terms of housing and also discuss the trend that are prevalent in China and what the government is currently doing to ensure the dream of housing for every China citizen is achieved.
Overview of housing reform agenda
The landscape of China as a whole has been undergoing several changes and shifts in the political, social and the economic aspect of it. This prompted massive changes in…...
mlaReferences
Hui X., (2009). The Chinese Hoiusing reform and the Following New Urban Question. Retrieved April 2,2015 from http://newurbanquestion.ifou.org/proceedings/3%20The%20Urbanized%20Society/full%20papers/B008_Xiaoxi_The%20Chinese%20Housing%20Reform%20and%20the%20following%20New%20Urban%20Questions-fullpaper_revised.pdf
Liu Z. & Mei C., (2013). Experiment-based Policy Making or Conscious Policy Design? The Case of Urban Housing Reform in China. Retrieved April 2,2015 from http://www.icpublicpolicy.org/IMG/pdf/panel_11_s1_mei_liu.pdf
Yang Z. & Chen J., (2014). Housing Affordability and Housing Policy in Urban China. SpringerBriefs in Economics. Retrieved April 2,2015 from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDYQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783642540431-c2.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-1440212-p176464947&ei=R80fVZDVG4XVaoCXgdgE&usg=AFQjCNEhb1RhJuJyvxM0gC1oOaTU9ocbJA&sig2=vA52GOb75JR6iaesZq0cRQ&bvm=bv.89947451,d.bGg
Youqin H., (2013). Lack of Affordable Housing Threatens China's Urban Dream. Retrieved April 2,2015 from https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/6365-Lack-of-affordable-housing-threatens-China-s-urban-dream
Daniels When City and Country Collide
Thomas L. Daniel's When City and Country Collide provides an interesting and largely effective analysis of the spread of urban sprawl in America. This paper outlines the key themes and findings within Daniel's book, and discusses the relationship between Daniel's book and Managing Urban America, by David . Morgan and obert E. England. Overall, When City and Country Collide provides a useful look into how urban sprawl characterizes modern city planning, and provides some somewhat limited insights into urban management and public administration.
In When City and Country Collide: Managing Growth in the Metropolitan Fringe, Thomas L. Daniels describes the recent emergence of the rural-urban fringe in a diversity of cities across the United States. Throughout the book, Daniels develops his thesis that the urban fringe has expanded in recent years as residential and commercial development in cities has boomed, and that growth management must be…...
mlaReferences
Morgan, David R. And England, Robert E. 1999. Managing Urban America (Public Administration and Public Policy), 5th edition. Chatham House Publishers.
Daniels, Thomas L. 1998. When City and Country Collide: Managing Growth in the Metropolitan Fringe. Island Press, Washington, DC.
Game / Outside Game
David usk's book, Inside Game / Outside Game: Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America is an insightful and well-researched addition to the current understanding of urban management and public administration. In his book, usk argues convincingly that improvement in inner city neighborhoods can only come from a coordinated effort that includes regional approaches to reducing suburban growth, the concentration of poverty, and financial differences. However, usk's collaborative strategies for improving urban America face some important bureaucratic challenges described within Morgan and England's text, Managing Urban America.
In Inside Game / Outside Game, usk argues for reform of metropolitan regions based on the interrelationship between urban management and management of other, outside concerns, like taxation, suburban growth, and housing practices.
usk argues that revitalization of neighborhoods, affordable housing, preservation of open space and fiscal policy reform are closely related. As such, changes in factors like taxation or housing practices…...
mlaReferences
Morgan, David R. And England, Robert E. 1999. Managing Urban America (Public Administration and Public Policy), 5th edition. Chatham House Publishers.
Rusk, David. 1999. Inside Game/Outside Game: Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America. Brookings Institution Press.
Koolhas's junkspace certainly paints a perfect picture of certain parts of Chicago where undifferentiated ethnic sprawl leads slovenly onto another and then onto another, often without demarcations being drawn and suddenly one finds one walking or biking onto the promenade running alongside the lake or staring up at the skyscrapers that have been squeezed and twisted into tight corners and loom down onto the twisting, careening streets beneath.
Chicago is tight on parking space and many of its narrow streets are one-way traffic only reminiscent of Koolhaas's junkspace since they give us the idea that they were added only as an afterthought with reverse one-streets added as recompense later -- scattered some distance away. Chicago's streets also sprawl and circulate oftentimes without warning ending up in blind sports seeming only to confuse the unwitting pedestrian. And then, as always, there are parks squeezed next to dirty pubs, and roads with huge…...
Deforestation in California: A Complex and Thought-Provoking Crisis
Introduction:
Deforestation, the removal of trees from forests, has emerged as a formidable environmental challenge in California. Driven by various factors, including urban expansion, agriculture, and wildfires, deforestation has significant ecological, social, and economic implications. This essay delves into the complexities of deforestation in California, exploring its causes, consequences, and potential solutions.
Causes of Deforestation:
Urban Expansion: California's burgeoning population has led to increased urbanization, resulting in the conversion of forest land into residential and commercial developments.
Agriculture: Agriculture accounts for a substantial portion of deforestation in California, particularly for the cultivation of crops like....
## 1000-Word Essay on Counter Urbanisation
### Title: Exploring the Dynamics of Counter Urbanisation: A Case Study of Rural Revitalisation
Introduction:
In the era of rapid urbanisation, the phenomenon of counter urbanisation has emerged as a significant trend. This essay will delve into the concept of counter urbanisation, exploring its motivations and consequences. With a specific focus on rural revitalisation, it will examine a case study to illustrate the dynamics of this phenomenon.
Definition and Motivations:
Counter urbanisation refers to the process of population movement from urban areas to rural or non-metropolitan locations. This trend is driven by various factors, including:
Lifestyle preferences: Desire for....
Global Urbanism in America: Exploring the Interconnections in a Dynamic World
Section 1: The Rise of Global Urbanization
1. Metropolis Unbound: The Globalization of American Cities
2. Cities as Global Hubs: Connectivity, Commerce, and Culture
3. The Urbanization of the World: America's Role in a Global Trend
Section 2: Urban Impacts and Transformations
4. Transforming Urban Landscapes: Global Influences on American Cities
5. The Global City Toolkit: Innovation, Inclusion, and Sustainability
6. Urban Sprawl and Its Global Dimensions: Lessons from America
Section 3: Socioeconomic Dimensions
7. Bridging Divides: Immigration, Diversity, and Urban Cohesion
8. The Urban Working Class in a Global Economy: Challenges and Opportunities
9. The Globalized Gentrification of American Neighborhoods
Section....
1. Physical Inactivity
- Sedentary lifestyles, with increased screen time replacing physical activities
- Lack of accessible and safe places for physical activity
- Insufficient emphasis on physical education in schools
2. Unhealthy Diet
- High consumption of processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats
- Limited access to fresh and healthy foods in low-income areas
- Aggressive marketing of unhealthy foods to children
3. Genetics and Biology
- Genetic predisposition to obesity
- Hormonal imbalances or medical conditions that contribute to weight gain
4. Socioeconomic Factors
- Low income and poverty: Limited access to healthy food options, safe environments for physical activity
- Food insecurity: Inconsistent access to nutritious meals
- Educational disparities:....
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