Tsunamis
A succinct definition of a tsunami is " ... A natural phenomenon consisting of a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale. ( Wikipedia: Tsunami) A more explicit and technical definition is, " A tsunami is a very long-wavelength wave of water that is generated by sudden displacement of the seafloor or disruption of any body of standing water. Tsunamis are sometimes called "seismic sea waves." ( Nelson A.)

The essential characteristic of a tsunami is therefore a radical displacement of water. This displacement of water can be caused by various events, such as, earthquakes, ocean landslides, volcanic eruptions and large meteorite impacts as well as large explosions. The effect of a Tsunami depends on the severity and size of the initial causative factors and the original displacement of water mass. The effects can range from a minor and…...

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Bibliography

Heilprin. John. U.S. Aims to Form Tsunami Warning System. Live Science. 2005. Accessed May 7, 2005.

Kenneally. Surviving the Tsunami. Slate. 2004. Accessed May 8, 2005.  http://www.slate.com/id/2111608/ 

Nelson A. Natural Disasters. May 5, 2005.   hl=en& start=2& client=firefox-ahttp://www.google.com/search?q=cache:EYVXv1unor0J:www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/tsunami.pdf+Tsunami+where+occur& ;

Rosenberg, M. Prepare for Tsunami. May 7, 2005.

esides the deaths, more than one million people were left homeless and hundreds of thousands homes and businesses were destroyed. The United Nations estimated that, "...the disaster will prove to be the costliest ever recorded, with full economic recovery not expected for up to 10 years in many areas. " (Intute: Science, engineering and technology: Tsunamis)

The physical structure of the coast and the environment was severely damaged which meant that flora and fauna was disrupted and destroyed. "The extent of this damage is being assessed and will likely vary considerably depending on the local topography and hydrology." (Anonymous: Impact of Tsunamis on Ecosystems)

In addition to the environmental damage and pollution caused by the Tsunami was the fact that non-biodegradable waste such as plastics led to an increase of marine debris.

Another environmental aspect was that, "Toxic wastes, which were inadequately stored, may have been dispersed."

Anonymous: Impact of Tsunamis on Ecosystems)

However, the…...

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Bibliography

Anonymous. 2008. 2004 tsunami was not the first one in Indian Ocean!

 http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14787096&cid=14459920 

Anonymous. 2008. The December 26, 2004 Sumatran Tsunami.  http://www.ess.washington.edu/tsunami/Sumatra.htm 

Anonymous: Impact of Tsunamis on Ecosystems. 2008. www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5009095107http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND03MTY4Ny43MjU1NCY2PWVuJjMzPXdlYi1zaXRlcyYzNz1pbmZv

Tsunami Relief and Reconstruction
The images on television were unimaginable. The number of deaths, staggering. The stories of survival were both heroic and miraculous. Even today, some months later, the news is still filled with reports concerning the December 26, 2004 tsunami that literally devastated many areas of Indonesia. Relief efforts have been under way since the first few days of the disaster and have come from virtually every area of the world, however, what took nature only minutes to destroy will likely take man some years to rebuild.

A tsunami is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of waves generated when water in a lake or sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale, due to an earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption, or large meteorite impact, with effects that can range from unnoticeable to devastation (Tsunami pp). The term tsunami comes from the Japanese language meaning harbor

"tsu," and wave, "nami," and…...

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Work Cited

"Clinton pledges to undertake task of special envoy on tsunami relief."

Xinhua News Agency; 4/13/2005

McGirk, Jan. "Tsunami survivors suffering pounds 2bn aid shortfall; Indian Ocean

As graft and bureaucracy hamper efforts to help the worst-hit, the UN says full recovery is 10 years away." The Independent Sunday (London, England); 3/27/2005; pp.

Tsunami arning Systems as Potential Disaster Mitigaters
Large-scale disasters are more possible in today's world than ever before. Due to both natural and man-made phenomena, the latter of which comprises everything from global warming to nuclear weapons, catastrophes are much more prescient. These disasters have been seen in various instances, especially in the Pacific, the most recent of which is the tsunami that hit Japan. Tsunamis are a deadly natural force in themselves, but combine them with the damage to a nuclear power plant and one has a veritable code red catastrophe with which to deal.

One way in which the world has begun to protect itself from such disasters are through various mitigating systems. This is what this paper will discuss. However, with respect to tsunamis, for instance, one must first ask if these systems are truly helpful; in other words, do they work? The official Tsunami arning System (TS) is…...

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With this knowledge in mind, thus, one must conclude that the TWS was not successful in this case, and must wonder how risk assessment, and especially risk mitigation in such instances as the tsunami could be made more effective. A clear example is the handling of U.S. domestic security policy post 9-11. This is a clear-cut guideline of how one could handle disaster prevention and mitigation. Though U.S. domestic policies were enacted to secure the borders of the country, they did not necessarily do anything to thwart or prevent threats. In fact, bioterrorism, such as was the case with the Anthrax attacks, was quite prevalent at a time, and can at any time re-erupt. In fact, this is the most dangerous degree of terrorism, below nuclear of course, but lethal nonetheless.

The national response to such threats (i.e. nuclear, bioterrorism) is not serious, as these have not happened and as the U.S. seems to be solely focused on a more 'classic' form of terrorism. Yet the threats are there and one must wonder whether the country, with all its power and its allies, truly has a proper response framework in place. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, the U.S. was not very effective, for instance, and this cannot happen again, especially with the aforementioned, wide-reaching threats. As seen from the disaster in Japan, any country, no matter how advanced, can suffer a disaster, and the U.S. should modify its response towards the threats that have arisen in order to be more effective in its potential threat response, no matter the degree or seriousness of the attacks perpetrated.

"The Tsunami Warning System." Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington. Web. 15 Feb. 2012. .

Tsunami arning System
The December 2004 tsunami shocked the world, literally taking it by storm. It killed nearly 300,000 people in Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and its devastating effects were felt as afar away as Africa, where several people died as a result. The tsunami was preceded and directly caused by a magnitude 9.15 earthquake that occurred off the coast of Sumatra. Although there was a significant lag between the time that the earthquake hit and the time the tsunami ravaged the land, residents of affected nations were inadequately warned and insufficiently prepared to face the impending tsunami. As a result of inadequate warning systems in the Indian Ocean, the death toll from the disaster was outrageously high; final tallies are still being updated. A tsunami warning system is not infallible, as tsunamis are difficult to detect from the deep ocean. However, the Pacific Tsunami arning System (PT) can offer…...

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Works Cited

'About The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: United States Department of Commerce. 25 June 2004. Online at < http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/aboutptwc.htm>.

Atwater, Brian F., Cisternas V. Marco, Bourgeois, Joanne, Dudley, Walter C., Hendley, James W. II, and Stauffer, Peter H. "Surviving a Tsunami -- Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan." 1999. United States Geological Survey Circular 1187. Version 1.0. Online at <  http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187/ >.

'Gaps plague Indian Ocean tsunami warning system." Associated Press. 23 June 2005. CTV.ca. Online at <  http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1119550538188_5/?hub=SciTech >.

'Indian Ocean Tsunami Early Warning System Launched." 30 June 2005. Press Release: United Nations reproduced on Scoop. Online at <  http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0507/S00008.htm >.

Data has shown that society was previously inclined to underestimate tsunamis and their power. Advancements in tsunami studies have made it possible for the masses to become better acquainted with the concept and with the fact that it can practically happen more frequent than they thought. In addition to that, it appears that no coast lines are protected from tsunamis, as they can be affected more or less, mainly depending on their location and on the intensity of the tsunami (Gonzalez).
Tsunamis occur less frequently than other natural events, but this does not mean that they are to be ignored by the authorities in charge of such disasters. "Regardless of their origin, tsunamis evolve through three overlapping but quite distinct physical processes: generation by any force that disturbs the water column, propagation from deeper water near the source to shallow coastal areas and, finally, inundation of dry land" (Gonzalez).

The natural…...

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Bibliography:

1. Escaleras, M.P. & Register, C.A. (2008). Mitigating Natural Disasters through Collective Action: The Effectiveness of Tsunami Early Warnings. Southern Economic Journal 74.4.

2. Gonzalez, Frank I. (1999). Tsunami. Scientific American 280 no5 56-65.

3. Korf, B. (2006). Commentary on the Special Section on the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Disasters, Generosity and the Other. The Geographical Journal 172.3.

4. Rigg, J. Law, L. Tan-Mullins, M. & Grundy-Warr, C. (2005). The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Socio-Economic Impacts in Thailand. The Geographical Journal 171.4

However she warning device should always be checked and monitored in a way that it is guaranteed effective in sending signals way ahead of the disaster.
A good tsunami warning system would be well-placed instruments with good communications that are able to send data immediately and effectively. The information has to be made available within ten minutes via satellite... (Daily Post, 2005)

Thus the warning system must be installed in almost, if not, all oceans and seas around the world. This is because every sea or ocean is prone to tsunami. Like the Indian Ocean, no body can remember when was the last time (if there really is) that a tsunami has occurred in this body of water, but the 2004 tsunami has proven that it can indeed occur in this part of the continent.

More so, oceanographers can maximize the use of the technology present today. There are reports that a…...

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Works Cited

Bhattacharyya, A. (n.d.). "Effects of Tsunami on the Changes of Land and Water in the Indian Subcontinent." School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India.

Daily Post (Liverpool, England) | (18 April 2005) "Killer tsunami extremely unlikely in UK, say experts.(News)"

Flatow, I. (7 January 2005). "Analysis: Environmental and ecological impact of tsunamis." Talk of the Nation Science Friday (NPR)

National Geographic News. 7 January 2005. "The Deadliest Tsunami in History?"

North Carolina Tsunami Risks tsunami is a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by a sudden disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and meteorites impacts, can generate tsunamis. It was generally believed until a few years ago that only earthquakes and shockwave-generating disasters such as nuclear blasts and meteorites could generate a tsunami. However, scientists have uncovered a new culprit: underwater landslides. These can be precipitated by underwater topography and vary according to its shape. As deadly as they are, tsunamis have generally been limited to areas of the Pacific Rim that are susceptible to catastrophic seismic activity. Recent discoveries about the nature of the continental shelf off the coast of Cape Hatteras have lead scientists to re-consider their likelihood.
The last major tsunami to hit the United States occurred in 1964 when an earthquake occurred in Prince William…...

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Bibliography

Neal W. Driscoll, Jeffrey K. Weissel, John A. Goff. Potential for large-scale submarine slope failure and tsunami generation along the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. GEOLOGY: v. 28, No. 5, May 2000 Pages 407-410.

Synolakis, C.E., Liu, P., Carrier, G., and Yeh, H., 1997, Tsunamigenic sea-floor deformation: Science, v. 278, p. 598-600.

John P. Wilson,

John C. Gallant. Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications.

Deadliest Tsunami
The Indian Ocean Tsunami on 2004 was one of the worst that the region has ever experienced over a very long period of time. It reached a magnitude of 9.0 and originated from the Indian Ocean at the North West coast of the Indonesia island of Sumatra. There were waves of up to 15 meters in height and the waves travelled to distances of up to 5,000 kilometers inland with sufficient force to cause damage and kill people (National Geographic News, 2005).

There were a total of eighteen countries that were significantly affected by this tsunami namely: Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri-Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Maldives, eunion Island (French), Seychelles, Madagascar, Mauritius, Somalia, Tanzania, Kenya, Oman, South Africa and Australia (George Pararas, 2005a). As of February 10, 2005 the death toll that had been accurately taken tolled to 226,566 people. This death toll was an underestimation as the demography of this…...

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References

George Pararas, (2005). The Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004 in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. Retrieved January 16, 2012 from  http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami2004Indonesia.html 

George Pararas, 2005b). The Earthquake and Tsunami of July 12, 1993 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea (The Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake and Tsunami of 1993). Retrieved January 16, 2012 from  http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1993JAPANOkushiri.html 

National Geographic News, (2005). The Deadliest Tsunami in History? Retrieved January 16, 2012 from  http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1227_041226_tsunami.html

International Disaster:
The Indian Ocean 2004 Tsunami and Earthquake

The International Response to the Indian Ocean Disaster of 2004

The ational Geographic has called the Indian Ocean Tsunami and Earthquake of 2004 the deadliest disaster in history. The disaster itself killed well above 200,000 individuals from over five different countries. The magnitude of the earthquake was above 9.0, and there were no ways in which to let the individuals in these five countries know what was coming. The death toll was high, the destruction even more massive. The power of the earthquake-generated tsunami rivaled that of all weapons (including nuclear devices) utilized in the Second World War. The international community thus had one of the shortest time frames to respond to the largest documented disaster in human history. With many villages destroyed or isolated, as well as less than utilizable roadways and runways for supplies to flow in, the international community found…...

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N.A. (2005). "Tsunami Special Envoy." Retrieved, .

FEMA. (2007). National Incident Management System. Explanatory Paper. Retrieved, .

CBRNE. (2011). "CBRNE Online Training." Retrieved, .

Seaside Tsunami Awareness Program
Preparedness

Saving an indefinite and undeterminable number of lives has proven to depend on effective education and emergency management in tsunami events in the U.S. -- and likely, everywhere else (NAS, 2011). Safety and survival ultimately depend on communities and individuals at risk with the precise knowledge and capability to decide correctly and act promptly and preferably before the event. This knowledge and this capability can only be gained and developed through education before the event. Prolonged shaking of the ground and the drawing down of the shoreline are the natural indications, especially in local communities. These are hints of arriving waves within minutes. No assistance is likely in the early moments or even days, so knowledge and capability are the only things to rely on. There are better opportunities for those communities and individuals at risk to distant tsunamis. Official warnings may be able to reach…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Connor, D. (2005). The city of seaide's tsunami awareness program. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Retrieved on October 29, 2015 from  http://www.oregongeology.org/pubs/ofr/o-95=10_onscreen.pdf 

FEMA (2015) FEMA federal emergency management agency. Retrieved on October 29, 2015

from http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/pso_cat_fema.pdf

---------- -- -- . Chapter 12: Standards and Evaluation. Federal Emergency Management Agency.

A 2006 study that examined the rates of depression and other mental health disorders following the December 2004 tsunami found that large numbers of people still faced significant health impairment from the event, and that treatment had been negligible when compared to relief and rebuilding efforts in other areas (CDC 2006). These efforts would likely be made far more effective and efficient, however, if mental health issues were dealt with. Addressing the depression and other mental health maladies that the people suffered from following the tsunami would have led to a better adjusted and more productive (as well as healthier) population.
There was an effective degree of trauma care provided immediately after the tsunami struck, but preventative care measures could have been stepped up during this time to forestall and mitigate the spread of infectious diseases that often comes after a major disaster event (WHO 2005). Obviously, trauma care was…...

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References

CDC (2006). "204 South Asia tsunamis." Center for disease control. Accessed 14 November 2009. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/tsunamis/

WHO (2005). "South Asia earthquake and tsunamis: Inter-agency rapid health assessment." World health organization. Accessed 14 November 2009.  http://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/asia_tsunami/final_report/en/index.html

Disasters
Tsunami in Japan

Japan has been having a series of natural disasters of great magnitude from some of which are recorded as early as 1920s with the most common disasters being the earthquakes resulting from seismic actions and storms. The worst of the quakes took place in 1923 with a casualty of 143,000 deaths followed by the March 2011 quake that occasioned a tsunami.

The magnitude of the 2011 earthquake in Japan that triggered the Tsunami from within the Pacific Ocean was 8.9 magnitude, a scale that way higher than the other quakes that have been happening in this region and the surrounding. It is worth noting however that this quake had been expected over many decades by earthquake specialists and geologists. They anticipated a huge earthquake but the magnitude of the quake was way higher than they expected hence the reason for the huge number of people…...

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References

The International database, (2012). Country Profile: Japan. Retrieved March 14, 2012 from  http://www.emdat.be/result-country-profile

U.S. based company concerned earthquake, tsunami nuclear power plant accident occurs Japan? 2. With rapid technology, boundaries industries redefined. What industry company Google ? Who Google's main competitors today competition ? 1 page 1 Reference Case 9: Panera read Company 2012 - Pursuing Growth a Weak Economy, Arthur A. Sources
First of all, all companies today operate in a global business environment, where local influences are often felt and have repercussions worldwide. In this specific case, there are several reasons why the American company should be concerned with such an event. It has a significant impact on the Japanese market, lowering the purchasing power of existing and potential customers.

At the same time, there are potential negative effects on the political and economic system in Japan. The government will need to invest in the saving operations, which will likely impact the budget and lower the chances that Japan can offer certain…...

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Bibliography

1. Efrati, Amir (2013). In Online Ads, There's Google -- and Then Everybody Else. Wall Street Journal.

2. Porter, M.E. (2008) The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy, Harvard Business Review, January 2008.

3. Graham, Jefferson, (2012). Talking Tech: Customers clog Panera's free Wi-Fi. USA Today

4. Dampier, Phillip, (2012). Panera Bread Stores Overloaded With Wi-Fi Users Who Won't Leave. On the Internet at   Last retrieved on April 9, 2014http://stopthecap.com/2012/05/17/panera-bread-stores-overloaded-with-wi-fi-users-who-wont-leave/ .

Tsunami Numerical Modeling
Tsunami Modeling

Tsunamis, along with other massive natural disaster events such as earthquakes, hurricanes and so forth, represent one of the most (if not the most) destructive natural disaster event that has occurred in the past or that could occur in the future. They typically coincide with earthquakes in a given area but accurately predicting and projecting when they will occur, when they will not occur and the methods of predicting both has become a fairly chaotic and fickle endeavor. However, the use of computer and numerical-based modeling has represented a shift in that it can more accurately predict what will or will not occur when earthquakes and other conditions relative to tsunamis occur and avail themselves to geologists, oceanic experts and other scientists that are the least bit involved in predicting tsunamis and warning the populace around the world about the same. After explaining the data sources and…...

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Of course, simple mathematics and numbers are sometimes hard to correlate to real life and it could somehow come down more to odds, probability or likelihood rather than whether it will definitely happen or not. However, this could change over the coming decades as data becomes less anecdotal and non-scientific and more science-based (Papadopoulos et al., 2007). Over time, scenarios and guesses will become more concrete through better modeling and prior data that is more completely collected and observed (Tinti et al., 2011).

Numerical & Computer Models

As for analysis, compare and contrast of the models themselves, there are several models and tables in the previous ten mentioned sources that give a good deal of information. For example, the Okal treatise, in its first table, shows relocation results and published magnitude for a combination of dates and latitude/longitude points. Most of the results are benign but there are several bursts of major activity such as on July 9th, 1956, July 30th, 1956 and on late 1956 from October to December. The rows with published magnitudes reflect figures that are all at least five but get as high as nearly eight with the aforementioned 1956 earthquake/tsunami being the apex. Figure 2 of the Okal report shows clusters of high activity that show where the "hot spots" are including due south of Anafi and right on top of Anafi being the two major ones. Figure 6 shows three different charts with a different directional pathway being applicable for each one. In order, they were up/down, east/west and north/south. For each chart, the peak points of activity were roughly the same but reflect that all three directional pathways should be assessed and looked both separately and in concert. For example, about three fourths of the way through the graphs (from left to right), there is a pattern whereas a spike happens in North/South, then East/West and then Up/down in sequential fashion. They happen very close together but not at the same

1. The psychological impact of tsunamis on survivors and affected communities
2. The role of warning systems and emergency preparedness in mitigating the effects of tsunamis
3. The long-term environmental effects of tsunamis on coastal ecosystems
4. The cultural significance of tsunamis in different societies and how they are reflected in art, literature, and folklore
5. The intersection of climate change and tsunamis: how rising sea levels and more frequent extreme weather events may impact future tsunami risks.
6. The economic impact of tsunamis on local communities and industries
7. The effectiveness of post-tsunami recovery and rebuilding efforts in affected regions
8. The role of social media....

The Unseen Legacy: The Psychological Impact of Tsunamis

Introduction:
Tsunamis are often perceived as colossal waves that cause immediate physical destruction, obscuring the profound and lasting psychological trauma they inflict. This topic delves into the hidden emotional toll of tsunamis, exploring the complexities of grief, anxiety, and resilience in affected communities.

Silent Suffering: The Mental Health Consequences
Tsunamis trigger a cascade of psychological stressors, including loss, displacement, and fear. Individuals may experience intense grief, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other mental health conditions. Exploring the manifestations, prevalence, and challenges of these psychological impacts is crucial for designing effective support systems.

The Power of Resilience: Community....

1. The causes and effects of tsunamis
2. How communities can prepare for and mitigate the impact of tsunamis
3. The role of science and technology in predicting and monitoring tsunamis
4. The environmental impact of tsunamis on marine ecosystems
5. Tsunamis in history: notable events and their consequences
6. The psychological impact of tsunamis on survivors and affected communities
7. The economic cost of tsunamis and rebuilding efforts
8. The importance of international cooperation in responding to tsunamis
9. Climate change and the potential impact on future tsunami occurrence
10. The cultural significance and folklore surrounding tsunamis in different regions.
11. Tsunami warning systems: how effective are they in....

The Devastating Impacts of Tsunamis: An Exploration of Their Environmental, Social, and Economic Consequences

Introduction:

Tsunamis, towering walls of water that originate from underwater seismic activity, pose a significant threat to coastal communities worldwide. Their immense energy and destructive power can wreak havoc on ecosystems, displace populations, and cripple economies. This essay examines the multifaceted impacts of tsunamis, exploring their far-reaching consequences on both the natural and human environment.

Environmental Impacts:

1. Habitat Destruction and Coastal Erosion: Tsunamis can obliterate coastal ecosystems, including coral reefs, mangrove forests, and sandy beaches. These habitats provide vital ecosystem services, such as feeding and breeding grounds for marine....