Transition Theory
A Discussion of Transition Theory as Explained by Afaf Ibrahim Meleis and the Implementation Thereof in the African-American Community

A little more than a decade ago, a student examined violence in the African-American community and named Detroit, ashington, D.C., Dallas, Jacksonville, and Baltimore the top five most lethal cities in the United States. At the time, most of these cities had an overwhelmingly high African-American population, according to the study. It was also stated that violence was, at that time, "the number one killer of children between the ages of 15-24," with statistics claiming that around 21,500 people died as the result of homicides during that year, which translated to about nine people for every 100,000. For young males in general the rate was about 22 per 100,000. However, for the African-American community, these rates increased tremendously to 85.6 people dying of homicides per every 100,000.

Eleven years later, these statistics…...

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Works Cited:

Chipman, K. (1998). "Violence in the African-American Community as a Public Issue." University of Daytona School of Law. Retrieved December 30, 2011, from .

Marriner-Tomey, A., & Alligood, M.R. (2006). -- source provided by customer.

Meleis, A.I. (2010). "Transitions Theory: Middle Range and Situation Specific Theories in Nursing Research and Practice." Springer Publishing: New York.

Meleis, A.I., & Sawyer, L.M., & Im, E., & Hilfinger Messias, D.K., & Schumacher, K. (2000).Experiencing Transitions: An Emerging Middle-Range Theory. Advances in Nursing Science, 23(1).

Transition Theory by Afaf Ibrahim Meleis
Transition Theory

Transition theory by Afaf Ibrahim Meleis gives a procedure in which the process of transition can be studied. From its definition, transitions are periods in which change in an environment which has some commonalities or individual is likely to take place. When transition theory is used in practice, it can provide a comprehensive perspective on transition experience while considering the contexts within which people are experiencing a transition (Meleis, 2010).

There are some traits that most transition theories are known to have in common, these include; disconnection from the past social connections and support, lack of known reference points, the inability to meet old needs in accustomed ways and/or the appearance of new needs and the incongruence between former sets of expectations and those that prevail in the current situation (Meleis, 2010). These traits may be summarized as process, disconnectedness, perception, and pattern of response.…...

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References

Deanne K. Hilfinger Messias, Eun-Ok Im, A.P., Hanna Regev, Judith Spiers, Laurie Yoder, & Meleis., A.I. (1997). Defining and Redefining Work: Implications for Women's Health. Gender and Society, 11(3), 296-323

Kralik D, Visentin K, & van Loon A. (2006). Transition: a literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 55(3), 320-329.

Marriner-Tomey, A., & Alligood, M.R. (2006). Nursing theorists and their work: Mosby/Elsevier.

Meleis, A.I. (2010). Transitions theory: middle-range and situation-specific theories in nursing research and practice: Springer Pub. Co.

These things may be additionally provoked by past history associated with unknown and altering individual and specialized functions and associations, unforeseen and improved levels of duties and responsibility that are incapable to be given to the new nurses in the course of their undergraduate knowledge, and opportunities that they will relate to everyday work conditions clinical information that has frequently been untried, is simply unidentified.
It is believed that the ingredient of revelation is a significant causal issue in the knowledge of transition shock. Even as growing substantiation begins to be seen about the consequence of a variety of direction and transition facilitation agendas on the function socialization procedure of the new nurse, there is not a lot of journalism that expresses an association between pre-graduate alteration training and the practice of transitioning into a professional nursing function. The diminished capacity of information in regards to professional tasks alterations in…...

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References

Duchscher, Judy E. Boychuk. (2009). Transition shock: the initial stage of role adaptation for newly graduated Registered Nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(5), p.1103-1113.

Politics
Space

Democratic Transitions

Dear Mr. President.

Your historic win to become the President of the United States is an event that has altered our view of national policy for each of us here within the borders of our nation and it immediately alters the course of our existing foreign policies which may directly or indirectly affect every man woman and child on the planet. We are here to suggest that your foreign policy analysis must be considered to be interdisciplinary because it will draw from a variety of theoretical approaches. Usually, public pundits have added emphasis on presidential leadership as key components of United States foreign policy so it is critical that you understand what else is needed to have, create and implement a successful foreign policy process.

The success of your policies, your cabinet and all associated policy makers will require an implementation of various underlying theories towards this process. As with the…...

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References

Elliot, John. (2000). "How Clinton Created A New Love Affair." New Statesman. 04/03/2000, Vol. 129, Issue 4480, p30, 1p

Badertscher, Eric. (2005). "George Washington." George Washington; edited by Sara Ann McGill. P 1-4, 4p.

Solomon, Jay. (2009). "U.S., India Expand Counterterrorism Cooperation." Wall Street Journal Online. (2009). Retrieved on December 15, 2009, from online.wsj at  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125907299030362349.html 

Stein, Janice Gross. (2008). "Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Rational, Psychological, And Neurological Models." Retrieved on December 15, 2009, from  http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199215294/smith_ch06.pdf

Nursing Theory
The broad definition of the term 'theory' is development and elucidation of any aspect or field of cognition. Theory then is a collection of interrelated propositions that must forecast, describe, influence, or explain events. Theories of learning have attempted to offer explanations about learning as well as its application. In the last century, educational researchers and psychologists have postulated a number of theories to account for how people attain, organize and apply knowledge and skills. Rather than offering a specific theory, educational psychology provides multiple approaches and theories about the process of learning and the motivation for change and learning in individuals. Understanding theories of learning, (essentially educational psychology), is central to the field of education, for enabling nursing educators to offer an atmosphere conducive to learning, enhancing the educational system's efficiency and education harmonization. In the previous century, learning theory formulation and assessment has greatly facilitated the…...

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Bibliography

Ahmed, S. (n.d.) Theories and models of nursing practice. College of nursing/university of Baghdad. Retrieved from:  http://www.conursing.uobaghdad.edu.iq/uploads/others/conursing/leacture/theory.pdf 

Aliakbari, F., Parvin, N., Heidari, M., & Haghani, F. (2015). Learning theories application in nursing education. J Educ Health Promot. Retrieved from:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355834/ 

Azimian, J., Negarandeh, R., & Movahedi, A. F. (2014). Factors Affecting Nurses' Coping With Transition: An Exploratory Qualitative Study . Global Journal of Health Science, 1916-9744.

Duchscher (2015). Transition Theory. Nursing the Future. Retrieved from:  http://nursingthefuture.ca/transition_theory

c. Other theorists (Modern Attachment Theories)

Upon the establishment and strengthening of Bowlby and Ainsworth's Attachment Theory, other theorists have developed new studies which either tested the theory or sought to apply it in different contexts or scenarios. Inevitably, most scenarios and contexts that new theorists and psychology researchers took is the path to explaining grief and bereavement. Others, however, have centered on specific aspects of the theory and sought to expound and/or test it, as Ainsworth did when Bowlby was still in the process of strengthening his attachment theory.

One such study was conducted by Schore and Schore (2008), which explored the emotion regulation aspect of the theory. In their study, the authors realized the potential of attachment theory in developing a "therapeutic intervention" from which coping on the loss of the attachment figure would be a healthier process for the individual. The authors shifted from the issue of attachment to…...

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References

Ainsworth, M. (1984). "Attachment across the life span." Bulletin of New York Academy of Medicine.

Ainsworth, M. And J. Bowlby. (1991). "An ethological approach to personality development." American Psychologist, Vol. 46, No. 4.

Bartholomew, K. And L. Horowitz. (1991). "Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 61, No. 2.

Bartholomew, K. And P. Shaver. (1998). In Attachment theory and close relationships. J. Simpson and W. Rholes (Eds.). NY: Guilford Press.

Group Develoment
Theory of Group Development

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Cognitive Behavior Therapy is one of the group development theories or models that are used in today's societies and institutions. The validity of making and developing groups is geared towards equitable management of the available group and behavior of people within an institution or place of work. According to Cognitive Behavior Therapy, group development is a lucrative endeavor that has to be worked on in every institution. Group behavior development refers to the concept of relaying equitable avenues of growth and development within a unified sector of human and material togetherness. There is no doubt that all human beings exist in a form or the form of groups in society. The existence and services of these groups is detrimental to the general performance and productivity of the people.

Group working and development surpasses individual performances in many regards. This is the reason why the…...

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References

Agazarian, Y. (2004). Cognitive Behavior Therapy. London: Karnac.

Agazarian, Y., & Peters, R. (1995). Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Two perspectives on group psychotherapy and group process. London: Karnac Books.

Arrow, H., Berdahl, J.L., & McGrath, J.E. (2000). Small groups as complex systems:

Formation, coordination, development and adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Work and Management
AND Management

The objective of this study is to compare House's Path-Goal theory of leadership with the Situational Leadership model. This study will make provision of an example or application of the two theories utilizing the writer's work situation.

This study will describe the leadership styled utilized by the writer's boss or other CEO or high level personnel in the work organization. For part two of this study examined is how causes of conflict can be found in the organizational and personal characteristics of those involved in the conflict.

This study will answer as to the similar organizational and personal factors and provide examples using the organization the writer is most familiar with.

For part three of this study, Chapter 17 on Career Management will be examined and the following questions answered: (1) What aspects of9 the New vs. Old Career Paradigms can you relate to your work place or any organization…...

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Bibliography

Free Personality Test (2014) 16 Personalities. Retrieved from:   Basu, C. (2014) Difference Between Situational Leadership & Path Leadership Theories. Small Business Chronicle. Retrieved from:  http://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-situational-leadership-path-leadership-theories-33446.html http://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test 

Chapter 17: Career Management (pp. 278-0) Career Management: Chapter Objectives, 2007 Cengage Learning Inc.

S. involvement in World War II.
Is it possible to have a general theory of war?

Perhaps the most well-known "theory" of war is articulated in Matthew 24:6: "You will hear of wars and rumors of wars. . . . Such things must happen" (New International Version 1984). Therefore, although it is possible to have a general theory of war, any such theory will be limited in its ability to explain the why's and how's of its occurrence. According to Gray (1999), in his seminal text, on War, Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz, set forth a modern general theory of war, but Sun Tzu's Art of War also addressed this issue. Clausewitz, though, is cited time and again in the relevant literature as having propounded a general theory of war. For instance, eid (2004) reports that, "In particular, he seeks to explain the methods to establish a general theory of war. Clausewitz…...

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References

Clausewitz, C.V. (1976) on War. Princeton, NJ.

Gray, C.S. (1999) Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

-. The 21st Century Security Environment and the Future of War. Parameters, 38(4): 14-9.

Lichbach, M.I. (1989) "An evaluation of 'does economic inequality breed political conflict?'

203). Others who lose a loved one they had cherished for many years may have a disposition "towards compulsive caregiving" (Bowlby, p. 206). The welfare of others is of prime concern for these individuals; instead of experiencing "sadness and welcoming support for themselves" after the death of a loved one or family member that has been loved for many years, these individuals "proclaim that it is someone else who is in distress and in need of the care which then insist on bestowing."
This compulsive caregiving often manifests itself with the selection of a handicapped person to become that person's caregiver. Imagine the daughter who since adolescence has idolized her father, and never left the home but rather attended college nearby to her parents' home. She never made a lot of close friends and preferred to be home with her dad especially. So when he died, according to Bowlby's compulsive…...

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Works Cited

Bowlby, John (1980). Attachment and Loss / Volume I / Attachment. New York: Basic

Books, Inc., Publishers.

Bowlby, John (1980). Attachment and Loss / Volume II / Separation / Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.

Bowlby, John. (1980). Attachment and Loss / Volume III / Loss / Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.

Communication
The McDonald's Menu and Charles erger's Uncertainty Reduction Theory

In the field of communication, extant theories and models aim to provide explanations about the nature and dynamics of relating and interacting with other people. These theoretical frameworks also delve into various kinds of communication, such as verbal or non-verbal and intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, and organizational. One of the most important aspects among these kinds of communication concern theories about interpersonal relationships, which serve as the common ground wherein further studies on communication among people from one-on-one, group, and/or organizational.

Among these interpersonal theories, Charles erger's uncertainty reduction theory figures as one of the most descriptive and analytical theory in studying communication at the most basic level. The uncertainty reduction theory describes the 'self-monitoring' behavior of communicators when initially establishing a relationship or interacting with another communicator or an agent of communication. The theory involves two important concepts: the objective and subjective self-awareness.…...

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Bibliography

Littlejohn, S. (1999). Theories of Human Communication. CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Official web site of McDonald's-India:  http://www.mcdonaldsindia.com/ourfood/veg/ .

Official web site of McDonald's-Canada:  http://www.mcdonalds.ca/en/food/lighter.aspx 

Official web site of McDonald's-Philippines:  http://www.8mcdo.com/whatsnew.asp .

Air Asia is a case of classical management, where the company competes as a low cost producer, in this case of airline service, using the discount airline model. There are many elements of the AirAsia business model that mirror the discount carrier pioneers like RyanAir and EasyJet in Europe. This case will discuss AirAsia's business model.
Issue Identification

The management issue for AirAsia is to maintain their low cost business model going forward, while handling intense competition and expanding their footprint. Recent expansions outside of SouthEast Asia have been necessary for the growth of the company but they have also stretched the company thin. Additionally, such moves may require larger aircraft, and may affect how the branding is perceived. But AirAsia has developed a strong route network from its KL hub and needs to find growth somewhere.

Another issue that the company is facing is that with its rapid growth, now 8000 employees,…...

Theory
Compare and contrast at least three views on what constitutes a theory. Distinguish the related concepts of theories, such as hypothesis, paradigm, model and concept.

Differentiating between hypothesis and theory

The word hypothesis is a description of various phenomenon occurring. In most cases, it's not a confirm statement. In other cases, it can be well-developed, designed and explained to follow through the workings and mechanisms of certain phenomenon. According to one definition, it states particularly that it's a precursor to a conditional proposition. A hypothesis is an unconfirmed theory. One can develop a hypothesis while the observation is being tested, that could be unconfirmed too. By an observation, one can simply have a window of opportunity to verify a hypothesis. A hypothesis can be detailed and inclusive of details. This permits lucid testing. Apart from that, it is the distinguishing factor from a theory (Harris, 2001).

The word theory is of scientific nature…...

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References

Ardichvili, A., & Gasparishvili, A. (2001). Leadership profiles of managers in post-communist countries: A comparative study. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 22(2): 62-75.

Ashkanasy, N.M., Trevor-Roberts, E., & Earnshaw, L. (2002). The Anglo cluster: Legacy of the British Empire. Journal of World Business, 37, 28-39.

Bakacsi, G., Sandor, T., Andra, K., & Viktor, I. (2002). Eastern European cluster: Tradition and transition. Journal of World Business, 37, 69-80.

Bass, B.M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership. (3rd Edition.). New York: Free Press.

Theory on Juvenile Delinquency
Interventions that involve life-course unrelenting offenders should place emphasis on remedial social abilities, for them to have a chance to decrease their frequency of offending in future, and to tackle conduct disorder problems. Interventions involving teenage-onset offenders should, wherever applicable, tackle issues relating to parenting, alcohol/drug misuse, and anti-social cronies. Keane, Krull and Phythian (2008) define self-control as the extent to which a person is susceptible to temptation. According to them, lack of self-restraint or self-control is a fairly universal and stable characteristic, accounting for individual discrepancies in deviant, reckless, and criminal conduct. Youngsters' parents are usually blamed for their kids' delinquent behavior. Some courts go as far as penalizing parents for their kids' antisocial actions. It is believed that weak self-control develops during early childhood, when one's family is the most central socializing agent. Hence, lack of self-restraint and the resultant deviant behavior result from familial…...

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References

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory.

Burfeind, J. W., & Bartusch, D. J. (2006). Juvenile delinquency: An integrated approach. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Demuth, Stephen and Susan L. Brown. 2004. "Family Structure, Family Processes, and Adolescent Delinquency: The Significance of Parental Absence vs. Parental Gender." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 41(1):58-81.

Farrington, D. P. (2010). Family influences on delinquency. Juvenile justice and delinquency, 203-222.

He understood, "The greatest real way of making a strong intelligence of efficacy is through mastery involvements" (p. 3).
Person Environment Occupation model

The PEO model (Broome, 2009) is a famous and recognized conceptual model and model of exercise inside Canadian occupational therapy. It bids groundwork for managing valuation and interference through all practice surroundings and customer inhabitants. The planned device is able to transport the PEO model to life in the process of a humble and cheap instrument that can bring clinicians a real-world theoretical foundation for their clinical procedure. The circle instrument performs as a vehicle for unfolding what occupational therapy is about, describing the foci, and what the clinician can offer to the client.

Figure 2: Person Environment Occupation model

Clinical Reasoning

The PEO model that aims for the best fit to enhance occupational performance can be used to guide the occupational therapy process. This procedure, as sketched in the Occupational…...

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Works Cited

Alter, K. (2006). Fueling the Engines: A Role For Occupational Therapy in Promoting Healthy Life. Occupational Therapy in Healthcare, 21(3).

Broome, K. (2009). A literature review applying the Pearson Environment Occupation Model. Scandanavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 3(12), 16.

Fisher, G.S. (2008). A Model of Occupational Empowerment for Marginalized Populations. Occupational Therapy in Healthcare, 22(1).

Gupta, J., & Sabata, D. (2010). Maximizing Occupational Performance of Older Workers: Applying the Person-Environment-Occupation Model. AOTA Continuing Education Article, 15(7), 12-15.