Trade Liberalization
In basic terms, trade liberalization has got to do with bringing down the various trade limitations existing between countries. It is important to note that in an attempt to protect their domestic industries, many countries from across the world have in the past erected numerous protectionist measures including but not limited to tariffs and quotas. This has amongst other things had the effect of stifling international trade. This text concerns itself with the impact of trade liberalization on developing economies.

The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Developing Countries

Before commencing on the main discussion, it would be prudent to briefly define a number of key terms which I will be making use of in this text. These terms include trade liberalization, tariffs, subsidies, and quotas. To begin with, tariffs in the words of Lipsey and Harbury (1992, p.215) are "taxes levied by the government on imports of a particular good." As…...

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References

Arbache, J.S., Dickerson, A. And Green, F. 2004. Trade Liberalization and Wages in Developing Countries. The Economic Journal, 114(February), pp.F73-F96.

Carbaugh, R.J. 2011. International Economics. 13th ed. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Dollar, D. And Kraay, A. 2004. Trade, Growth, and Poverty. The Economic Journal, 114(February), pp.F4-F20.

Edwards, S. (1998). Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know? The Economic Journal, 108 (March), pp.383-398.

Trade Between China and the United States
This paper discusses some theories about international trade, and why countries trade with one another. The first trade theory that warrants discussion is specialization, something that Adam Smith touched on. He used the analogy of specific professional to illustrate this theory -- nations do what they are best at. A quick look at the relationship between the U.S. And China illustrates this quite well. The United States is a world leader in innovation. A company like Wal-Mart is a leader at designing logistics and inventory management systems. It has no particular expertise in producing goods. China, on the other hand, has developed considerable expertise in recent years with respect to production. Thus, the arrangement between Wal-Mart and China, more or less, is that China makes the goods and Wal-Mart will then get those goods to market and sell them. This plays to the strengths…...

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References

No author (2013). Intro to African-American studies. eBlackStudies.org. Retrieved November 25, 2013 from  http://eblackstudies.org/intro/chapter1.htm 

Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved November 25, 2013 from http://kkozak.wz.cz/Porter.pdf

Regents of the University of California, Petitioner v. Allan Bakke. Retrieved November 25, 2013 from  http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/438/265 

Riley, B. & Miller, T. (2013). Congress should get smart and cut tariffs to boost trade freedom. Heritage Foundation Retrieved November 25, 2013 from  http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/10/congress-should-get-smart-and-cut-tariffs-to-boost-trade-freedom

Trade Unions
A trade or labor union is a small committee or organization that consists of workers or laborers within a corporation, which works for the betterment of the organization in terms of securing its employees. Such unions try to achieve pre-set goals such as extended employee hiring when needed, increasing pays and incomes of the workers, providing other fringe benefits to the employees housing, medical, compensations, other allowances and leaves to the workers, proving fair and unbiased working environment in which no one is favored. Such organizations assure workers rights and legislations, bonus and promotion laws, pre-notices before firing and any other such benefits to safeguard the rights of employees as a beneficial part of the organization. Trade union exists in every part of the world and there are specific rules and regulations with respect to the working environment of a country.

For a trade union to be strong and effective,…...

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Bibliography

Harcourt, M., & Wood, G.E. (2004). Trade unions and democracy: Strategies and perspectives. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

ILGA Europe. Trade Unions & LGBT Equality. Retrieved on 16/8/2012 from:

 http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/issues/employment/trade_unions_lgbt_equality 

ILRF: International Labor Rights Forum. Retrieved on 16/8/2012 from:  http://www.laborrights.org/about-ilrf

Trade between UAE and rest of the world
The level of trade has intensified between the United Arab Emirates and the rest of the world. Since the UAE have become members of the World Trade Organization in 1996 the country has become more involved in international trade. The success of UAE's trade activity is revealed also by the trade surplus of 470,939 million AED in 2012. This trade surplus can be attributed to shipments of oil and natural gas.

The most important exports partners for the UAE are Japan 15.4%, India 13.4%, Iran 10.7%, Thailand 5.5%, Singapore 5.5%, and South Korea 5.3%. The most exported commodities are represented by crude oil 45%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish and dates. The country's exports in 20134 reached $368.9 billion, ranking the UAE on the 18th place in comparison with the rest of the world countries.

The most important imports partners of UAE are India 17%,…...

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Reference list:

1. United Arab Emirates (2014). Central Intelligence agency, The World Factbook. Retrieved March 27, 2014 from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html .

2. UAE -- U.S. Economic Relationship (2009). Embassy of the United Arab Emirates. Retrieved March 28, 2014 from  http://www.uae-embassy.org/uae-us-relations/economic-diversification .

3. UAE Balance of Trade (2013). Trading Economics. Retrieved March 28, 2014 from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-arab-emirates/balance-of-trade.

4. Malek, C. (2014). UAE and Australia will Team up on Defense, Trade, Education. The National. Retrieved March 28, 2014 from  http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-and-australia-will-team-up-on-defence-trade-education .

The (international debt) crisis offers various faces to the observer according to the nature of the issues involved -- be they purely financial, political, economic and social, or structural -- and according to the role of the actors involved in these issues -- be they debtor countries, multilateral development agencies, creditor governments, or commercial banks." (Kaufman, "Banking And Currency Crises And Systemic isk: Lessons From ecent Events")
World Banks

Trade requires capital. There are approximately two hundred financial institutions throughout the worldwide that account for more than eighty percent of the world's total international banking exposure. Of these, there are twenty banks that have exposure of more than ten billion dollars and seven of them are from the United States, four are from the United Kingdom, three are from West Germany, three are from France, two are from Japan, and there is one from Canada. "The borrowing countries still have much…...

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References

Allen, Roy E., et al. (1999). Financial Crises and Recession in the Global Economy. 2nd ed. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Boon-Chye, Lee. (1993). The Economics of International Debt Renegotiation: The Role of Bargaining and Information. New York: Westview

Bouchet, Michel Henri. (1987). The Political Economy of International Debt: What, Who, How Much, and Why. Westport: Quarom Publishing.

Fatemi, Khosrow. (1988). International Trade and Finance: A North American Perspective. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.

" The trade winds are also responsible for transporting water vapor, causing rain in Indonesia. The net effect of the trade winds is positive. However, the trade winds can have some very negative impacts, as well. In the summer, trade winds can turn into the hurricanes or typhoons, which can take a devastating toll on property and life. In fact, the trade winds are responsible for causing typhoons, which are both beneficial and detrimental; they bring much-needed rain, but are also responsible for destruction.
It is predicted that global warming will have a negative impact on the trade winds:

To remain energetically balanced, the rate at which the atmosphere absorbs water vapor must be balanced by the rate of rainfall. But as temperatures rise and more water evaporates from the ocean, water vapor in the lower atmosphere increases rapidly. Because of various physical processes, however, the rate of rainfall does not increase…...

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Works Cited

Rosenberg, Matt. "Trade Winds, Horse Latitudes, and the Doldrums. About.com: Geography.

2008. About.com. 15 Feb. 2008  http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/tradewinds.htm .

Than, Ker. "Global Warming Weakens Trade Winds." Live Science. 2006. Imaginova Corp.

14 Feb. 2008  http://www.livescience.com/environment/060503_walker_circ.html .

Trade Barriers in France and Germany:
The creation of the European Union was fueled by the Franco-German understanding, which was a significant factor in this process. This understanding originated from the Germany, which was a divided nation, economic giant, and diplomatic pygmy, could compliment France, which was a medium economic power despite of its significant global diplomatic presence. Throughout the years, France has developed to become one of the most active players in the global trade regardless of its developed economy. On the other hand, Germany has continued to advance Western Europe's economic integration through lessening and/or removal of barriers to free trade and investment.

Since every country has certain trade barriers that govern its imports and exports, France and Germany also have trade barriers despite of the various initiatives they have adopted with regards to economic integration. In relation to natural resources and/or products, France and Germany actually use some specific…...

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References:

Martinez, V. & Bengoa, M. (2010, February). Integration Effects and Trade Barriers: Does

European Economic Integration Affect Foreign Direct Investment. Retrieved August 26, 2012, from  http://dallasfed.org/assets/documents/institute/events/2010/10eu_martinez.pdf 

"Trade Regulations and Standards." (2012, July 17). Helping U.S. Companies Export. Retrieved from International Trade Administration website:  http://export.gov/germany/marketresearchongermany/countrycommercialguide/traderegulationsandstandards/index.asp

Say for instance that the central region of a large city is subjected to increased industrialization and major investments from foreign partners. This will increase the value of that particular region, will capture the interest of other investors and will increase the living standards of the workers and the population located in the vicinity of the new business venture. However, the marginal regions of the city, where the poorer population lives and works will remain unaffected by the central developments. The situation will as such generate relative poverty and will even further increase the income inequality.
Empirical Evidence

The empirical evidence is based on numerous features and state that no general rule can be established, but that the results depend upon numerous features such as "the choice of period, of the sample, and of proxies" (Bhagwati and Srinivasan). As such, the results are once again contradictory, with findings to support both…...

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Reference:

Bhagwati, J., Srinivasan, T.N., Trade and Poverty in the Poor Countries

The historical exchange rate between the real and the dollar is as follows (source: IndexMundi):

Inflation was very high in the early 90s, then was calmed under the pegged exchange rate regime. Since the real's collapse, inflation has remained relatively high in Brazil, but has been under control. In recent years, inflation is increasing as Brazil's economy is performing well. This puts downward pressure and the real and in turn has a negative impact on the country's export-driven businesses.

I believe that the exchange rate policy has helped Brazil since the currency crisis. The price stability in the 1990s was also important but the policy at that time limited foreign direct investment to the public entities that were being privatized. In more recent years, liberalizing of the currency regime has helped to spur strong economic growth. However, as that growth has grown too large, the country has been forced to implement more…...

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Works Cited:

Bristow, M. & Soliani, A. (2011). Brazil signals no change in rate policy after cutting to 11%. Business Week. Retrieved December 3, 2011 from  http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-02/brazil-signals-no-change-in-rate-policy-after-cutting-to-11-.html 

EurActiv. (2010). Brazil urged to remove trade barriers in telecoms. EurActiv.com. Retrieved December 3, 2011 from  http://www.euractiv.com/infosociety/brazil-urged-remove-trade-barriers-telecoms-news-498136 

Gabriel, S. (1999). Briefing on Brazil's economic crisis. Mt. Holyoke. Retrieved December 3, 2011 from  http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/brazil.htm 

Morais, R. (2005). Interview with Brazilian President Lula. Forbes. Retrieved December 3, 2011 from  http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/0725/080sidebar4.html

Like what was state previously, the main reason for the peg to be in place was to help provide China, with consistent economic growth (by making certain that their currency will remain at a set rate). This has caused sharp divisions between the U.S. / world opinion and China, as a number of different countries believe that the current policy gives the yuan an unfair advantage on world markets.
As a result, fears are running high that a potential currency war could take place between the U.S. And China on an economic front. This is a similar situation that occurred during the Suez Crisis of 1956, as ritain was facing declining influence in the world. At which point, they would become involved in a military conflict (over the Suez Canal). While no military conflict will occur in this situation, the U.S. is facing similar challenges with China when it comes…...

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Bibliography

"Chinese Economic Reform," Word IQ, last modified 2010.  http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Chinese_economic_reform 

"Mercantilism." Answers.com. Last modified 2010.  http://www.answers.com/topic/mercantilism 

"The Causes of the Suez Canal War of 1956." History Learning Site. Last modified 2010.  http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/causes_suez-crisis-1956.htm 

Hansen, Ben. "Dollar Pegging," Sverdaze. Last modified 2007. http://www.sveardze.com/ip/econ351.pdf

Relationship Between WTO and GATT In his 2008 book, From GATT 1947 to GATT 1994, Mavroidis argues that the relationship of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement and the many understandings has been resolved by WTO jurisprudence instead of legislative fiat. Conversely, the relationship of the GATT with other annexes has been resolved through legislative means. The WTO Appellate Body has consistently maintained that WTO Agreement is one agreement and that the GATT is one of its annexes. The legal implication is that the GATT disciplines have to be construed in a manner that takes into account the WTO Agreement. Given these factors, GATT need to take into account the WTO Agreement since it’s considered as one of its annexes. GATT should consider the WTO Agreement since it (GATT) exists as the World Trade Organization’s umbrella treaty for trade in different…...

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Bibliography

World Trade Organization, ‘DS477: Indonesia – Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products’ (World Trade Organization, 2017) accessed 26 Jan 2019

World Trade Organization, ‘The Process – Stages in a Typical WTO Dispute Settlement Case’ (World Trade Organization, 2018) accessed 26 Jan 2019

Of course, consumers knowing the country of origin of Toyota vehicles have done little to harm the dominance of that car over traditional American manufacturers like GM and Ford. But in some instances, if a particular nation has received bad press regarding its labor practices, mandatory labeling as an imported good might act as an additional invisible trade barrier. Also, if a nation is being subject to a particularly damaging round of international publicity regarding other aspects of its international policy, this may lead to a boycott of the nation's goods, and thus invisible tariffs can be constructed through simply the apparently innocuous policy of labeling nation's country of origin, in the supposed interest of consumer information.

orks Cited

Fliess, Barbara Carlos Busquets "The Role of Trade Barriers." OECD Trade Policy

orking Paper No. 45. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. 7 Mar 2007. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/25/37872326.pdf

Jennings, Horace. "Brazilian trade sets new highs as…...

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Works Cited

Fliess, Barbara Carlos Busquets "The Role of Trade Barriers." OECD Trade Policy

Working Paper No. 45. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. 7 Mar 2007.  http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/25/37872326.pdf 

Jennings, Horace. "Brazilian trade sets new highs as import barriers are lowered."

Business America.

Despite the fact that it is considered to be responsible for the immense inequalities in the economic sector, it also provides the progress for least developed countries and the environment for the maintenance of the developed countries. The existence of trade blocks such as NAFTA or ASEAN are even more reasons to consider globalization as a means of improvement in terms of politics, economic, and social aspects of life.
eferences

ASEAN. N.d. About. 28 September 2011 http://www.asean.org/about_ASEAN.html

Ian Goldin, Kenneth einert. 2006. Globalization for development: trade, finance, aid, igration and policy . World Bank: Palgrave Macmillan, Washington, DC .

D Henwood, 2003. "Beyond Globophobia." The Nation .November 28 September 2011 http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/define/2003/1113globophobia.htm

D. Held,. 2005. Debating Globalization . Polity Press, Cambridge.

Economic Policy, 20 (1) Spring, 72-84

Woods N. 2000a 'The Challenge to International Institutions'. Primary eading.

D Henwood, "Beyond Globophobia." The Nation .November 13, 2003. 28 September 2011

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References

ASEAN. N.d. About. 28 September 2011  http://www.asean.org/about_ASEAN.html 

Ian Goldin, Kenneth Reinert. 2006. Globalization for development: trade, finance, aid, igration and policy . World Bank: Palgrave Macmillan, Washington, DC .

D Henwood, 2003. "Beyond Globophobia." The Nation .November 28 September 2011  http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/define/2003/1113globophobia.htm 

D. Held,. 2005. Debating Globalization . Polity Press, Cambridge.

Trade restrictions in Honduras include price band mechanisms for yellow corn, sorghum, and corn meal .The price band mechanism works by charging 20% tariff on imports that are valued within the defined rates of the band, when the price is lower, then the rate of the tariff charged is over 20% (Carbaugh, 2004, p. 197). There are bands on United States (U.S.) raw poultry imports, which deny these products from importing into Honduras (Carbaugh, p. 198). The Government of Honduras also has seasonal import restrictions to protect local farmers during the main harvest; these policies limit access of U.S. agricultural products (Trade Compliance Center [TCC], 2000, p. 1). Until recently, import restrictions on ruminant products and sub-products existed; the following ruminant items were prohibited: meat, casings, organs, hydrolyzed proteins, glands, & bile are some of the products listed in this category. (Aphis [A], 2005, p.1). uminant is any various cud-chewing…...

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References

Aphis (2005, Aug. 2005). BSE Trade Ban Status as of 08/05. APHIS, 2005, pp. 1-11. Retrieved 08/07/05, from  http://www.aphis.usda.gov 

Carbaugh, R.J. (2004). International Economics (9th ed.). Mason, Ohio: Thomas/South Western.

Trade Compliance Center (2000, 1999). National Trade Estimate - 2000. Retrieved 08/07/05, from http://www.mac.doc.gov/tcc/data/commerce_html

Word Web Online (2005). Definition of Ruminant. Retrieved August 7,2005, from  http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/RUMINANT

Significance of the Study

This study is significant because it sheds light on a very important contributor to local and international trade. Trade fairs have a long history in providing a meeting place for buyers and sellers. They are an important channel of communication for B2B buyers and sellers. This is a significant area for study because there are limited channels of communication between B2B buyers and sellers. The previous sections have diversified the importance of communication to trade. B2B buyers and sellers cannot use mass channels of communication such as television advertising or newspaper advertising. In this market usage of personal visits and demonstrations are the common channels of marketing and communication. The B2B selling and marketing activities are less highlighted in research than B2C activities. Therefore, this study is significant because it explores a very important channel of marketing and communication in the B2B market.

The study is important for…...

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UFI.(2009). The Trade Fair Industry in Asia, 5th edition: A UFI report researched and compiled by Business Strategies Group Executive Summary -- for UFI members only." Business Strategies Group Ltd. [online] Available at   [Accessed 10 May, 2012].http://www.ufi.org/media/membersarea/studies_reports/2009_bsg_report_summary_andorder_form.pdf 

Viardot, E. (2004). Successful Marketing Strategy for High-Tech Firms. Volume 5. NY: Artech House

Yeshin, T. (2006). Sales Promotion. NY:Cengage Learning

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Operation Anaconda was, at the time, the largest combat operation in Afghanistan as part of the War on Terrorism that was declared after the 9-11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.  It was launched on March 2, 2002.  Major General F.L. Hagenback, the commander of the U.S. Army 10^th Mountain Division, was responsible for leading an offensive attack on al-Qaeda and Taliban forces that were located in the Shahi-Kot Valley/ Arma Mountain region near Zormat in Afghanistan.  It was the first major battle after the Battle of Tora Bora and was the first battle to feature American....

We would start this essay by looking at the Department of State’s list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.  Looking at that list is a great way to identify transnational terrorist groups.  Working from those groups, you could the identify a transnational group that is linked to a domestic terrorist group.  The County Reports on Terrorism also reveal how international terrorist groups work and can provide some insight into their ties to domestic organizations.  Working this way may be important for the integrity of your research because the designation of groups as domestic terrorist groups changed....

Global issues are those issues that have an impact on more than one area of the globe, whether that impact is direct or indirect.  These issues can be things that impact all people, such as global warming, or issues that may not currently impact all people but have a potential global impact, such as the political unrest in the modern day United States.  We have compiled a list of suggested topics for an essay on global issues.  Each of them has at least two perspectives, though one of the perspectives may be stronger or more....