American Civil ar
arfare in the American Civil ar

The estern characteristic of total war best exemplifies warfare in the American Civil ar because it was this definitive tactic which helped the Union to completely crush any remaining hopes of victory in the South. Two Generals effected a policy of total war against the South: General Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley and General illiam Tecumseh Sherman in his March to the Sea campaign from Atlanta to Savannah, leaving devastation and ruin in his wake. Both military tactics were designed not only to cut off supply routes to Southern armies but also to undermine the morale of Southern civilians and destroy their very capacity to live without surrender. Sherman himself stated his belief that the Union was fighting "a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war" -- in other words, Sherman believed…...

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Works Cited

Foote, Shelby. The Civil War. NY: Random House, 1958. Print.

Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. XLIV. D.C.: U.S.

Government Printing Office, 1880-1901. Print.

"Ten Facts about the Petersburg Campaign." CivilWar.org. 22 Feb 2015.

Civil War Economics and Total War
Total war strategies target and destroy the homes and livelihoods of civilians, from houses and farms to factories and railroads. They are never an acceptable, regardless the cause for which an army is fighting. Civilians, whether friend or enemy, should be excluded as targets, because no matter their allegiance, they have not chosen to actively take part in combat.

While total war may bring an earlier end to a conflict, the speed with which a war is conducted does not define the damage it does. While total war may reduce the duration of a war, it also produces a long-term reduction in quality of life for the remaining population. In tallying the cost of war, one does not simply count how many lives were lost, nor the length of the conflict, but also the long-term impact. One also does not dismiss the actions of an army…...

warfare in the Napoleonic era fundamentally similar to warfare practiced today?
No, warfare in the Napoleonic Era is fundamentally different from warfare practiced today.

While the Napoleonic era introduced brought civilians to the war front, this is fundamentally different from warfare today, because warfare practiced today takes the war to the civilians.

While warfare in the Napoleonic era inspired civilians to fight guerilla-style against the encroaching armies, this style was different from today's warfare, which is based on the idea of Total War -- first exampled in the Civil War in Sherman's March to the Sea and later in WW2 with the firebombing of cities in Germany and the total destruction of civilian populations in Japan.

Point # 1 Topic Sentence: Napoleon did not practice Total War in the same fundamental way that it is practiced today.

Napoleon introduced the notion of mass conscription, but this was an act of bringing civilians to the…...

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References

Clausewitz, C. (1989). On War. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Shutting the Gates of Mercy:
The American Origins of Total War

In his thesis, Shutting the Gates of Mercy: The American Origins of Total War, 1860-1880, Lance Janda asserts that the tactics used in the Civil War are the origins of the concept of total war for America. The definition of total war he chooses for his thesis lends itself especially well to his argument. Since the terminology was not used during the time of the Civil War, Janda may interpret its meaning with 20/20 hindsight and this may be his most glaring bias.

He supports his claim with numerous examples taken from the memoirs and letters of the Union Leaders he feels most responsible for the shift from Napoleonic and American tactics to those used in later wars. He even calls them a "trinity of generals" (Janda p. 9).

Had Janda quoted from Military Law or theory of the time he would not…...

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Bibliography

Janda, Lance. Shutting the Gates of Mercy: The American Origins of Total War, 1860-1880. The Journal of Military History, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Jan., 1995), 7-26. Retreived from JSTOR November 2003 @  http://www.jstor.org

However, the trenches were often muddy and filled with water, and they were no match for the newly designed tanks that became a standard part of warfare.
This was a very different war than the world had been used to. There were many more inventions, such as airplanes, tanks, and new types of explosives and weapons helped turn both sides into very efficient killing machines, and hundreds of thousands of lives were lost before the war was over. Industrialization also meant that the men fighting could be transported quickly and efficiently from area to area, and they could receive continual supplies, as well. Another historian writes, "A century of industrialization meant that the Germans, French and British could each keep millions of men under arms on the Western Front - clothed, fed and free from lethal epidemic diseases, day and night, all the year round without respite" (Badsey). Thus, World…...

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References

Badsey, Stephen. "The Western Front and the Birth of Total War." BBC.uk. 3 March 2003. 12 Jan. 2008.  http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/total_war_01.shtml 

Bourne, J.M. Who's Who in World War One. London: Routledge, 2001.

Sheffield, Gary. "The Origins of World War One." BBC.uk. 3 March 2003. 12 Jan. 2008.  http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/origins_01.shtml

Essay Topic Examples 1. Analyzing the Underpinnings of Racial Hatred in the acific War: A Review of 'War Without Mercy'
    This essay would explore the theme of race as a fundamental element in the acific War, discussed in Dower's 'War Without Mercy'. The essay would analyze Dower's argument about how racial differences were exaggerated and manipulated by both the American and Japanese governments to fuel a war fought with uncommon savagery and a campaign of dehumanization, and its impact on the conduct of the war and the policies implemented by both sides.

2. The Influence of ropaganda on the acific War: Reflections from 'War Without Mercy'
    This essay topic invites an analysis of Dower's examination of the role of propaganda in the acific conflict. It would review how the book documents the use of media by the United States and Japan to inflame racial animosities and justify brutal tactics. The essay could also consider…...

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Primary Sources

Dower, John W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. Pantheon Books, 1986.

Mallonee, Laura. \"Propaganda Posters of the 1940s: The Early Designs of War Without Mercy.\" The Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, Photographs, Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov.

Linderman, Gerald F. \"Review of War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War.\" The Journal of American History, vol. 73, no. 3, 1986, pp. 696-697.

LaFeber, Walter. \"Racial Stereotypes and the American-Japanese Conflict.\" The American Historical Review, vol. 92, no. 3, 1987, pp. 703-717.

\"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum - Japanese-American Internment Camp Documents.\" Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, www.fdrlibrary.org.

War Without Victory
Nominally, the United States achieved victory in the first Gulf War. However, the decades of fighting in the Middle East, punctuated by the second Gulf War demonstrate that the United States was not victorious in that war. However, equally clear is the fact that Iraq was not victorious. This paper examines the politics behind the Gulf War including deterrence, diplomacy, power struggles, and military and political implications to come to the conclusion that there was no victor in the Gulf War.

In August of 1990, Saddam Hussein, the leader of Iraq, ordered an invasion of Kuwait (A&E, 2013). This action alarmed other countries in the area, and these countries asked for intervention from other countries and from the United Nations. The United Nations Security Council responded by ordering Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. The United States, working with and through the United Nations, attempted to use deterrence and diplomacy…...

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Reference

A&E Television Networks. (2013). Persian Gulf War. Retrieved May 5, 2013 from History.com website:  http://www.history.com/topics/persian-gulf-war 

Morgan, P. (2012). The state of deterrence in international politics today. Retrieved May 5,

2013 from Contemporary Security Policy website:  http://www.contemporarysecuritypolicy.org/assets/CSP-33-1%20Morgan.pdf 

PBS. (2010). The Persian Gulf War. Retrieved May 5, 2013 from American Experience

However, in the end, they were unable to stop the war despite their best efforts. The war happened anyway, in spite of the best intentions and actions to prevent it. T he actions of the various governments were reactions to events that they had tried their best to prevent. They did not make a full-blown effort to convince their people of the need for war, until the war had already begun. Had the war been intentional on the part of Germany or any other entity, there would have been plans in place to gain the support of the people long before August 1, 1914.
Only Germany had such a plan in place. However, this does not mean that they started the war intentionally. It might mean that they saw it coming and wanted to be prepared. In the end, only the players know what their motives were on any particular…...

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Works Cited

Primary Sources

The Treaty of Versailles (1919), esp. Article 231,  http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versailles.html 

Memorandum of Prince Karl Max Lichnowsky (1914)

Secondary Sources

Despite all the graphic, inventive detailed descriptions of the physical suffering and the mental anguish Turner has endured, in the end, it is the cliche, metaphoric image of a breaking heart that sends the strongest message. It should break any human being's heart to kill, and those who are not emotionally torn up by taking another human being's life are therefore, essentially heartless.
There is also an indication in Here, Bullet, that it is not only the heart that malfunctions in the throes of death and killing, but the brain as well. hen Turner speaks of "the leap thought makes at the synaptic gap" he is symbolizing the leap a person's mind is forced to make from have a respect for life and compassion for mankind to suddenly believe that it is okay to kill, maim and torture in the name of your country. Thus from Turner's point-of-view, after being…...

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Works Cited

Turner, Brian, "Here, Bullet" Here, Bullet, Alice James Books, 2005

Turner, Brian, "Sadiq" Here, Bullet, Alice James Books, 2005

Himes, Andrew, Voices in Wartime Anthology, cited in Alice James Books. Web. 17 June, 2010. http://www.alicejamesbooks.org/pages/book_page.php?bookID=43

Whetstone, David. Culture: A Poet in Tangled Battle Lines of Iraq; Plenty of Poets Described the Horrors of the First World War, but in Modern Combat Zones They Are a Rare Beast. David Whetstone Talks to American Poet Brian Turner, Who Served in Iraq. The Journal (Newcastle, England). March 17, 2008, p. 18.

Manufacturers are the most affected as they have to absorb the transportation costs borne by the transporters. This often results in a price hike which lowers profits. Companies who have to cut their profits lay off staff which affects consumer spending power. These actions hurt the economy in the longer run as it causes inflation and puts pressure on the government to raise wages so that consumers can afford to pay higher prices. Wages are never increased with rising prices so this result in people becoming poorer and it weakens the economy. Unemployment deters people from buying goods and results in lower sales. This causes more layoffs and pushes the economy to go down.
The automobile industry has been the most affected as car sales have slumped due to the increase in oil prices. Consumers are wary of buying SUVs because they consume a lot of fuel. SUVs form a…...

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Bibliography

Bilmes, Linda & Stiglitz, Joseph (2006). The Economic Costs of the Iraq War: An Appraisal Three Years After the Beginning of the Conflict, NBER Working Paper No. 12054

Surowiecki, James (2005, May). Oil Change. The New Yorker

Perry, George L. (2001).The War on Terrorism, the World Oil Market and the U.S. Economy, The Brookings Institution

Behravesh, Nariman, (February 2003).Iraq War Scenarios, Global Insight

In 1066, illiam the Conqueror and his army of Normans established themselves as the dominant power in Britain, and the form of French they brought with them quickly became the language of the powerful classes in British society, while the lower classes still spoke English (English Club, 3). For the second time in just over five-hundred years, a major conquest of the Isle of Britain was conducted by an invading tribe with a foreign tongue. This time, however, the existing language and people were not replaced, but instead the Latin influence of the Norman tongue began to seep into English, creating the first elements of a "bastard" tongue (Anglik.net, 6). ords such as "beef" and "cow" illustrate how the class difference that existed at first between speaker of the Norman and Anglo-Saxon languages eventually resulted in a language with a greater diversity of words than any other -- cow…...

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Works Cited

Anglik.net. "A Brief History of the English Language." Accessed 1 February 2009.  http://www.anglik.net/englishlanguagehistory.htm 

Baugh, Albert C. And Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. New York: Prentice Hall, 2001.

English Club.com. "History of the English Language." Accessed 31 January 2009.  http://www.englishclub.com/english-language-history.htm 

Marsh, George P. The Origin and History of the English Language. New York: Scribner, 1896.

In fact, the local public library, increasingly threatened by competition from other entertainment sources such as expanded home entertainment systems, deluxe bookstores with cafes, and the Internet, could do well to adopt TQM principles. "A library should focus on providing the best services possible, and be willing to change to serve its customers. To determine if changes need to be made, a library administrator might ask: hat are our niche markets? hat do the customers come in for? How can I look at the efficiency of my library? How do we serve the current customers that exist today? (Masters, 2003, citing Total Quality Management, 1995). In short first learn about the customer, in this case the library patron and then solve the problems with attendance.
A library that alienated customers by being old, poorly lit, and dusty, could improve its customer service by creating more open, airy, and well-lit places…...

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Works Cited

Hansen, Dexter a. (2005). "Total Quality Management (TQM) Tutorial/Help Page." Retrieved 17 Feb 2007 at http://home.att.net/~iso9k1/tqm/tqm.html

Holoviak, Stephen. (Jul/Aug1995) "Why TQM fails to change behaviors or attitudes."

The Journal for Quality and Participation. Retrieved 17 Feb 2007 at  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3616/is_199507/ai_n8727227/pg_2 

Masters, Denise. (2003). "Total Quality Management in Libraries." Retrieved 17 Feb 2007 from ERIC at: http://www.michaellorenzen.com/eric/tqm.html

limited and total war, and the factors leading to either type of wars.
States will escalate a limited war to total warfare only in cases where they do not have certain limitations.

Key discussion areas:

A definition and a discussion of limited and total wars

A discussion of the Koreas war and how major world powers (the Soviet Union and the United States ) were fighting their own proxy wars in the conflict

A discussion of military imperatives such as nuclear weapons and their scale of destructions and why their possession and use is restricted. And how nuclear asymmetry affects modern warfare.

A discussion of the four main factors limiting war and why such factors are important to making defense policy decisions for nations in the modern day world

Summary of main points:

Limited and total war

Military imperatives; nuclear weapons and military factors

Factors limiting war

What are the most important factors leading to either "limited" or "total" war?

A…...

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References

Conway, 2013. Limited vs. Total War. [Online]

Available at:   / [Accessed 16 September 015].http://www.mconway.net/page20/files 

Salavrakos, I.-D., 2014. The Defence Economics of Total War 1870-1918: A Literature Review

Article. Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), pp. 23-45.

great wars of the twentieth century can be classified as "total wars" not because of their far-reaching effects, although many of them have been global wars. Rather, the term "total war" refers more to the all-encompassing effect of war on the cultures involved. Total wars alter civilian mentality and ideology in a way traditional wars do not. Patriotism and nationalism are by no means new concepts; nor is taking civilian casualties a new practice. But since World War One, total wars have taken on new meanings and transformed political ideologies.
The term "total war" seems to have originated during World War One, when the idea of a "People's War" gained popularity. As burgeoning nationalism changed the face of European geographical boundaries, national identities fostered a fresh sense of patriotism. The 19th century saw the unification of Germany following a series of battles that incidentally led up to the First World…...

(laufarb 30 -- 54)
At the same time, the war had a negative economic impact upon these areas. In this case, civilians could see their homes and their way of life destroyed (because of the continuous fighting that was taking place). This is troubling, because it would mean that many individuals had difficulty maintaining their standards of living and earning an income (to provide for their families). As they would find their communities devastated, from the total sacrifice that everyone made (in one way or another). At which point, this would affect how someone was able to earn a living, by having limited opportunities (from all of the fighting). (laufarb 76-101)

Gender would determine how someone viewed themselves in society. This is because, male domination would have an impact upon the way soldiers and civilians were acting. Where, the males often engaged in actions that were seen as disrespectful to women,…...

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Bibliography

Blaufarb, Rafe. "Benjamin Harris." Napoleonic Foot Soldiers and Civilians. Boston: Bedford / St. Marten, 2011. 30 -- 54. Print.

Blaufarb, Rafe. "Jackob Walter." Napoleonic Foot Soldiers and Civilians. Boston: Bedford / St. Marten, 2011. 76-101. Print.

Blaufarb, Rafe. "Julie Pellizzone." Napoleonic Foot Soldiers and Civilians. Boston: Bedford / St. Marten, 2011. 123 -- 148. Print.

Blaufarb, Rafe. "Louis-Gabriel Montigny." Napoleonic Foot Soldiers and Civilians. Boston: Bedford / St. Marten, 2011. 54-59. Print.

1. Analyze the portrayal of race relations in "War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War" by John W. Dower.
2. Discuss how power dynamics influenced the outcome of the Pacific War, as described by Dower.
3. Explore the impact of racism on military strategy and decision-making during the Pacific War, according to Dower's research.
4. Compare and contrast the treatment of race and ethnicity in the European theater of World War II versus the Pacific theater, as discussed in Dower's book.
5. Examine how Dower's analysis of race and power in the Pacific War challenges traditional narratives of the conflict.
6. Discuss....