Thyroid Hormone in Carcinoma
Thyroid Hormones

The author of this report is asked to review an article and the topic chosen from the acceptable list of topics regards the role and involvement of thyroid hormones in certain disorders. The particular article reviewed for this report focused on the activation of tumor cell proliferation by secretions from the thyroid gland in mice. The specific cancer involved was follicular thyroid carcinoma. Per the requirement of the assignment, the article in question is less than two to three years old. Indeed, it was published last year.

The article starts off by noting that thyroid cancer variants are by far the most common malignancy of the endocrine system in humans. The article notes that the main goal of the research behind the report had the goal of the parallels and similar causes of follicular thyroid carcinoma and thyroid carcinogenesis in general. To prove their point, they completed…...

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References

Lu, C., Zhu, X., Willingham, M., & Cheng, S. (2012). Activation of tumor cell proliferation by thyroid hormone in a mouse model of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Oncogene,

31(16), 2007-2016. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.390

Thyroid Hormone and Obesity
Obesity Treatment: The Efficacy and Safety of Thyroid Hormone and Derivatives

Weight loss programs have traditionally focused on calorie intake reduction in combination with exercise, but new research suggests that it may be possible to simply accelerate metabolic rates using pharmaceutical interventions. The current drugs approved for treating obesity function by suppressing hunger or limiting nutritional absorption (reviewed by Tseng, Cypess, and Kahn, 2010). Unfortunately, the body is designed adapt to caloric availability by lowing metabolic rates during famine and to store calories as fat to guard against starvation. Drugs that suppress hunger or limit absorption activate these pathways, making long-term weight loss more difficult. The drugs that act on the satiety centers in the brain can also produce debilitating psychotropic side effects. The current state of effective pharmaceutical intervention on behalf of obese patients is therefore lacking approved drugs that increase calorie expenditure safely over the long-term.

For…...

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References

Baxter, John D. And Webb, Paul. (2009). Thyroid hormone mimetics: potential applications in atherosclerosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Nature Reviews in Drug Discovery, 8, 308-320.

Herwig, Annika, Ross, Alexander W., Nilaweera, Kanishka N., Morgan, Peter J., and Barrett, Perry. (2008). Hypothalamic TH in energy balance regulation. Onkologie, 31, 71-79.

Ortega, Francisco J., Moreno-Navarrete, Jose M., Ribas, Vincent, Esteve, Eduardo, Rodriquez-Hermosa, Jose I., Ruiz, Bartomeu et al. (2009). Subcutaneous fat shows higher thyroid hormone receptor-?1 gene expression than omental fat. Obesity, 17, 2134-2141.

Pelletier, Paula, Gauthier, Karine, Sideleva, Olga, Samarut, Jacques, and Silva, J. Enrique. (2008). Mice lacking the thyroid hormone receptor-? gene spend more energy in thermogenesis, burn more fat, and are less sensitive to high-fat diet-induced obesity. Endocrinology, 149, 6471-6486.

Diabetes and Thyroid
Diabetes

What is the mechanism of action of insulin and what are the differences in insulin therapy for Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus?

The pancreas secretes insulin, and it is used for the regulation of glucose from the blood into the cells. Insulin assists in lowering blood glucose by causing peripheral glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells. The breakdown of fat, proteins, and manufacture of glucose is inhibited by insulin. Insulin will also increase protein synthesis and the conversion of excess glucose to fat. Patients suffering from diabetes are not able to produce enough insulin, and this leads to hyperglycemia. Insulin therapy for type I diabetes mellitus is aimed at increasing or providing insulin in the patient's body (Trauner, ichert, & Luddeke, 2013). For type II diabetes, insulin therapy is aimed at controlling blood sugar, increasing insulin levels, and lowering the patient's resistance to insulin. Patients suffering from…...

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References

Kahn, S.E. (2013). Incretin therapy and islet pathology: a time for caution. Diabetes, 62(7), 2178-2180.

Reinehr, T. (2010). Obesity and thyroid function. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 316(2), 165-171.

Stohl, H.E., Ouzounian, J., Rick, A.-M., Hueppchen, N.A., & Bienstock, J.L. (2013). Thyroid disease and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): is there a connection? The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 26(11), 1139-1142.

Trauner, A., Richert, K., & Luddeke, H.-J. (2013). Start of an insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes patients. Diabetes aktuell fur die Hausarztpraxis, 11(06), 248-252.

Pharmacotherapy for Endocrine and Musculoskeletal Disorders Introduction
Thyroid disease is an endocrine disorder, the treatment of which can be impacted by the factor of gender, according to several studies (Klein & Danzi, 2016; Magri et al., 2016; Schwensen, Brandt, Hegedus & Brix, 2017).
The thyroid is responsible for producing thyroid hormone which plays a significant role in much of the processes of the body, from how your body burns calories to the rate of your heart beat. Thyroid disease tends to alter or disrupt the regulation of thyroid hormone production, which negatively impacts the rest of the body’s functions. Symptoms of this disease can include lethargy, restlessness, and weight loss or weight gain. Gender is commonly a factor in thyroid disease as women tend to be diagnosed with this disease more frequently than men, particularly after a pregnancy or following menopause, when their bodies are going through an adjustment process that will impact…...

Hypothyroidism is a fairly common disorder that patients are diagnosed with and it can have wide ranging effects. While hyperthyroidism is when the thyroid is excreting too much into the bloodstream, hypothyroidism is the opposite. If untreated, the effects on the body are numerous and substantial with the most prominent affected area being the body's metabolism rate and quality. Even with these risks, there is absolutely treatment available for the disorder once it is identified with certainty. This report will cover, after a more detailed description of hypothyroidism, the pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods that are used to address the disorder.
As indicated in the introduction, the main effect that hypothyroidism has on the human body is a slower and more sluggish metabolism. However, to say it is just that is less than accurate. As described by WebMD, the thyroid is in charge on controlling how one's body uses energy from food.…...

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References

Corriher, S. (2013). How to Cure Hypothyroidism Naturally. Healthwyze.

Mayo. (2016). Treatment - Hypothyroidism - Mayo Clinic. Mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 7 June

2016, from  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20155362 

MBG. (2011). 13 Ways to Treat Hypothyroidism Naturally. mindbodygreen. Retrieved 7 June

Hashimoto Thyroiditis
ACONYMS

TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

T3 Triiodothyronine

T4 Thyroxine

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

The condition, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, is named after Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanese scientist, who uncovered the disease in the year 1912. Amino, DeGroot, and Akamizu (2013) write that Hashimoto explained the conditions of four types of individuals having a chronic thyroid disorder, that he labeled as "struma lymphomatosa." These individuals' thyroid glands had diffused lymphocytic infiltration, parenchymal atrophy, fibrosis, and eosinophilic acinar-cell change. Pathological as well as clinical researches of Hashimoto Thyroiditis have been conducted frequently since Hashimoto first described the affliction.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, is an autoimmune syndrome wherein a person's immune system attacks body tissues, organs and cells. Persons suffering from this affliction have a thyroid malfunction, a condition known as hypothyroidism, wherein the thyroid gland ceases to secrete sufficient hormones to meet the needs of the body. This gland, situated at the anterior part of the neck, produces hormones is responsible for controlling…...

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Reference: www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov

Kresser, C. (2010, June 28). The Most Important Thing You May Not Know About Hypothyroidism. Retrieved February 2, 2016, from Chris Kresser; Let's Take Back Your Health: www.chriskresser.com

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2013, February 25). Hashimoto's Disease. Retrieved February 2, 2016, from National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: www.niddk.nih.gov

The American Thyroid Asspciation Taskforce. (2011). Guidelines of the American Thyroid

Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum. Thyroid, 1081-1125. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Review of History and Physical Findings The client is a 56-year-old Caucasian female who presents with complaints of fatigue that reportedly began 2 to 3 months prior to her visit. She reports that the fatigue is generalized and constant in duration, and has been progressively worsening since onset. The client reports feeling tired all the time and lacking the energy to do anything‘she could normally do’despite sleeping eight hours per night. No relieving factors were identified, although the client reports exertion as a possible aggravating factor. The client is married, has two grown kids, and works as a full-time office manager in an internal medicine office. She reports missing a day of work two weeks ago because she ‘couldn’t get out of bed’. She denies pain, fever, chills, or recent illnesses, but has gained 5 pounds since the last visit 6 months ago.
The client denies visual changes, ear pain, rhinorrhea, ST,…...

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References

FDA (2017). LEVO-T: Highlights of Prescribing Information. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from  

Lassale, C., Curtis, A., Abete, I., Van der Schouw, Y., Verschuren, M., Lu, Y., & Mesquita, B. (2018). Elements of the Complete Blood Count Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Incidence: Findings from the EPIC-NL Cohort Study. Scientific Reports, 8(1), doi: org/10.1038/s41598-018-21661-x

Samuels, M. H., Kolobova, I., Antosik, M., Niederhausen, M., Purnell, J., & Schuff, K. (2017). Thyroid Function Variation in the Normal Range, Energy Expenditure, and Body Composition in L-T4 Treated Subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(7), 2533-42.

Soh, S., & Aw, T. (2019). Laboratory Testing in Thyroid Conditions – Pitfalls and Clinical Utility. Annals of Laboratory Medicine, 39(1), 3-14.

Dunphy, L.M., Winland-Brown, J. E., Porter, B. O., & Thomas, D. J. (2019). Primary Care: The Art of Science of Advanced Practice Nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A Davis Company

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/021342s023lbl.pdf 

Hypothyroidism
The condition of hypothyroidism is caused by a thyroid gland that does not produce the proper amount of certain important hormones.

Pathophysiology:

The gland is located in the center of the neck and is described by ebMD (2012) as being butterfly shaped. The gland's hormone production is an important dimension of the metabolic process. Therefore, when its functionality is impaired, the body's capacity to digest, metabolize and utilize the nutrients and proteins yielded by food is also impaired. According to ebMD, "having a low level of thyroid hormone affects your whole body. It can make you feel tired and weak. If hypothyroidism is not treated, it can raise your cholesterol levels and make you more likely to have a heart attack or stroke." (ebMD, p. 1) In the vast majority of cases, the condition is produced by an inflammation called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. (ebMD, p. 1) ith this condition, the immune system attacks…...

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Works Cited:

Mathur, R. (2011). Hypothyroidism. Medicinenet.com.

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2012). Hypothyroidism. Mayoclinic.com.

WebMD. (2012). Hypothyroidism. Webmd.com.

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Impact of Hypothyroidism on Metabolic Function:
    Explore how an underactive thyroid gland can result in hypothyroidism, leading to a slowing down of metabolic processes. Discuss the physiological mechanisms of the condition, its symptoms, such as fatigue and weight gain, and the implications it has on overall health and energy levels.

2. The sychological Consequences of Thyroid Disorders:
    Delve into the cognitive and mood-related changes that can accompany both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Analyze the effects these disorders can have on mental health, including their potential to mimic or exacerbate symptoms of depression and anxiety, and the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment.

3. The Role of the Thyroid in Reproductive Health:
    Discuss the critical role thyroid hormones play in reproductive health for both sexes, with a focus on how disturbances in thyroid function can affect fertility, menstrual cycles, and pregnancy outcomes. Review the recommendations for thyroid screening in planning for pregnancy and…...

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Primary Sources

Garber, Jeffrey R., et al. \"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association.\" Thyroid, vol. 22, no. 12, 2012, pp. 1200-1235.

Biondi, Bernadette. \"Thyroid and Obesity: An Intriguing Relationship.\" Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 95, no. 8, 2010, pp. 3614-3617.

Köhrle, Josef. \"The Colorful Diversity of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites.\" European Thyroid Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, 2014, pp. 71-86.

Saravanan, P., and C. M. Dayan. \"Thyroid Autoantibodies.\" Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America, vol. 30, no. 2, 2001, pp. 315-337.

Aoki, Y., et al. \"Environmental Factors and Thyroid Autoimmunity.\" Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 21, no. 3, 2016, pp. 99-104.

Thyroid and Hormones
In some ways, the thyroid, parathyroid, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH) all contribute to similar types of effects on the body, since they are either glands that secrete hormones or actual hormones themselves. Hormones help to regulate processes in the body. Many of the aforementioned glands and hormones regulate processes that pertain to water and electrolytes either directly or indirectly. The thyroid is one of the most sizable endocrine glands existent within the body and is located in the neck in the area that is close to where one's Adam's apple is (Tweed, 2015, p. 46). The thyroid plays an invaluable role in the regulation of other hormones because it essentially controls how responsive the body is to other hormones. Therefore, in terms of electrolytes and other types of energy that may be gained from conventional food and drink sources (such as water), the…...

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References

Thompson, L. (2014). Parathyroid adenoma. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal. 93(7), 246-248.

Tweed, V. (2015). Feed your thyroid. Better Nutrition. 77(2), 46-49.

This system results in stable blood concentrations of the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland (Reiser and Kemp, p.1).
This complex system of self-regulation means that there are multiple opportunities for the glands to stop working properly.

The hypothalamus, which is located in the brain, is, in many ways, the control center of the endocrine system. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that, in turn, either suppress or stimulate hormone release by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then uses the messages it receives from the hypothalamus to govern its secretion of stimulating hormones to other glands in the endocrine system. The pituitary gland sends messages to other glands in the endocrine system, as well as producing important hormones that regulate bodily functions without requiring the intervention of other glands. The hormones produced by the pituitary gland include: growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone…...

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Works Cited

Brown, Harriet. "For Some, Psychiatric Trouble May Start in the Thyroid." The New York

Times. N.p. 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.

Rieser, Marianne and Stephen Kemp. "Anatomy of the Endocrine System." Emedicine Health.

1-11. 7 Dec. 2011. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.

Grave's disease is an autoimmune condition which impacts the human thyroid gland. Excessive production of the thyroid hormone engorges the gland and it continues to grow. Because of this, there can be many adverse affects to the person's health, particularly in terms of ophthalmological and dermatological symptoms. The exact cause of the condition has not been determined nor has a cure for the disease. However, there are treatment methods available which can alleviate symptoms and even prevent further hyperthyroidism in the patients.
Overview and Brief History of the Condition:

Grave's disease is an autoimmune disorder which most commonly affects the thyroid gland and results in hyperthyroidism, or over activity of the gland. Patients with this disease experience various symptoms but have a shared epidemiology. This condition creates antibodies which impact receptor activation within the thymus.

Causes:

The specific cause of Grave's disease is as yet unknown; however there are theories as to what might…...

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Works Cited

Agabegi, E. & Agabegi, S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Hagerstown, MD. 157.

Bunevicius, R. & Prange, AJ. (2006). Psychiatric manifestations of Graves' hyperthyroidism:

pathophysiology and treatment options. CNS Drugs. (20:11). 897-909.

Cawood, T., Moriarty, P., & O'Shea, D. (2004). Recent developments in thyroid eye disease.

Care:
Issler is a patient who recently moved with his daughter-in-law who is no longer married to his son. As part of her interest in helping to take care of Mr. Issler, she noticed that he was pale and diaphoretic after a two and a half hour flight. The daughter-in-law took him to an emergency room where he was attended to by a cardiologist and set a follow-up check up for an echo cardiogram next week. Mr. Issler has complained of congestive heart failure and a history of deep vein thrombosis. The cardiologist recommended that he seeks out a primary care provider and check up of his thyroid. As the primary care provider, the patient has also expressed his uncertainties on whether he has hyper of hypo thyroidism though he has been under thyroid medication for several years. In addition to being very pale, he has a large bag of…...

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References:

Bray, D.L. (n.d.). Thyroid Storm and the AACN Synergy Model. Journal of Nursing. Retrieved from http://rnjournal.com/journal-of-nursing/thryoid-storm-and-the-aacn-synergy-model

Drewes at. al. (2012, October). The Effectiveness of Chronic Care Management for Heart Failure: Meta-Regression Analyses to Explain the Heterogeneity in Outcomes. Health Services Research, 47(5), 1926-1959.

Hardin, S. & Hussey, L. (2003, February). AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care Case Study of a CHF Patient. Critical Care Nurse, 23(1), 73-76. Retrieved from  http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/content/23/1/73.full.pdf 

Kaplow, R. & Reed, K.D. (2008). The AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care: A Nursing

Health Letter to Friend
Hormone problems. Who can't relate to those these days? People talk a lot about symptoms like high blood pressure, emotional ups and down, obesity, all of which might well be related to serious medical concerns that come with our age, or that might be caused by stress or junk food!

Which means you are right to have questions and a bit of anxiety. Some hormone conditions (minor or severe) need attention because they tell us how well the endocrine system is in balance -- and it's the endocrine system that influences how the body works and how different parts of our system function together. So the balance is important.

But hormone imbalances can vary a lot, and it takes information to figure out what's wrong. Diabetes (or being overweight), reproduction problems, infertility, thyroid conditions, high blood pressure, poor cholesterol levels and even lipids (not putting on weight properly) are…...

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REFERENCES:

Kemp, S., Chausmer, A.B., and Talavera, F., (2011) emedicineHealth, Anatomy of the Endocrine System. Retrieved on October 15, 2011 from  http://www.emedicinehealth.com/anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/article_em.htm .

Currently, I am working as a surgical technologist in two hospitals in Arkansas - Arkansas Children Hospital and the VA Hospital. I do surgical scrub on various cases of all surgical services, general, orthopedics, vascular, ENT, neurology, urology, and burns. To update and enhance my skills, I attended different medical training courses.
Since my youth, I had been in the scene of medicine. At the age of seventeen I was diagnosed with diabetes. Hence, in y sophomore years in college, I did a presentation on diabetes where I provided information on the symptoms, complications, and how to cope with diabetes. During my Junior year, I had family members that were diagnosed with breast cancer, glaucoma, heart attacks and thyroid problems.

Such experiences are my motivations in becoming a Physician Assistant. The feeling that I get from providing medical services is unfathomable and cannot be measured by anything....

1. Proper supplementation: Supplements like selenium, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce inflammation and improve thyroid function.

2. Balanced diet: Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can help support overall health and manage symptoms of Hashimoto's.

3. Stress management techniques: Stress can exacerbate symptoms of Hashimoto's, so it's important to implement stress-reducing techniques like meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises.

4. Regular exercise: Regular physical activity can help improve thyroid function, boost metabolism, and reduce inflammation associated with Hashimoto's.

5. Herbal remedies: Herbs like ashwagandha, licorice root, and bladderwrack may help improve thyroid function and....

Understanding Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to chronic inflammation and reduced thyroid hormone production. This can result in a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weight gain, constipation, hair loss, and impaired cognitive function.

Natural Remedies for Hashimoto's Symptoms

While there is no cure for Hashimoto's, certain natural remedies can help manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.

1. Iodine Supplementation:

Iodine is an essential nutrient for thyroid hormone production. Deficiency can exacerbate Hashimoto's symptoms. Consult your healthcare provider before supplementing with iodine, as excessive intake can be harmful.

2. Selenium:

Selenium is a mineral....

1. Physical Inactivity

- Sedentary lifestyles, with increased screen time replacing physical activities
- Lack of accessible and safe places for physical activity
- Insufficient emphasis on physical education in schools

2. Unhealthy Diet

- High consumption of processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats
- Limited access to fresh and healthy foods in low-income areas
- Aggressive marketing of unhealthy foods to children

3. Genetics and Biology

- Genetic predisposition to obesity
- Hormonal imbalances or medical conditions that contribute to weight gain

4. Socioeconomic Factors

- Low income and poverty: Limited access to healthy food options, safe environments for physical activity
- Food insecurity: Inconsistent access to nutritious meals
- Educational disparities:....

How to Lose Weight: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Weight loss is a common goal for many people, but it can be challenging to achieve and maintain. There are numerous factors that can contribute to weight gain, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions. However, there are also a number of effective strategies that can help you lose weight and improve your overall health. This presentation will provide a comprehensive guide to weight loss, covering topics such as:

The causes of weight gain
The different types of weight loss diets
The importance of exercise
The role of behavior modification
The challenges of weight....