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The State of Education in Third World Countries

Third World countries, by definition, include the poorest and the most underdeveloped. Most of them, therefore, are severely lacking in most development indicators including education and literacy levels. So even though, it is now universally recognized that education is the most cost-effective factor in improving the quality of life, both at the individual and at the collective level, millions of people in poor, third world countries still do not have access to even basic, primary education.

The Education for All (EFA) Initiative: ealizing the need for a comprehensive international program to help achieve the goals of extending the benefits of education "to every citizen in every society" the international community made an important commitment called Education for All (EFA) in Jomtien, Thailand in 1990. In response to slow progress over the decade, the commitment was reaffirmed in Dakar, Senegal in April 2000 and then…...

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References

Education and Development." (2007). World Bank Website. Retrieved on December 7, 2007 at http://go.worldbank.org/F5K8Y429G0

Education for all: Literacy for Life." (2006). UNESCO Global Monitoring Report, 2006. Retrieved on December 7, 2007 at  http://www.unesco.org/education/GMR2006/summary_eng.pdf 

Frequently Asked Questions: Education." (2006). World Bank Website. April, 2006. Retrieved on December 7, 2007 at http://go.worldbank.org/B2LD7NHT70

Hough, J.R. "Educational Cost Benefit Analysis." (1993). Department for International Development, London. Retrieved on December 7, 2007 at  http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/1a/97/73.pdf

Women in the Developing World
When one goes back in time we see that women have always been the target of the male gender. They have tried to control their thoughts, actions and feelings. Their opinions and ideas have not mattered and to the male gender, women were nothing but an object of pleasure and were considered to be their possession. With time the civilized part of the world realized that women are no one's possession and are just as humans and have feelings just like the males do. However even today when the world has become a global village, there are some third world countries where women are subjected to the same old ideas and their voice is suppressed. They are not allowed to do a number of things and their role as described by the males is limited to taking care of the household and the kids. They are…...

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REFERENCES:

(1) BBC -- Women's health fuelling poverty. [Online website] Available from:   [Accessed on 18/10/2005]http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4331996.stm 

(2) UN -- FWCW Platform for Action Women and Health. [Online website] Available from:   [Accessed on 18/10/2005]http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/health.htm 

(3) Anonymous -- Reuters -- Focus on Women and Development. [Online website] Available from: [Accessed on 18/10/2005]http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20174172~menuPK:34457~pagePK:64003015~piPK:64003012~theSitePK:4607,00.html

(4) Elisabeth Anne Aron, M.D. -- Women's health in the new millennium. [Online website] Available from: [Accessed on 18/10/2005]http://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr1299/newmillennium.html

Tobacco Dilemma
This case study is about how the tobacco industry has been selling their products to third world nations. After returning from Italy, my mother told me that while eating in an Italian McDonald's restaurant she noticed that not only did they sell those artery clogging deep fried apple pies no longer available in the United States; they were also using Styrofoam packaging that has been outlawed in the U.S. due to the unacceptable pollution levels they created. What does an Italian Big Mac wrapping have to do with the tobacco industry? Both scenarios are examples of what I feel are unethical behaviors? This paper attempts to provide insights into the social and ethical dilemma the tobacco industry is facing. Here in the United States, the tobacco industry has been forced to publicly admit that their products are addicting and that they have been lying about the dangers of nicotine…...

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References

Chapman, Simon, & Leng, Wong Wai (2004). Tobacco Control in the Third World- A Resource Atlas. Penang Malaysia: IOCU.

Gene R. Laczniak and Jacob Naor, "Global Ethics: Wrestling with the Corporate Conscience," Business, July-September, 1985.

Economic Development in Developing Nations
The content of the 14th chapter in Todard and Smith's Economic Development details the effects of foreign aid on the economies and overall development of developing economies. The author's consider the results of such aid at both a macro and micro level by outlining general principles and identifying how they subsequently play out for individual countries (particularly those in Africa). The chapter begins with the authors (2012) denoting the various forms of foreign aid and the ways in which they flow in and out of developing countries. The most prominent of these is that associated with the presence of multinational companies (MNCs), although other forms of foreign aid involve public funds from other governments, a variety of stock options (portfolio investment), and even a contribution of the portion of earnings of individuals in a developing nation that have travelled abroad to earn money (p. 684-685).

The authors…...

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References

DiRienzo, C.E., Redington, D.B. (2014). Political management and corruption in developing nations. Global Journal of Business Research. 8(2), 1-11.

Arthur-Mensah, N., Shuck, B. (2014). Learning in developing countries: implications for workforce training and development in Africa. New Horizons in Adult Education & Human Resource Development. 26(4), 41-46.

Todard, M.E., Smith, S.C. (2012). Economic Development. New York: Addison-Wesley. Retrieved from  http://eco.eco.basu.ac.ir/BasuContentFiles/57/57304a77-1269-4081-bd5b-4c66b84b06a4.pdf

Zaman et al. (2015)
The title of the quantitative study by Zaman et al. (2015) was a bit long, but the wording eliminated any ambiguity about the focus of the study. The title first defined the study population as "newly diagnosed sputum positive tuberculosis patients in Dhubri district, Assam, India" then alluded to the key variables with the phrase "factors influencing their compliance to treatment" (p. 415). Most readers would probably assume that there were too many factors to be listed in the title. The nature of the study was also made explicit with the words "epidemiological study." The title could have been shortened by a few words, but not many; therefore, the title is a good one.

Abstract

The abstract clearly and concisely summarized the main features of the report (Zaman et al., 2015). Tuberculosis (TB) compliance is an important issue in India and the abstract makes this claim at the beginning.…...

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References

Carlsson, M., Johansson, S., Eale, R.P., & Kaboru, B.B. (2014). Nurses' roles and experiences with enhancing adherence to tuberculosis treatment among patients in Burundi: A qualitative study. Tuberculosis Research & Treatment, doi: 10.1155/2014/984218. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25215232 .

Suwankeeree, W., & Picheansathian, W. (2014). Strategies to promote adherence to treatment by pulmonary tuberculosis patients: A systematic review. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 12(1), 3-16.

Zaman, F.A., Sheikh, S., Das, K.C., Zaman, G.S., & Pal, R. (2014). An epidemiological study of newly diagnosed sputum positive tuberculosis patients in Dhubri district, Assam, India and the factors influencing their compliance to treatment. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, 5(2), 415-20. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25097426 .

Developing WorldThe question of neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism is a highly contested one, particularly in light of the current global economic landscape. On the one hand, some believe that these phenomena are still very much at play in the world today, stifling the development of Third World countries (Bowden, 2009). Others argue that neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism are no longer relevant concepts, given the rise of globalization and the increasing interconnectedness of the world economy (Anghie, 2004).There is no denying that the legacies of colonialism and imperialism still have a very real impact on many Third World countries. The economic inequality between developed and developing nations is stark, and much of this can be traced back to centuries of exploitative relationships between governments and corporations (Baars, 2019; Bakan, 2003; Getachew, 2019). However, it is also important to recognize that the world has changed significantly since the era of colonialism: in the past,…...

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ReferencesAnghie, A. (2004). Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge.Baars, G. (2019). The Corporation, Law and Capitalism: A Radical Perspective on the Role of Law in the Global Political Economy. Brill.Bakan, J. (2003). The Corporation. NY: Free Press.Bowden B. (2009). The Empire of Civilisation: The Evolution of an Imperial Idea.Getachew A. (2019). Worldmaking after Empire: the Rise and Fall of Self-Determination.

However, in the case of Sudan, it may be said that none of the above theories applies. This is largely due to the fact that there are specific internal factors which determine the orientation of the economy in a certain direction. These are most of the times related to the historical evolution of the country under discussion.
In the Sudanese case, the end of the war and the independence from the British rule marked the slow evolution of an autonomous economic system. However, the lack of experienced personal and the poor investment plans made these attempts fail. Also, the internal turmoil and conflicting situation between the North and the South aggravated the rift between the two regions of the country. Therefore, a sustainable development plan could not have been set in place because there was no cohesion both at the level of the political authority and the social one. (Country…...

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References

BBC. Country profile: Sudan. BBC World. 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007, at  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/820864.stm#facts 

CIA. The World Factbook. Sudan. 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007, from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html#Intro 

CIA. The World Factbook. United States. 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007, from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html 

Country Studies. Sudan: Agriculture. N.d. Retrieved 4 September 2007, at  http://www.country-studies.com/sudan/agriculture.html

Nutrition
Food and dietary habits vary from region to region; mostly guided by cultural preferences, access to resources and income levels. It has often found that western countries rarely ever complain of malnutrition problem, while it persists in third world countries. The reason for this is grounded in income levels and access to resources. Most developing countries heavily rely on pulses and beans for calories while most western-nations exhibit a greater taste for meat and poultry. This demonstrates on the one hand, cultural tastes while on the other it also says a great deal about income and poverty. In a report and survey revealed in 1980s, it was found that there existed noticeable differences in per capital supply of calories and protein in different regions of the world (see Table 1). It was observed that developing countries had calories intake 9% lower than the world average. The developed countries on…...

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REFERENCES

1. Food and Agriculture Organization, 1996a The sixth world food survey. Rome: FAO.

2. Food and Agriculture Organization, 1996b. Food balance sheets 1961-1994. Rome: FAO.

3. Grigg, D. 1995 The nutritional transition in Western Europe. Jl Hist. Geogr. 21: 247-61.

4. Grigg, D. 1996 The starchy staples in world food consumption. Ann. Ass. Am. Geogr. 86: 412-31.

urundi
The Republic of urundi is a small country in central equitorial Africa facing many challenges including a growing population of individuals with AIDS and an ongoing problem with tribal warfare. With an inflation rate of over 12% and the constant upheaval from internal turbulence, urundi faces many challenges as it attempts trade with the rest of the world.

urundi's population was about 6 million people in 2003 (CIA, 2003), with a high death rate due to AIDS and infant mortality. One population factor affecting urundi's economy is that nearly 50% of the population is 14 years old or under (CIA, 2003). The birth rate is markedly high at nearly 40 per 1,000 population (CIA, 2003). The death rate is just under 18 per 1,000, giving a rapid growth in the number of children. Partly because of AIDS, which over 8% of the adults have, life expectancy is about 43 years (CIA,…...

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Bibliography

CIA. 2003. "Burundi," in World Fact Book, last updated Dec. 18. Accessed via the Internet 2/23/05. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/by.html

Clark, David. 1998. "Interdependent Urbanization in an Urban World: An Historical Overview." The Geographical Journal, Vol. 164.

Ngaruko, Floribert, and Nkurunziza, Janvier D. 2000. "An Economic Interpretation of Conflict in Burundi

Journal of African Economies, Vol. 9.

Sustainability in Pharmaceutical Pricing
How Can Pharmaceutical Public-Private Partnerships Help to Achieve the Dissemination of affordable medicines - The Case of Anti Malaria Drugs in Nigeria?

Sustainability Perspective

Many individuals from developing countries who could benefit from pharmaceuticals products do not receive them due to high costs. Antiretroviral therapy's failure in reaching more than scant numbers of individuals in developing nations, suffering from AIDS, has drawn extensive publicity. However, even far cheaper medications that can be delivered easily aren't reaching numerous individuals who require them. Over a fourth of children all over the world and more than half of the children in a few nations do not receive vaccines, which come under the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Expanded Program on Immunization. Even though these vaccines only cost a family under a dollar a dose, they still cannot afford the medicine. The lack of access to beneficial pharmaceutical products and the inability of these…...

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References

AUSPA 2012, Policy & Advocacy, Western Australian Council of Social Service Inc., viewed 10 June 2017,

Buckley, J & Seamus, T 2005, International Pricing and Distribution of Therapeutic Pharmaceuticals: An Ethical Minefield. Business Ethics, pp.127-141.

Hussein, A 2015, The Use of Triangulation in Social Sciences Research: Can Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Be Combined? Journal of Comparative Social Work, vol. 4., no.1.

Lampard, R & Pole, C 2015. Practical social investigation: qualitative and quantitative methods in social research. Routledge: Abingdon, UK.

poor countries are somehow "different" than wealthy countries seems absurd. Of course they are different, and their differences are incredible. The people in wealthy countries are generally able to afford a better quality of life and have better access to education than people in poorer countries. Both of these innovations give people in wealthier countries greater access to leisure time, which can result in them being more political and more philosophical. As Sousken points out, "For many people, the alternative to work is starvation. This is particularly true in underdeveloped nations" (2010). When one is concerned about sustenance living, it can be difficult, if not impossible, to find the time and energy to devote to political or philosophical issues. This marks a huge difference between poorer and wealthy countries. It can also change the moral approach that people in poor countries take to certain issues. For example, to many…...

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References

Skousen, M. (2010). Economic logic, 3rd Ed. Washington, DC: Capital Press.

This adds to the understanding of development of the Third World- which is shown in reality as a result of a combination of factors and not just climate changes or other 'natural' causes.
Central to the argument in the article by Davis is the view the ritish colonial empire in the 1800s, as the dominant economic power, influenced and affected other less-developed countries negatively and resulted ion the creation of the Third World. As the author states, the logic of Capitalism and the susceptibility of colonized nations led to the origins of the present division between the developed and less-developed countries. There is a certain moral criticism of these events in the Davis' article. "The route to this "new world order" is thus paved with the bodies of the poor" (Davis 29).

While there are of course many other aspects and answers to the question of the origins of the Third…...

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Bibliography

Davis M. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso: London and New York. 2001.

The orld Hunger organization (www.worldhunger.org) assertsthat there is a bias in international trade rules that favor developed nations. hy? Developed nations control the orld Trade Organization, according to the orld Hunger organization; and as to export items like pharmaceuticals, developed countries have shown "reluctance" to allow developing countries "to produce or import low cost generic drugs for major illnesses, such as AIDS" (www.worldhunger.org).

Another example of this alleged unfairness can be viewed in light of the U.S. Sugar Tariffs and Brazil. In the ashington Post (Jeter, 2003) it is explained that though the U.S. extols the greatness of free trade, it does not always live up to that rhetoric. The U.S. imposes a tariff of 244% on sugar imports "...above a small quote of duty free sugar imports" (Jeter, 2003). "hile Brazil has both plentiful and fertile land and available workers, the 244% tariff that the U.S. Government levies on sugar…...

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Works Cited

Jeter, John. "Brazilians Soured by U.S. Sugar Tariffs." Washington Post 10 September 2003. Retrieved March 3, 2009, at  http://www.washingtonpost.com .

Nogues, Julio J. "Unequal Exchange: Developing Countries in the International Trade

Negotiations." Murphy Institute Conference (2002). Retrieved March 4, 2009, at http://www.ctrc.sice.oas.org/geograph/south/nogues.pdf.

Office of the United States Trade Representative. "The Benefits of Trade for Developing

Governments make and break alliances, treaties, and agreements for financial and political gains, as well as for power and control, all in a constantly fluid manner. Such changes have been taking place as long as there have been countries, so the maneuverings should not be of any surprise; what this paper seeks to do is determine how those ongoing changes reflect the current environment as well as how the alliances will influence governments over the next several years, and decades.
Historical Context -- World War I (1914 -- 1919)

A recent historical report states that "with deliberate deceptions, lies and attempts on all sides to appear as the wronged, it is little wonder that, after a hundred years, there is still no consensus on why the July Crisis escalated into the First World War" (Mombauer, 2014, p. 23). World War I was known as the war to end all wars, but…...

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References

Bilefsky, D. & Baumejan, M.; (2015) Terrorists strike Charlie Hebdo, newspaper in Paris, leaving 12 dead, NY Times accessed on February 27, 2015 at  http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-paris-shooting.html 

Bogdanor, V.; (2014) The shadows lengthen, History Today, 64(8)19-25

Bosco, D.; (2014) Assessing the UN Security Council: A concert perspective, Global Governance, 20(4) 545-561

Brinkley, J.; (2013) Islamic terror, World Affairs, 176(2) 43 -- 55

However, the country recovered well and has improved its GDP considerably in the past decade.
The economic performance of Iceland has been good in recent years, with a growth in GDP over the past decade of 4% per annum, significantly bettering OECD growth over that period. Because of this, per capita GDP has recovered most of the ground lost in a preceding period of sluggish growth, making the country the fifth-wealthiest in the OECD on that benchmark:

Most of the rise in trend growth reflects productivity gains following the implementation of widespread structural reforms, which opened the economy and enhanced competition. Financial-market liberalization and privatization have unleashed entrepreneurial dynamism. Many companies have expanded abroad, and the country now plays a role that belies the small size of its economy. Labor markets have been increasingly opened to foreign participants, helping to reduce labor market tensions. ("Economic survey of Iceland 2006" para. 1)

In…...

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Works Cited

Economic Survey of Iceland 2006." April 23, 2007.  http://www.oecd.org/document/39/0,2340,en_2649_201185_37217255_1_1_1_1,00.html .

Frank, a.G. Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America; historical studies of Chile and Brazil. New York, Monthly Review Press, 1967.

Gilbert, Alan and Josef Gugler. Cities, Poverty, and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Iceland." The CIA World Fact Book. April 24, 2007. https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ic.html#Intro.

Mao Zedong's Rise to Power

Early Life and Ideology:

Born in 1893 to a peasant family in Hunan province
Studied at Beijing University, influenced by Marxism and socialism
Organized the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921

Guomindang-CCP Alliance (1923-1927):

CCP allied with the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) led by Chiang Kai-shek
Joined forces to defeat warlords and establish a unified China

Shanghai Massacre (1927):

Chiang Kai-shek turned against the CCP, leading to the Shanghai Massacre
CCP retreated to rural areas and began guerrilla warfare

Long March (1934-1936):

CCP forces led by Mao embarked on a 6,000-mile retreat from southern China to Shaanxi
Demonstrated the party's....