An important point emphasized by many theorists was that it was essential for the therapeutic alliance to be flexible in order to accommodate the patient or client's perceptions. Another cardinal aspect that was emphasizes by clinicians and theorists was that the therapeutic alliance had the ability to create and promote change in the client. In other words, the therapeutic alliance should be varied enough to deal with the various levels of functioning of the patient. At the same time, it should be flexible enough to accommodate the interventions of the therapist. (Gaston, 1990)

These theories were reinforced by further studies and statistical measurement. esearchers found that there was a significant statistical correlation between therapeutic alliance and positive outcomes in therapy. In this regard, a study by Horvath and Symonds, (1991) established that alliance accounted for almost fifty percent of the variance in the measurable outcome of therapy. In the words, it…...

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References

Attachment Theory. Retrieved March 22, 2008, at  http://www.apsa.org/AboutPsychoanalysis/ContributionsofPsychoanalysis/tabid/211/Default.aspx 

Bachelor a. And Salame R, (2000) Participants' Perceptions of Dimensions of the Therapeutic Alliance Over the Course of Therapy. J Psychother Pract Res 9:39-53. Retrieved March 22, 2008, at  http://jppr.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/9/1/39 

Barber J.P. et al. (2008) Therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome and retention in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35 (1) pp. 99-119

Bordin, E. (1975). The Working Alliance: Basis for a General Theory of Psychotherapy. Paper presented at the 1975 Annual Conference of the Society for Psychotherapy Research.

The care giver must ask questions that will elicit helpful answers in establishing the goals of treatment. Good listening skills do not only refer to asking the correct questions. The care giver should also display an attitude of attentive listening while the client is speaking. He or she should do this by letting client finish what he or she is saying before speaking again, and by asking for clarification or verification where these are necessary. The client will then experience a sense that his or her problems and concerns are important to the therapist and that appropriate help will be offered.
Another influencing factor is the ability to establish good are giving goals. This should be done in collaboration with the client, based upon the initial conversation where the client's challenges were discussed. When this connection between the initial conversation and treatment goals is made, the client is made to…...

Unconditional positive regard is another element that ogers believed was necessary in the relationship between therapist and patient. This part of the relationship would involve the therapist being able to experience a warm acceptance of each element of the client's experience as being a part of whom the client is. There are no conditions put on the client being who they are. It is important for the therapist to care about the patient as an individual and they must focus on treating the individual as opposed to treating some label or diagnosis that he or she has come up with. Diagnoses are not real unto themselves; it is the patient who is real and thus the patient must be treated as opposed to the diagnosis.

Empathy is another one of ogers's elements that must be understood when treating patients in a therapeutic setting. It is absolutely necessary that a therapist has…...

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Reference:

Overholser, James. (2007). The central role of the therapeutic alliance: A simulated interview with Carl Rogers. Journal of contemporary psychotherapy, 37(2), 71- 78.

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Importance of the therapeutic alliance in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

A vast number of therapists have jotted down the significance of the working alliance. One therapy sitting includes information which comprises of statements from both the patient and the therapist, as stated in the study conducted by Guilhardi (1997). This saying has been balanced off by Kerbauy (1999), who states that the appropriate variables in clinics are extensive groups that comprises of conflict to change, therapeutic relationship and relations among patient and therapist.

At present there is a wide ranging agreement between the therapists, relating to the importance of therapeutic relationship, but differences do lie as per the differing roles.

Some writers take therapeutic relationships as a technique to assist behavioral change. Not only this, the relationship is also regarded as a key to enhance the value of therapists. In addition to this, it leads to positive expectancy and solutions as well to overcome…...

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References

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226 -- 244.

Connolly, M.B., Crits-Christoph, P., Shappell, S., Barber, J.P., & Luborsky, L. (1997, June). The role of transference interpretations in brief supportive-expressive psychotherapy for depression.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Geilo, Norway.

Crits-Christoph, P., Barber, J., & Kurcias, J. (1993). The accuracy of therapists' interpretations and the development of the therapeutic alliance.. Psychotherapy Research, 3, 25 -- 35.

Crits-Christoph, P., Cooper, A., & Luborsky, L. (1988). The accuracy of therapists' interpretations and the outcome of dynamic psychotherapy.. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 490 -- 495.

Therapeutic CommunicationTo establish the therapeutic alliance with clients, one must have empathy, warmth and genuineness as France and Weikel point out. How does one do this? Petersen (2015) states that it starts with listening, which is a way of providing safety, to understand, and to clarify what the client is communicating in therapy (p. 107). Warmth is that characteristic that makes a person feel safe and secure and allows the person to feel that he can open up in therapy. Empathy is the ability to understand and it is demonstrated by hearing, confirming, and affirming without judgment. Genuineness is the ability to come across as real, truthful, transparent, and trustworthy. One who seeks to build a therapeutic alliance must be able to foster trust with the client by being genuine and demonstrating personal accountability. Nothing fosters trust in a relationship like a demonstration of accountability and the maintenance of a…...

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References

Petersen, J. (2015). Why don’t we listen better? Portland, OR: Petersen Publications.

Stewart, J. (2012). Bridges not walls. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

clinician-client relationship is not totally critical to the outcome of therapy. Additionally, we will examine the position in detail, as well as the supporting rationale. Finally, the author will show that under the right conditions, clinicians should abandon what have been traditionally thought of as very robust techniques/approaches and "wing it" in their client contacts. This is based upon the patient's welfare. If the clinician thinks that innovative or new methodology is justified to help a client, then others should support their decision about how they decide to treat their patients.
This author maintains that the clinician-client relationship is not necessarily critical to the outcome of therapy. This can be seen in two sources which we will examine that note the success of online therapy without the need for a positive clinician-client relationship. It is amazing that many people not only can relate to someone in a cyber relationship, but…...

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References

Portone, C., Johns III, M.M., & Hapner, E.R. (2008). A review of patient adherence to the recommendation for voice therapy. Journal of Voice, 22(2), 192-196.

" Concerning the type of complementary strategic alliance, it is a horizontal one, because it is formed "when partners who agree to combine their resources and skills to create value in the same stage of the value chain," it is focused "on long-term product development and distribution opportunities" and "the partners may become competitors which requires a great deal of trust between the partners."
The answer to the second question is "no," it's not a "competition response strategy" because the two companies are not really competitors, even if the profile for both company is pharmaceutical. Excel research can be consider in this case as an ally, a support for Century Pharmaceuticals, and even as a consultancy company that works for C.P.

The answer to the third question is "yes," it can be an" uncertainty reducing strategy" because if it functions as it is established, it can reduce the uncertainty about the period…...

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Bibliography

1. Hitt Michael a., Ireland R. Duane, Hoskisson Robert a. "Cooperative Strategy." Power Point Presentation by Charlie Cook, the University of West Alabama, and ©2007 Thomson South - Western. All right reserved.

Hitt Michael a., Ireland Duane R., Hoskisson Robert a."Cooperative Strategy" ppt, pg. 9-8

Hitt Michael a., Ireland Duane R., Hoskisson Robert a."Cooperative Strategy" ppt, pg. 9-2

Hitt Michael a., Ireland Duane R., Hoskisson Robert a."Cooperative Strategy" ppt, pg. 9-3

Value creation
Wilson had the built-in sales structure to increase demand amongst physicians and established knowledge of how to reach competitors. Crawford-Beckman had the drug that Wilson desired. Crawford-Beckman, as a small company, wished to develop more pharmaceutical products, and the agreement also specified the two companies would co-develop a ne drug in the future. The companies would remain separate in structure, but a new structure would be created to support their partnership with specific delegation of responsibilities within the team. The joint divisions were, in general, partnerships of equals.

However, problems arose regarding the idea that both companies were supposed to equally support and share in the costs of marketing the drug. Wilson resented the greater investment it had made in terms of its pre-established resources into marketing the drug and Crawford-Beckman resented the burden it felt it was being forced to shoulder by a larger competitor. Each company had…...

Marketing Considerations

Marketing in the biotechnology industry is critically important. The basic path to market involves receiving regulatory approval for products. From there, marketing is conducted to physicians directly, necessitating a relatively large sales force. The presence of competing treatments necessitates significant investment marketing, compounded by the impact of the need to recoup the sunk costs associated with product development. In addition, marketing in the biotechnology industry is strictly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. The FDA exerts tight control over marketing -- a firm is only allowed to promote products for approved uses. Off-label marketing -- defined as marketing a product for uses not approved by the FDA -- is prohibited and firms found guilty can be subject to significant fines.

An example, of the strong regulatory influence on marketing can be found in the approval that United received in July for Tyvaso. The product, already delayed multiple times by…...

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Works Cited:

MSN Moneycentral: UTHR. (2009). Retrieved October 29, 2009 from  http://moneycentral.msn.com/companyreport?Symbol=U.S.%3aUTHR 

2008 United Therapeutics Annual Report (includes Form 10-K).

United Therapeutics website, various pages. (2009). Retrieved October 29, 2009 from  http://www.unither.com/ 

Press Release: United Therapeutics. (2009). FDA approves Tyvaso (treprostinil) inhalation solution for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Retrieved October 29, 2009 from  http://ir.unither.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=400062

Procedures. All patients, regardless of whether they were participating in the study or not, received treatment as usual (TAU) for the first six months of the study. Measurement for this initial six-month period followed this sequence: A standard suite of measurements was administered at session one, session 6 and session 12; OS and SS assessments occurred at every treatment session for identified patients (IP) only. During this initial six-month period, counselors only received training in the use of the OS and SS as instruments to be added to the standard suite of outcome measures.

In the second six-month period, training in the client-directed outcome-informed approach to therapy was provided to all the counselors. The training components included the following: (1) 16 hours of formal introduction to theory of change according to the Duncan and Miller framework; (2) in-depth training on the use of OS and SS for obtaining client feedback and…...

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References

Ardelt, M. And Eccles, J.S. (2001, November). Effects of mothers' parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family Issues, 22(8), 944-972.

Boeree, C.G. (2006) Carl Rogers: 1902-1987. Retrieved from  http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/rogers.html 

Brann, P., Coleman, G., & Luk, E. (2001). Routine outcome in a child and adolescent mental health service: an evaluation of HoNOSCA. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 370-376.

Cooper, M., Watson, J.C., & Hoeldampf, D. (2010). Person-centered and experiential therapies work: A review of the research on counseling, psychotherapy and related practices. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.

" (1995)
The authors state: "The amphetamines occasioned dose-related increases in d- amphetamine-appropriate responding, whereas hydromorphone did not. Amphetamines also occasioned dose-related increases in reports of the drug being most like "speed," whereas hydromorphone did not. However, both amphetamines and hydromorphone occasioned dose-related increases in reports of drug liking and in three scales of the ARCI. Thus, some self-report measures were well correlated with responding on the drug-appropriate lever and some were not. Lamb and Henningfield (1994) suggest that self-reports are complexly controlled by both the private event and the subject's history of experience with the drug. Some of the self-reports they observed (e.g., feels like speed) are probably occasioned by a relatively narrow range of stimuli because in the subject's experience with drug administration, these reports have been more selectively reinforced by the verbal community relative to other reports (e.g., drug liking). They also suggest that these results imply that…...

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Bibliography

Budney, Alan J. et al. (2006) Clinical Trial of Abstinence-Based Vouchers and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Cannabis Dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006. Vol.. 74 No. 2. 2006 American Psychological Association.

McRae, a.; Budney, a.; & Brady, K. (2002) Treatment of Marijuana Dependence: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 24 (2003)

Pathways of Addiction: Opportunities in Drug Abuse Research (1996) Institute of Medicine (IOM)

Kamon, J; Budney, a. & Stanger, C. (2005)a Contingency Management Intervention for Adolescent Marijuana Abuse and Conduct Problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 44(6):513-521, June 2005.

Not all patient expectations will be realistic, but a mental health professional needs to be honest with a client about which expectations are reasonable and which ones are unreasonable.
Another issue to investigate in each meeting with a patient with depression and anxiety, particularly uncontrolled depression and anxiety, is whether the disorders are impairing function and otherwise negatively impacting quality of life. If so, then the facilitator needs to direct attention towards improvement of real-life skills during the counseling session. This may mean less client-directed interaction than a therapist would otherwise seek in a one-on-one counseling session, but maintaining a baseline level of functioning and quality of life is critical.

In addition, the therapist must be aware that anxiety, unlike depression, can actually be a productive and helpful emotion. Therefore, a patient manifesting some level of anxiety might not be seeking treatment for that anxiety; on the contrary, eradicating anxiety can…...

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References

National Guideline Clearinghouse. (2012). Summary: Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, third edition. Retrieved May 8, 2012 from NGC website:  http://guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=24158

Perampanel Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Physical Therapy as Interventions for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Clinicians and researchers have been constantly searching for more information on how to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This paper's aim is to outline three types of therapy that qualify as valid attempts, namely pharmacologically-oriented perampanel endeavors, cognitive behaviour therapy or CBT, and finally, physical therapy. The present paper will review the relevant research pertaining to these three forms of treatment, in terms of effectiveness, validity, safety, and other filters, before suggesting how one approach might be the most effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

The first clinical signs of the degenerative neurological disorder named Parkinson's disease appear only at such time as approximately 60-80% of the dopamine-producing cells of the substantia nigra has already degenerated. Data from across the European continent indicated that about 1.8 of 100 inhabitants over the age of 65…...

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References

Christofoletti, G., Beinotti, F., Borges, G., Damasceno, B.P. (2010). PHYSICAL THERAPY IMPROVES THE BALANCE OF PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 16(S1), S58. doi: 10.1016/2Fs1353-8020-2810-2970204-2

Cole, K., & Vaughan, F.L. (2005) The feasibility of using cognitive behaviour therapy for depression associated with Parkinson's disease: A literature review. Parkinson and Related Disorders, 11, 269-276. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.03.002

Eggert, K., Squillacote, D., Barone, P., Dodel, R., Katzenschlager, R., Emre, M., . . . Oertel, W. (2010). Safety and Efficacy of Perampanel in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Movement Disorders, 25(7), 896-905. doi: 10.1002/mds.22974

Ellis, T., Goede, C.J., Feldman, R.G., Wolters, E.C., Kwakkel, G., Wagenaar, R.C. (2005). Efficacy of a Physical Therapy Program in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85(4), 626-632. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.08.008

Depression: Not just a Bad Mood
MDD: Not Just Another Bad Mood

The term "Prozac Nation" says a lot. This catch-phrase had begun to describe the current state in the U.S. when cases of clinical depression began blooming and treatment turned to medication as a first response. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, over fourteen million of the adult U.S. population suffers from Major Depressive Disorder. Major Depressive Disorder, or MDD, is the leading cause of disability in people ages 15-44. The average age of onset is 32 (U.S. Department of, 2011.) It is often also found co-occurring with other mental disorders, such as anxiety and substance abuse. Perhaps it is worth taking a closer look at a case example in order to better understand this often debilitating disorder in our times.

Taylor is a 24-year-old single, Jewish female presenting with symptoms of depression. She reports that for the last…...

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Works Cited:

Burns, D.D. (1989). The feeling good handbook. New York, NY: Plume.

Cornes, C.L., & Frank, E. (1994). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression. The Clinical

Psychologist, 47(3), 9-10.

Cuijpers, P, van Straten, A, Hollon, S.D., & Andersson, G. (2010). The contribution of active medication to combined treatments of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121(6), Retrieved from   cb159b2e4044%40sessionmgr115&vid=5&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?hid=13&sid=568ccfe5-0fe6-4429-92a3 -

S., experts estimate the genuine number of incidents of abuse and neglect ranges three times higher than reported. (National Child Abuse Statistics, 2006) in light of these critical contemporary concerns for youth, this researcher chose to document the application of Object elation, Attachment Theories, and Self-Psychology to clinical practice, specifically focusing on a patient who experienced abuse when a child. Consequently, this researcher contends this clinical case study dissertation proves to be vital venture, which will contribute to enhancing research in the field of psychology.
For this clinical case study dissertation exploring Object elation, Attachment Theories, and Self-Psychology, along with researching information for the application of these theories to clinical practice, this researcher answered the following research questions.

esearch Questions

What is Winnicott's elational Model Theory?

What is Bowlby's Attachment Theory?

What is Kohut's Self-Psychology?

How may components of these three theories be applied to the clinical case chosen for this clinical case study dissertation's focus?

Enhancing…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association, (2004). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Test Revised. Washington DC.

Blatt, S. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclytic and introjective depression. New York: International University Press.

Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment. Volume One of Attachment and Loss, New York: Basic

Books.

Essay Topics on CBT for Trauma and PTSD

1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for PTSD: A Comprehensive Overview

Explore the theoretical foundations of CBT for PTSD
Discuss the key components and techniques used in CBT
Evaluate the effectiveness of CBT in treating PTSD symptoms

2. The Role of Cognitive Restructuring in CBT for PTSD

Examine the cognitive distortions and maladaptive beliefs that contribute to PTSD
Describe how cognitive restructuring helps clients challenge and modify these beliefs
Analyze the impact of cognitive restructuring on symptom reduction

3. Exposure Therapy and Anxiety Management Techniques in CBT for PTSD

Explain the rationale behind exposure therapy and its....

Approaching the Readings and Information

Throughout the course, I have consistently approached the readings and information with an active and critical mindset. I have engaged with the material by highlighting key points, taking notes, and summarizing the main arguments. This approach has allowed me to gain a comprehensive understanding of the concepts and theories presented in the course.

Important Takeaways from the Course

One of the most important takeaways from this course is the emphasis on the importance of empathy and cultural competency in counseling. I have learned that establishing a strong therapeutic alliance is crucial for successful counseling outcomes and that cultural....

There are several ways in which small group therapy can enhance the effectiveness of mental health treatment compared to individual therapy sessions:

1. Social support: In a small group therapy setting, individuals are able to connect with and receive support from others who are going through similar experiences. This sense of camaraderie and understanding can help normalize feelings and reduce feelings of isolation, leading to increased feelings of support and connection.

2. Different perspectives: Being part of a small group allows individuals to gain insight and perspective from others in the group. Hearing different viewpoints and experiences can help individuals gain new....

Understanding the social, cultural, and familial contexts of an individual can help provide effective therapy in several ways:

1. Tailoring treatment approach: By understanding the individual's social, cultural, and familial background, therapists can tailor the treatment approach to be culturally sensitive and relevant to the client's unique experiences and values. This can help build rapport and trust between the client and therapist, making the therapy more effective.

2. Identifying potential barriers to treatment: Knowledge of the client's social, cultural, and familial contexts can help therapists identify potential barriers to treatment, such as cultural stigma around mental health, family dynamics that may impact....