Theory Critique of Jean Watson
Introduction and Historical Context

Jean Watson developed the theory of transpersonal caring or the theory of human caring in the year 1979. The theory points at the humanistic characteristics of nursing in relation to the scientific knowledge in the world. Watson developed this theory with the aim of communicating meaning, and making nursing a unique health profession. We consider caring as the core responsibility to nursing; therefore, we must be ready to preserve human caring within activities; within our administrative stations, within the clinic, at our educational facilities and during research work. The theory has evolved over time, but the concepts remain the same (Earle, 2010). Various changes in the health care strategies and systems have intensified the need of nursing responsibilities. Nurses have to look after patients with care and concerning their healthcare situation. Jean Watson's theory tries to explain how nurses cope with the ever-increasing…...

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References

George, J. (2011). Nursing theories: The base for professional nursing practice. (6th ed.).

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Watson, J., & Smith, M.C. (2002). Caring science and the science of unitary human beings: a trans-theoretical discourse for nursing knowledge development. Journal of Advanced

Nursing, 37(5), 452-461.

I would agree with this statement, since theory and practice, when applied to each other appropriately, inform each other and cannot in fact be separated into two distinct entities. It is vitally important to use theory for informing practice, while practice would further inform theory, making the statement that a good theory is, in fact, practically true.

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Benedict Spinoza, a post-Cartesian philosopher in the 17th century, held ideas of which many are still applicable to research and knowledge today (Dutton, 2005). One of these is his assertion about facts and theory. Specifically, the philosopher said: "if the facts conflict with the theory, either the theory must be changed or the facts." In practice this means that the concept of "facts" are not necessarily as static as the word suggests. Facts can change if the theory that conflicts with them is stronger than facts that have been proven by previous theory. New…...

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References

Anderson, R., Moore, T., Nagaraja, S., and Ozment, a. (2007, May 23). Incentives and Information Security. Retrieved from:  http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/book-chapter-agt-1.pdf 

Dutton, B.D. (2005, Jul. 7). Benedict Spinoza. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from: http://www.iep.utm.edu/spinoza/

Vansteenkiste, M. And Sheldon, K.M. (2006). There's nothing more practical than a good theory: Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 45. Retrieved from: http://www.self-determinationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2006_VansteenkisteSheldon_BJCP.pdf

Theory X and Theory Y
Select organizational leaders analysis activity current research. Critique leader Douglas MacGregor's Theory X Theory Y Identify proper category leader assessment. Include examples situations actions reflect type leader .

Theory X versus Theory Y: Apple vs. Google

According to Douglas McGregor' analysis of managerial personality styles, managers fall into two basic 'types,' that of Theory X or Theory Y Theory X managers tend to exert authority through a traditional authoritarian approach. The Theory X assumption is that people are basically lazy and desire to avoid work, rather than seek it out for self-enrichment. In contrast, Theory Y managers take a positive view of human nature and view human beings as basically desirous of self-improvement. Theory X suggests that human beings can be internally as well as externally motivated.

Despite the fact that both companies have been highly praised for the positive changes they have wrought, regarding consumer's relationship with technology,…...

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References

Allen, Frederick. (2012). Steve Jobs broke ever leadership rule. Don't do it. Forbes.

Retrieved:  http://www.forbes.com/sites/frederickallen/2011/08/27/steve-jobs-broke-every-leadership-rule-dont-try-that-yourself/ 

Merchant, Nilofer. (20120). Apple's startup culture. Businessweek. Retrieved:

 http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/jun2010/id20100610_525759.htm

Theory Development
Nature and Use of Theory in Academic esearch

Corley and Gioia (2001) call theory the, "currency of our scholarly realm" (p. 12). The authors further explain that theoretical contribution is a requirement for a manuscript to be considered for publication. It appears that all scholarly writing hinges on the theoretical worthiness of the material. Corley and Gioia defined theory as a statement of concepts and their interrelationships that together, demonstrate how or why something occurs (p. 12). This analysis establishes theory as a necessity of empirical research. However, as these authors point out, it is not enough simply to have a theory. The idea or concept must be original and have utility, alluding to the idea that it must serve some function. Originality and utility are necessary elements for the historical progression of theory in a field of study.

Originality and Utility

The advancement of knowledge in a certain field of study…...

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References

Corley, K.G., & Gioia, D.A. (2011). Building theory about theory building: What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 12-32.

Suddaby, R. (2010). "Construct clarity and theory development." Academy of Management

Review.

Sutton, R. And Straw (1995). What Theory is Not. Administrative

Feminist theory can get very political and insistent, but that can and should be tempered by a realistic understanding of what can be accomplished when people all agree to work together in order to see a positive change in the way people are treated.
When people become focused on the race or gender of a person, or they become too focused on the words used without clarifying the intent of those words, communication can break down and (incorrect) value judgments can quickly be made. There are ways to avoid that, of course, but some people are not aware of how to avoid those kinds of things and other people are simply not interested in avoiding them. People who do not want to avoid those kinds of problems with communication and judgment or do not see that there is even a problem sometimes have trouble separating their opinions, thoughts, and feelings…...

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References

Barnlund, D.C. (2008). A transactional model of communication. In C.D. Mortensen (Eds.), Communication theory (2nd ed). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Berkin, C.R., Pinch, J.L. & Appel, C.S. (2005). Exploring Women's Studies: Looking Forward, Looking Back. New York, NY: Pearson Education.

Berko, R.M., et al. (2010). Communicating. 11th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Heyman, R. (1994). Why Didn't You Say That in the First Place? How to Be Understood at Work. 1st. San Francisco, Ca: Jossey-Bass Inc.

Theory
Free Market Fairness for the Free New World

When choosing between theories of distributive justice, awls' "Justice as Fairness" and Tomasi's "Free Market Fairness," Tomasi's theory best expresses the democratic ideal of society as a system of social cooperation between free and equal persons. In the 21st century global economic landscape, a very popular and profitable trend is "going green." Going green includes making improvements to operations of organizations that promote conversation of various forms of energy, reusing and/or recycling materials and products, as well as reducing the carbon footprint of the organization in general. Green technology and the trend of going green are worldwide phenomena that prove itself extremely financially rewarding for those who implement those strategies effectively. With regard to competitors, peers, and consumers, going green increases loyalty and augments reputation. Going green is an example of free market fairness. Green companies absolutely are in business to generate capital…...

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References:

Alden, William. "Americans Vastly Underestimate Wealth Inequality, Support 'More Equal Distribution of Wealth': Study." The Huffington Post, 2011, Available from   2012 April 19.http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/23/americans-support-wealth-redistribution_n_736132.html .

Chakrabarti, Amanda, S., & Chakrabarti, Bikas, K. "Statistical Theories of Income and Wealth Distribution." Economics, Vol. 4, 2010. Available from 2012 April 21.http://www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/journalarticles/2010-4.

Davies, James, B., & Shorrocks, Anthony, F. "Chapter 11 -- The Distribution of Wealth." Handbook of Income Distribution: Volume 1. Atkinson, A.B., & Bourguignon, F. (eds), Elsevier Science B.V., 1999.

Fields, Gary S. "Accounting for Income Inequality and its Change: A New Method, With Application to the Distribution of Earnings in the United States." Articles and Chapters, Page 265, 2002. Available from   2012 April 19.http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/265 .

Theory & Context: Institutional Choice and Public Administration
This brief study examines the writing of individuals such as Meier and Krause (nd), Meier (nd), Moe (2011) and others for the purpose of constructing knowledge of the theoretical framework and context of institutional choice and public administration. The normative theory is examined and how that theoretical bases can be viewed to run throughout the fabric of the various theories and models used to explain institutional choice and public administration.

ureaucratic Performance

Meier and Krause (nd) report that the literature on how bureaucratic performance is subjected to the control of political institutions through "ex post and ex-ante methods" is such that has been fully developed and as well there have been a great many studies conducted that examined how tools of budgeting, appointing, and oversight serve to affect the performance of bureaucrats. It is stated that bureaucratic performance in term of the choice of procedure…...

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Bibliography

Derthick, M. (1990) Agency under Stress: The Social Security Agency in American Government. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.

Meier, K and Krause, G (2003) Conclusion: An Agenda for the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy, u in Krause and Meier (eds.) Politics, Policy and Organizations: Essays in the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy.

Miller, Gary (20000 Rational Choice and Dysfunctional Institutions.u Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration 13 (4): 535-547.

Moe, T. (1990) Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 6: 213-253.

Theory X & Theory Y
Douglas McGregor's Theory X Theory Y are a set of dichotomous views about human nature that guide management. Theory X holds that humans generally dislike work, are irresponsible and require close supervision to do their jobs; Theory Y holds that humans are generally industrious, creative and able to assume responsibility (eNotes, 2006). These theories are said to guide management styles, because they imply that the role of the manager is going to be significantly different depending on which theory the manager subscribes to. Managers therefore need to approach team-building with a vision of the types of role definitions, control mechanisms and team construction that will fulfill the theory the manager believes in (Mind Tools, 2012).

The questionnaire from Business Balls (Chapman, 2002) had my former company score a 47. This score correlates with a "generally Y-theory management." Although the job was actually fairly regimented, and with little…...

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Works Cited;

Chapman, A. (2002). 'x-y theory questionnaire. BusinessBalls. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from  http://www.businessballs.com/mcgregorxytheorytest.pdf 

eNotes. (2006). Theory X and theory Y eNotes. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from  http://www.enotes.com/theory-x-theory-y-reference/theory-x-theory-y 

Mind Tools. (2012). Theory x and theory Y MindTools.org. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from  http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_74.htm

It should also make sure that the managerial members have a consistent and constructive association with the team member to ensure success of the firm. They should also make sure that the team formed has an appropriate level of conformity in terms of the attitudes, principles and work ethics. The company should also make sure that there are no ego clashes within a team and that it stays united for the company's bets interests and goals. It should also focus on having informal and honest communicational interactions amongst the employees as well as be able to bring together a large team instead of a small one. Lastly, they should also focus on making sure that the team members have can tackle common problems through the creation of familiar bonds (Adair and Thomas, 2004).
Conclusion

Having read the aforementioned facts, I feel that before a company chooses to adopt this group theory…...

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References

Adair, J.E. And Thomas, N. (2004). The Concise Adair on Teambuilding and Motivation. Thorogood. London.

MCB University Press. (1997). Perspective: Teamwork and the high performance company. Management Development Review. 10 6/7 pp. 236-238.

Natale, S.M., Libertella, A.F. And Rothschild, B. (1995). An international journal. 1; 2.

Theory at Work

" (Teasdale, 1995, pg. 25) These elements are important, because they are showing how this form of treatment can be effective in dealing with patients that are recovering. The problem is, making sure that there is: consistent follow up and dealing with some of the changing the thoughts they will experience over the long-term. (Teasdale, 1995, pp. 25 -- 39) As a result, this approach is effective at dealing with substance abuse. The key to ensuring any kind of long-term success is to make certain that there consistent discussions with the therapist. If this can occur, it will help to ensure that the addict is able to make a full recovery.
The biggest strength of emotional behavior therapy is that it is dealing with: the pent up emotions and feelings that many individuals will have associated with their addiction. This is because it is helping them to: understand what they mean…...

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Bibliography

Drug Related Emergency Room Hospital Visits. (2010). National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Beck, J. (2007). Cognitive Therapy. Handbook of Homework Assignments in Psychotherapy. 1, 51 -- 63.

Bhruga, D. (1998). Psychotherapy for Ethnic Minorities. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 14 (3), 310 -- 326.

Chan, J. (2003). An examination of family-involved approaches to alcoholism treatment. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 11(2), 129 -- 138.

The theory is also highly generalizable, as it can be applied to truly any body of knowledge yet is especially suited for nursing knowledge, which occurs along common lines throughout the profession (Chinn & Kramer, 2008; Fawcett et al., 2001). At the same time, the theory is quite abstract, and implementation can be difficult without a great deal of self-awareness, self-confidence, and a thorough understanding of the non-concrete and theoretical underpinnings of nursing knowledge as it is constructed by these researchers (Chinn & Kramer, 2008; Fawcett et al., 2001).
In order to implement this theory in nursing practice, the nurse practitioner must first take time to reflect on past and current learning experiences, which should of course be ongoing throughout the nurse's life (Chinn & Kramer, 2008). Through this reflection, the patterns of knowing and certain of the more detailed elements discussed by the researchers should become apparent to the…...

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References

Chinn, P. & Kramer, M. (2008). Integrated theory and knowledge development in nursing. New York: Mosby.

Fawcett, J., Watson, J., Neuman, B., Walker, P. & Fitzpatrick, J. (2001). On nursing theories and avidence. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 33(2): 115-9.

Theory X and Theory Y
When working with people, regardless of the organization, one must be cognizant of the way individuals are motivated. Motivation, in fact, is one of the basic driving forces that allow individuals to work, change, and even actualize their internal and external goals. Much of the background on motivation is based on the work of Maslow, not only surrounding human needs, but the manner in which those needs are individualized and met within the particular cultural context of the contemporary world. In this, for most developed countries, the context is the workplace. Individuals spend more time at work and often feel that the workplace is really their culture -- regardless of their own uniqueness. Within this culture, the idea of incentive theory supposed that a tangible or intangible reward has the potential for allowing the individual to be motivated, and thus for the organization to receive a…...

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REFERENCES

Box, R. ed., (2007). Democracy and Public Administration. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.

Chapman, A. (2010). Douglas McGregor -- Theory XY; The Psychological Contract. Businessballs.com. Retrieved from:  http://www.businessballs.com/mcgregor.htm 

Denhardt, R. And Denhardt, J. (2008). Public Administration: An Action Orientation. Belmont, CA: Thompson Higher Education.

Fisher, K. (2000). Leading Self-Directed Work Teams: A Guide to Developing New Team.

Theory
Identify some possible questions for research study, the answers to which would serve to generate theory.

The field of nursing is constantly evolving. This is because they are playing an important part in helping stakeholders to reach key objectives and enhance the quality of care patients are receiving. After conducting different forms of research, it is clear that these individuals will continue to be a major component in all healthcare teams and organizations. However, many of the various theories are not taking into account those skill sets. That is necessary for these professionals to succeed in the future. Some of the different areas include: their role in controlling costs, improving communication, reaching out to patients and serving as a liaison between colleagues / administrators. (Sitzman, 2010) (Butts, 2011)

As a result, there are several different questions which need to be examined to improve a nurse's ability to achieve numerous goals. A few…...

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References

Butts, J. (2011). Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Melesis, A. (2011). Theoretical Nursing. Philadelphia, PA: Walter Kluwer Health.

Sitzman, K. (2010). Understanding the Work of Nurse Theorists. New York, NY: Molloy.

The one question I have about my behavior was the fact that, as her advocate, I called and spoke to the patient's father with her permission. I stressed the fact that she was dying and if he wanted to see his daughter alive, he should come shortly. In retrospect, I wonder if I pressured her too much to make the call. Ultimately, it was all for naught, as she died before he was able to see her alive. But I wonder if I was overly interventionist and impositional of my beliefs in the need for her to make that final connection with her father. I feel good that I was able to facilitate what was important to the client, and allow her to take control of her end-of-life arrangements with dignity. I think that Parse would approve of my behavior, however, as I did validate my decision with the…...

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Works Cited

Alligood, M.R. & a.M. Tomey. (Eds) (2006). Nursing theory: Utilization and application. 3rd

Edition.

Best Practice Nursing Guideline. (2008). RNO. Available in full-text November 27, 2008:

 http://www.rnao.org/Storage/15/934_BPG_Crisis_Supplement.pdf .

Theory Practice
Professional socialization in Nursing

The professional socialization in nursing is the process that helps a person to adopt to the systems and norms of a profession. The process helps the individual learn those things that support the job but are not the written part of the job (Lai & Lim, 2012). In nursing too, not everything is learnt about patient care through books. There are environmental and cultural factors that are understood by socializing with other professionals in the system. For example, the response to the patients in emergency is learnt when the nurse actually interacts in the system and observes other nurses and physicians treating patients. Likewise, the punctuality and robustness is learnt by mingling with the peers.

In the health care clinic under consideration, the socialization occurs formally and informally. The peers and professionals socialize in wards, cafeteria and offices. They discuss their medical and health care opinions and…...

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References

Butts, J.B. And Rich, K.L., (2011), "Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice,"

ISBN-13: 9780763779863

Green, J., (2000), "The role of theory in evidence-based health promotion practice," Health

Education Research, 15(2), pp. 125-129.

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The practice of nursing is strongly guided by ethical theories and principles, because nurses are charged with the duty of taking proper care of patients and ensuring that they do no harm to them. The principles, values, and morals they must adhere to are based on what is needed for them to provide the maximum benefit and level of care to the largest number of patients on a daily basis. The values and morals they hold may differ from those of the patients they care for, and they must be careful to avoid putting down on or otherwise dismissing what....

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