Theories
Sociology has been defined s the scientific study of human interaction and, as such, is accepted as a scientific activity (Leming 1997). Social science aims at discovering and explaining observed events of and in nature by means of a framework that can be tested. The goal of sociology is, therefore, to produce a body of knowledge that will provide not only an understanding of the causal processes influencing human behavior but also enable sociologists to predict social behaviors (Leming). As a science, it pursues observable and provable regularities and explains these regularities by means of a set of observable and provable propositions or statements of relationship (Leming). The very effectiveness or success of sociology lies precisely in the explanatory and predictive power of this body of knowledge derived from research.

The basic components or elements of a theory are a conceptual scheme, a set of propositions that states the relationships between…...

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REFERENCES

1. Leming, MR. Sociological Theory: a Social Science Approach to the Family. Sociology 371, 1997.  http://www.stolaf.edu/people/leming/soc371res/theory.html 

2. Wallace RA and Wolf, A. Contemporary Sociological Theory: Expanding the Classical Tradition. 5th edition. Upper Saddle River. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999

In addition to an automatic evaluation, there needs to also be a "reflective evaluative process" in order to store information from present experiences for use in future experiences (Cunningham, et al., 2007). Basically this theory is that "reflective evaluative processes" are created (based on experience) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which takes the formulation of evaluation to a higher level, beyond attitude and beyond basic emotional responses. In other words, the PFC house learned "rules" and they play a key role when humans evaluate situations.
Affect and Proto-Affect in Effective Functioning

Andrew Ortony and colleagues posit that when humans process different levels of information four "relatively independent domains" are in play and help functioning processes; those four are: affect (value); motivation (action tendencies); cognition (meaning); and behavior (the actions of the organism) (Ortony, et al., 2005, p. 173). ithin those four levels the authors break functioning down to three components, the…...

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Works Cited

Barrett, Feldman L., Ochsner, K.N., and Gross, J.J. (2007). "Automaticity and Emotion." in

J. Bargh (Ed.) Social Psychology and the Unconscious (173-218). New York: Psychology

Press.

Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D., DeWall, C.N., and Zhang, L. (2007). How Emotion Shapes

Parole violations and new crimes are frequently committed because reentering people do not have the skills and resources in order to become accustomed to community life. A lot are not capable to find work not only because they do not have considerable work histories and work skills, but also due to the societal stigma connected to their criminal and substance use histories. Characteristically, time spent in prison weakens family and community ties. Without income support or family and community support systems, people released from prison are at high danger of returning to crime in order to sustain themselves (O'Brien, 2002).
ecidivism has never been a main anxiety of policymakers and as a result of present policies and a lack of resources, communities struggle to support ex-offenders. The public fails to comprehend that the appropriate treatment and rehabilitation known to reduce recidivism is not being fully put into place. It can…...

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References

Blumstein, Alfred and Nakamura, Kiminori. (n.d.). Redemption' in an Era of Widespread

Criminal Background Checks. Retrieved March 25, 2011, from Web site:

 http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/226872.pdf 

Criminal Background Check Statutes an Overview. (2010). Retrieved March 25, 2011, from Web

As mentioned earlier, Sellin placed emphasis on the cultural diversity that was found in a modern society, in which wile criminal law contains the crime norms of inappropriate and deviant behavior, the conduct norms of less powerful groups that reflect their own specific social situations would conflict with the crime norms mentioned earlier, leading to the inculcation of criminal and deviant behavior among the members of less dominant and influential groups. Therefore, as diverse cultures permeate society, deviant behaviors would grow as a result of increased conflict, felt Sellin. Conflict can be of two main types: primary, which may occur when the norms of two different societies happen to conflict with each other, and secondary, in which a single culture is involved, and in which conflict may occur over a period of time. ("Introduction to sociology," n. d.)
When one stops to analyze culture conflict theory and its relationship to…...

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References

Akers, Ronald L; Jensen, Gary F. (n. d.) "Empirical status of social learning theory of crime and deviance" Retrieved 14 November, 2007 at http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/files/l/l3Bguk/Empirical%20Status%20of%20Social%20Learning%20Theory%20of%20Crime%20and%20Deviance.pdf

Avruch, Kevin. (1998) "Culture and Conflict Resolution"

US Institute of Peace Press.

Ormrod, J.E. (1999). "Human learning" Upper Saddle River,

Methods used in this application would include exciting the students by first, informing them of the new information and what it would consist of, second, presenting to the students some sort of stimuli that would elicit a performance from each individual.

The teacher and other students could then provide feedback about the specific performance, and would therefore reinforce the learning process, ie; move the information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory.

The humanistic theory takes a different approach than both the cognitive and the behavioral theories. The humanistic perspective is on the self, it is you, your perception of your experiences.

Believing in the humanistic theory means that your behavior is freely chosen by you, rather than reacting to any environmental stimuli (behavior theory) or reinforcers. The major focus of the humanistic theory is dealing with issues of self-esteem and self-fulfillment and to facilitate the individual's personal development.

Abraham Maslow, an avowed…...

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Works Cited

Cognitive Learning Theory - Web Quest, Accessed August 10, 2006http://suedstudent.syr.edu/~ebarrett/ide621/cognitive.htm,

Humanistic Perspective (1998),   Accessed August 10, 2006http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d46/psy/dev/Fall98/Theories/humanistic.html ,

EDSE 600: History and Philosophy of Education / / 3.0 credits

The class entitled, History and Philosophy of Education, focused on the origin of education and the "philosophical influences of modern educational theory and practice. Study of: philosophical developments in the Renaissance, Reformation, and revolutionary periods; social, cultural and ideological forces which have shaped educational policies in the United States; current debates on meeting the wide range of educational and social-emotional needs of students from diverse cultures." (need to add reference here)

This course precisely presented numerous, pertinent ideas for this researcher to use while writing this thesis. Due to this study, this researcher is now capable of discussing great thinkers during the time frames of the Renaissance and Reformation, as well as, ways current events of this time influenced leading thinker to accomplish what they did. Along with this understanding, this research can competently incorporate how some of the actions of…...

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Works Cited

Anatomy of a Canon. (n.d.) Sojourn. 30 Oct. 2007

.

Applewhite, Ashton. Frothingham, Andrew, and Evans, Tripp. (2003), and I Quote. Saint Martin's Press. 24 Oct. 2007< http://books.google.com/books?id=H-

GfO0jkBLsC&pg=PP1&dq=and+I+Quote&sig=FUdxVxiz92EidqKS5tvN7PMOn1g>.

All these activities involve an intermittent spin out of reference lists, diagrams, lists of variables and hypothesis as David a.W., (2000) indicates. The products that emerge give a summary of the progress, give directions and act as place makers. They comprise of vestiges of theories but in the real sense they are not theories on their own.
The analysis of theory development done by researchers that is done through the use of graphical methods is among the most effective ways of making a quick comparison on various frameworks that have been peer-reviewed. The use of graphical models is also simple and compelling since it guides the process of theory development since its features for representing and constituting theories are meant to exemplify the actual qualities of the ideal theory. The graphical model is a natural way of lending itself towards the development of conceptualizations which are both systematic and complete.…...

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References

David a.W., (2000). Developing "Good" Theory Through Articulation and Examination. Retrieved July 20, 2013 from Assistive Technology Research Institute, (2006). The Role of Theory and Research in Practice. Retrieved July 20, 2013 from  http://natri.uky.edu/resources/reports/theory.html http://icos.groups.si.umich.edu/Theory%20Development%20Workshop%20Slides.pdfNational

Office of Behavioral & Social Sciences Research, (2013). Social and Behavioral Theories: Theory and why it is Important. Retrieved July 20, 2013 from  http://www.esourceresearch.org/eSourceBook/SocialandBehavioralTheories/3TheoryandWhyItisImportant/tabid/727/Default.aspx 

Scott R., et, al., (2008). Why use theories in qualitative research? Retrieved July 20, 2013 from  http://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a949

theories human development factors influence development. write Erickson Psychosocial theory, Freudian Psychosexual theory small piece, Maslow theory Carl Rogers Piaget theory. make involve FACTORS .
Psychoanalytic theory has made it possible for society to gain a more complex understanding of human behavior and of concepts that influence individuals in wanting to perform particular acts. Some of the most notable psychoanalysts devised a series of theories meant to assist the social order in understanding stages of development and the effect that they have on people as they grow. Psychoanalytic theory was one of the principal concepts fueling the world of psychology during the twentieth century and this is reflected by the vast amount of theories that have been created with regard to it. Individuals like Freud, Erikson, and Maslow got actively involved in improving the domain and are largely responsible for the way that the contemporary society understands people. Through focusing…...

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Bibliography:

Coon, Dennis and mitterer, John, "Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior," (Cengage Learning, 2008)

Coon, Dennis and Mitterer, John, "Psychology: Modules for Active Learning (with Concept Modules with Note-Taking and Practice Exams Booklet)," (Cengage Learning, 2011)

Sugarman, Leonie, "Life-span Development: Frameworks, Accounts, and Strategies," (Psychology Press, 2001)

Theories
Core concepts can be defined as the main components of any theory on which the theory can be formulated or a model can be designed. There are certain concepts which help in the development of nursing theories. There are theories and models developed by different theorists but all of them have same core concepts. The aim of this assignment is to identify a core concept that is common to two or more contemporary nursing theories. Further we have compared and analyzed the concept definitions among the selected theories. After that, we have chosen one theory and discussed where and how it may be best applied to nursing practice. The core concept selected for the purpose of this assignment is obesity while the nursing models selected are Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory and Pender's Health Promotion Model.

Core Concept

Obesity in adults is one of the most serious problems of United States.…...

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References

Bernier, F. (2002) Applying Orem's self-care deficit theory of nursing to continence care: Part 2. Urologic Nursing, 22(6) 384-390.

Bond, D.S., Evans, R.K., DeMaria, E.J., Meador, J.G., Warren, B.J., Shannon, K.A., & Shannon, R.M. (2004). A conceptual application of health behavior theory in the Design and implementation of a successful surgical weight loss program. Obesity Surgery, 14 849-856.

Cox, K.R. & Taylor, S.G. (2005). Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory: Pediatric asthma as exemplar. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(3) 249-257.

Goodwin, Z.J., Kiehl, E.M., Peterson, J.Z. (2002). King's theory as foundation for an advance directive decision-making model. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15 (3) 237-241.

Theories
A major challenge that all psychologists will encounter are what factors will influence the development of children. To fully understand these different ideas requires examining the theories from: Freud, Erickson, Pavolv, Skinner, Piaget and Vygotsky. This will offer specific insights as to what factors will influence the way a child's personality develops.

In child development, there is a continuous conflict occurring among mental health professionals. The reason why, is because various theories have been developed to help explain the numerous challenges a child will go through at different stages in their lives. To fully understand these ideas requires care examining the views of: Freud, Erickson, Pavolv, Skinner, Piaget and Vygotsky. Together, these elements will provide the greatest insights as to how psychologists are addressing child development issues.

Freud

Freud believed that by the age of five years old is when all children have fully developed their personality. As they become older is…...

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References

Child Development Theories. (2012). Child Development Guide. Retrieved from: http://www.child-development-guide.com/child-development-theories.html#theorists3

Classical Conditioning. (2010). Learning Theories. Retrieved from:  http://www.learning-theories.com/classical-conditioning-pavlov.html 

Piaget. (2012). Learning and Teaching. Retrieved from: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm

Cherry, K. (2011). Erickson's Theory. About. Retrieved from:  http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial.htm

theories business cycle determine viable. Explain rationale. B) ecommend policy bring U.S. current economic slump. Provide specific examples support response.
Business Cycle Theories

A) There are several theories that refer to the business cycle. The real business cycle theory states that fluctuations within the business cycle are determined by technological shocks. In the opinion of Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott, economic crisis and fluctuations cannot be determined by monetary shocks, but by external shocks, like technological developments and innovation. This theory is reflected by the Industrial evolution and its effects.

The technological progress determined by the Industrial evolution influenced significant productivity developments, the focus on industrial production, and the increase of GDP. This increased production capacity determined increases in supply (Ascari, 2010). Therefore, the specialists in the field that are in favor of this theory consider that the effects determined by these technological developments are more important than those determined…...

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Reference list:

1. Ascari, G. (2010). Real Business Cycle Theory. Retrieved February 22, 2012.

2. Krugman, P. & Wells, R. (2010). The Way Out of the Slump. The New York Review of Books. Retrieved February 23, 2012 from  http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/oct/14/way-out-slump/?pagination=false .

theories risk management, types risk, implications portfolio theory.
As the risk factors have diversified and as new types of risks have appeared, the theories of risk management have also multiplied, with new theories to address new areas of concerns and new threats. For example, when it comes to financial risk (including a large number of related risks, such as operational risk or currency risks), the company comes under the threat of fluctuations from the financial market, whether the currency market, the interest rate market, the commodity market etc.

With this in mind, theories like Value at Risk aim to measure the maximum loss that a portfolio can undertake during a certain period of time, with a certain probability. ubsequently, such risk management approaches are then used in capital requirements, such as Basel II. Probability theories are also considered in risk management, to the degree to which the probability of an event…...

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Since portfolio theory has two different objectives, namely to maximize profits and minimize risks, it is understandable that both theories of risk management and the correct identification of the types of risks that can affect a business are essential in reaching both objectives. In the latter case, the correct identification of risk factors to which the organization is exposed will lead to the correct risk management tools being used. At the same time, this also means that the organization has to have clearly identified the risk management theories that can help it deal with its exposure to the different factors of risk. The two elements are thus interconnected and essential in portfolio theory.

Chew, Donald, H. "Corporate Risk Management," (Columbia University Press, 2008)

Khatta, R.S. "Risk Management," (Global India Publications, 01.01.2008)

Routine Activity & Trait Theories
The Routine Activity Theory is based on the idea that in the absence of effective controls, offenders will prey on attractive targets (A Theory of Crime Problems, n.d.). In the case of a shopping mall with an underground garage having an increase in auto theft, auto burglary, and robberies, the handlers in the situation could be parents, relatives, friends, siblings, or spouses of the offenders. The targets are the victims of the crime. The guardians are the police and security guards. The place manager controls the behavior of offenders and targets. With crime present, it is obvious the handlers, guardians, and the place manager are either absent, weak, or corrupt.

Effective measures could include adequate lighting in the garage to increase surveillance. Lighting would make it harder for the offenders to hide and sneak up on victims. Another effective measure would be surveillance cameras that would have…...

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Bibliography

A Theory of Crime Problems. (n.d.). Retrieved from Center for Problem Oriented Policing:  http://www.popcenter.org/learning/pam//help/theory/cfm 

Gassen, S. & . (2013, Mar 27). Before attack, parents of gunman tried to address son's strange behavior. Retrieved from New York Times:  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/us/documents...se-gabriel-giffords.html?ref=jaredleeloughner 

McQuade, S. (2009). Encyclopedia of Cybercrime. Retrieved from Scribd.com:  http://www.scribd.com/doc/20262442/Enclyclopedia-of-Cyber-Crime 

Neutralization Theory: Gresham Sykes and David Matza. (n.d.). Retrieved from University of Minnesota:  http://www.d.umn.edu/~bmork/2306/Theories/BAMneutralizaiton.htm

Counseling and Psychotherapy:
The acquisition of counseling and psychotherapy philosophy and framework starts is usually dependent on the personality of the counseling student and familiarity with the existing major approaches or techniques to therapeutic practice. The theoretical perspective, philosophy, and framework determine what therapists look for and what they see after making initial contact with clients. Personal philosophy and framework of therapy determines the therapist's focus and course of action while affecting his/her choice of therapeutic strategies and processes (Corey, 2012, p.4). Therefore, a counseling student should carefully consider his/her own basic assumptions when developing his/her therapy practice. This is an increasingly involving process that goes beyond mere acceptance of the tenets of a specific theory or combination of theories. Generally, an individual's theoretical approach and therapy framework is a reflection and expression of his/her experiences in life.

Approaches to Counseling and Psychotherapy:

Counseling and psychotherapy is a process that involves the…...

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References:

Corey, G. (2012). Case approach to counseling & psychotherapy (8th ed.). Belmont, CA:

Cengage Learning.

Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (8th ed.). Belmont, CA:

Cengage Learning.

Old and New Theories of Addiction
CLEARING THE PATH

Connections between the Old and the New Theories of Addiction

Addiction in the Earlier Centuries, Early Theories

the Temperance Movement

In the 17th century, alcohol did not have a bad name (Sturt, 2009). It was even more respected and considered safer than water and more healthful. This made the innkeeper of spirits a valuable member of the community in those days. Moreover, man was perceived as distinct from nature. Man has a soul and free will and a sense of responsibility for his actions. Animals, in contrast, only possess biological drives. This perception of man viewed alcoholics as too indulgent in the habit and, therefore, must be punished. In the late century up to the early 20th century, the formation of the temperance movement introduced the view of drinking as evil, which makes alcoholics victims. The first disease concept surfaced at this time and viewed alcoholism…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Angres, DH and Angres, K.B. (2008). The disease of addiction: origin, treatment and recovery. Vol. 54, Disease-a-Month: Resurrection Medical Center. Retrieved on March

18, 2014 from http://www.resurrectionmedicalcenter.reshealth.org/pdfs.subsites/addiction/the_disease_of_addiction.pdf

McKenna, G.J. (2010). Psychopathology in drug dependent individuals: a clinical review. Drug Text: International Substance Use Library. Retrieved on March 25, 2014

from  http://www.drugtext.org/addiction/psychopathology-in-drug-dependent-individuals-a-clinical-review.html

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