Test Tube Babies
Huxley opens his novel describing a world that is built around "…the production line of products and services, including human reproduction," writes Coleman Carroll Myron in the book Huxley's Brave New orld: Essays. Huxley's narrative has scientists propagating the human species through a process which creates "standardized human beings in an assembly-line, conveyor-belt-like system" (Myron, 2008, p. 12).

In his book (p. 7) a young student was "fool enough" to question how test tube babies were an "advantage" to society. The Director immediately replied, "Can't you see? Can't you see?" The process being used is "…one of the major instruments of social stability!" The Director insisted (Huxley, 2010 / Reprint). The author was putting forward the science fiction-like idea that "Standard men and women; in uniform batches," was a better idea than humans engaging in normal intercourse, with an uncertain outcome as far as the quality of the individual…...

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Works Cited

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). What is Assisted Reproductive Technology?

Retrieved December 12, 2013, from  http://www.cdc.gov .

Huxley, A. (2010). Brave New World (Reprint). New York: RosettaBooks.

Myron, C.C. (1995). The Nonconformers Pause and Say: "There's Gotta Be Something More."

Simply put, as test taking strategies grow more sophisticated the validity of language tests becomes increasingly threatened, and new test designs are responded to by new strategizing. A lack of cohesion in the approaches used to study test taking strategies and to practically apply knowledge obtained through academic research is also cited as problematic (Cohen, 2006). Without an appropriate way to measure and assess test taking strategies and their impact on test validity, more valid language testing methodologies cannot be developed.

Internal measures of construct validity have grown more sophisticated as a means of addressing both test taking strategy concerns and other potential issues when it comes to language test validity, but these have been far from entirely successful in making assurances against the erosion of test validity in the face of test taking strategy implementation (Goh & Aryadoust, 2010; Lee, 2011). Test taking strategies such as clue-word orientation, multiple choice…...

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References

Amer, a. (2007). EFL/ESL Test-Wiseness and Test-Taking Strategies. Sultan Qaboos University [dissertation].

Cheng, L. (2008). The key to success: English language testing in China. Language Testing 25(1): 15-37.

Cohen, a. (2006). The Coming of Age of Research on Test-Taking Strategies. Language Assessment Quarterly 3(4): 307-31.

Goh, C. & Aryadoust, S. (2010). Investigating the Construct Validity of the MELAB Listening Test through the Rasch Analysis and Correlated Uniqueness Modeling. Spaan Fellow Working Papers in Second or Foreign Language Assessment 8: 31-68.

Test Anxiety
To me, test anxiety is something more than a feeling of mild nervousness or stress when taking a test, which is a normal emotion. For many people, this nervousness can provide a type of inspiration or energy needed to perform well on a test. However, test anxiety is not a normal reaction to a test-taking situation, and goes beyond normal feelings of anticipation. In fact, for many people, test anxiety reflects a serious enough condition that it might actually impede test performance so that test results show little relationship to either actual knowledge or ability.

I am fortunate in that I do not generally experience test anxiety. Generally, tests make me feel a little bit of nervous energy, which tends to dissipate when I sit down to take the test. I try to be very prepared when I sit down to take a test, so that I am not ever…...

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ibliography

Abdal-Haqq, I. (1995, June). Professional standards development: Teacher involvement. Retrieved July 28, 2009, from ERIC Digests - ED383693: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/13/fd/a6.pdf

AIR. (n.d.). Making research relevant. Retrieved July 28, 2009, from Assessment institutes for research (AIR): http://assessment.air.org/default.aspx

Downing, S., & Haladyna, T. (2006). Handbook of test development. New York: Routledge.

ETS. (2009). Frequently asked questions about standardized tests. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from Educational Testing Service (ETS): http://www.ets.org/portal/site/ets/menuitem.c988ba0e5dd572bada20bc47c3921509/?vgnextoid=312caf5e44df4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD&vgnextchannel=8b0d253b164f4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD#aretestsfair

GAO. (2007). No child left behind act. Washington D.C.: Government Accountability Office (GAO).

La Marca, P. (2001). Alignment of standards and assessments as an accountability criterion. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 7(21). Retrieved July 28, 2009 from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=21

Peterson, ., & Neill, M. (1999). Alternatives to standardized tests. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from Rethinking schools.org: http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/13_03/assess.shtml

Toppo, G. (2004, October 12). An answer to standardized tests. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from USA today: http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2004-10-12-tests-usat_x.htm

Walther, S. (2009, April 8). Test after development is not test-driven development. Retrieved July 28, 2009, from stephenwalther.com:…...

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Bibliography

Abdal-Haqq, I. (1995, June). Professional standards development: Teacher involvement. Retrieved July 28, 2009, from ERIC Digests - ED383693:  http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/13/fd/a6.pdf 

AIR. (n.d.). Making research relevant. Retrieved July 28, 2009, from Assessment institutes for research (AIR): http://assessment.air.org/default.aspx

Downing, S., & Haladyna, T. (2006). Handbook of test development. New York: Routledge.

ETS. (2009). Frequently asked questions about standardized tests. Retrieved July 27, 2009, from Educational Testing Service (ETS):  http://www.ets.org/portal/site/ets/menuitem.c988ba0e5dd572bada20bc47c3921509/?vgnextoid=312caf5e44df4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD&vgnextchannel=8b0d253b164f4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD#aretestsfair

High School Longitudinal Study Dataset Using SPSS Software
Scenarios 1.

This section determines African citizen's perceptions about their current level of democracy. The study uses 2015 Afrobarometer data to determine whether the current level of African democracy is statistically different from the value of 6.

Have series of reforms increased African views on the level of democracy?

The study uses the following variables to answer the research question:

Level of democracy: ten years ago (0-10 scale)

Level of democracy: today

The paper uses One-Sample Test statistics to answer the research question. The procedure is as follows:

In the SPSS Version 21, Start by Clicking:

Analyze ? Compare Means ?One Sample T Test

In Test Variable box:

Select

Q46b. Level of democracy ten years ago

Q46a. Level of democracy: today and Click OK.

The output of the One Sample T Test is as follows:

GET

FILE='C:UsersucerDownloads183172_Afrobarometer__student_8210__.sav'.

DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FONT.

T-TEST

/TESTVAL=0

/MISSING=ANALYSIS

/VAIABLES=Q46A Q46B

/CITEIA=CI (.95).

T-Test

Notes

Output Created

11-JUL-2016 09:41:20

Comments

Input

Data

C:UsersucerDownloads183172_Afrobarometer__student_8210__.sav

Active Dataset

DataSet1

Filter

one>

Weight

one>

Split File

one>

N of ows in Working Data File

51587

Missing Value Handling

Definition of Missing

User defined…...

With online classes, the internet has become important in effective writing because of the sources that it provides. The Internet is gaining popularity in second language teaching while reshaping computer mediated communication in language learning. Students will need to learn how to deal with large amounts of information and be able to communicate across languages and cultures. From there, teachers are no longer the only source of information so that students can actively interpret and organize the information they are given, fitting it into prior knowledge (Dole, Duffy, Roehler, & Pearson, 1991). With that, the New Perspectives on CALL for Second Language Classrooms is a good choice for teacher trainers, students, or professionals interested in exploring technology-based teaching and learning. The section, "Implementing CALL in Institutional Settings," examines the many c-onsiderations for setting up a CALL facility (REVIEW OF New Perspectives on CALL for Second Language Classrooms). The internet and…...

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Martha. Theory and Practice in Composition. 2002. 2010.  http://reach.ucf.edu/~enc5705a/effective_writing.html 

Scriven, Michael and Paul, Richard. Defining Critical Thinking. 2010. http://www.criticalthinking.org/aboutCT/definingCT.shtml

REVIEW OF New Perspectives on CALL for Second Language Classrooms. (2006). Language Learning & Technology. 2010.  http://llt.msu.edu/vol10num1/review1/default.html

Administering the tests developed and formulated for the nursing-based curriculum entails providing reliable test items. eliability is important because it helps counteract human error both on the part of the student taking the test and the person grading the test. "eliability is the quality of a test which produces scores that are not affected much by chance. Students sometimes randomly miss a question they really knew the answer to or sometimes get an answer correct just by guessing" (KU, 2016). By increasing the reliability of the test items, the quality remains consistent in the test and offers a superior level of testing that avoids the pitfalls of unavoidable human error.
For instance, there are different ways to construct a test. With each different way, there are various measuring methods to help provide reliable outcomes. Essay questions and multiple-choice questions can contain qualitative or quantitative data that are measured differently. Multiple-choice questions…...

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References

College Board,. (2016). Validity Evidence -- Research -- The College Board. Research.collegeboard.org. Retrieved 10 July 2016, from https://research.collegeboard.org/services/aces/validity/handbook/evidence

Gonzalez, J. (2014). Know Your Terms: Holistic, Analytic, and Single-Point Rubrics. Cult of Pedagogy. Retrieved 10 July 2016, from  http://www.cultofpedagogy.com/holistic-analytic-single-point-rubrics/ 

KU,. (2016). Assessment/Quality Test Construction -- Special Connections. Specialconnections.ku.edu. Retrieved 10 July 2016, from  http://www.specialconnections.ku.edu/?q=assessment/quality_test_construction 

Real Statistics,. (2016). Kuder and Richardson Formula 20 -- Real Statistics Using Excel. Real-statistics.com. Retrieved 10 July 2016, from  http://www.real-statistics.com/reliability/kuder-richardson-formula-20/

Psychological Test
There have been many definitions of a test. For example, Kline (1993, P. 16) defines a psychological test as a standardized measure of behavior. Hogan (2007, p.41) considers such definitions lacking and instead offers a more comprehensive definition, "A test is a standardized process or device that yields information about a sample of behavior or cognitive processes in a quantified manner."

Categories of Psychological Tests

According to Hogan (2007) there are five categories of psychological tests. The first category consists of mental ability tests (Hogan, 2007, p. 5). Mental abilities can include a wide variety of cognitive functions such as memory of creative thinking, but most often these are classified as intelligence tests. These tests can be administered in individually, in groups, or other formats. One of the most common individual mental ability tests is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -- IV (WAIS-IV), whereas Hogan (p. 5) states that a…...

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References

Kline, P. (1993). The handbook of psychological testing. New York: Routledge.

Hogan, T.P. (2007). Psychological testing: A practical introduction (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ:

Wiley.

Urbina, S. (2004). Essentials of psychological testing. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Chi-Square Test Study
The focus of the research is to use the Chi-Square analysis to test whether the use of marijuana is less dangerous than alcohol. Over the years, there is high number of related deaths linked to alcohol in the United States, and comparably, there are no related deaths linked to the Marijuana use. A report from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) reveals there is no category of marijuana related deaths. In California where marijuana use is legalized, there were over 9,000 alcohol related deaths between 2001 and 2005 and no record of marijuana related deaths recorded during the period.

Is the use of Marijuana less dangerous than alcohol in the United States?

Statistical Test to the esearch Question

The chi-square is chosen to the research question because it is appropriate to test the hypothesis. Typically, the chi-square is used to determine a significant difference between the observed frequencies and expected…...

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Reference

CDC. (2013). Data and Statistics. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.

Teach to the Test
As William Hatfield presciently warned in 1916, when the ultra-efficiency of industrialization first begin threatening the independence of educators to craft curricula, "an education that focuses on memorising information to ensure reaching a single benchmark is an inadequate measure of success" because while "twelve years of school life has made [students] adept at memorizing & #8230; many of them are novices in thinking" (Mills, 2008). Since disastrous passage of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001, which mandated standards-based educational practices and required states to devise testing devices to gauge student achievement, Hatfield's admonition has been proven to be disturbingly accurate. Since standardized testing became standard operating procedure for America's public school system, countless teachers have expressed their mounting dissatisfaction with the rigid and formulaic curriculum structures imposed on school districts by state legislatures. As an education major anxiously awaiting my opportunity to teach South…...

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References

Fairtest. (2007) How Standardized Testing Damages Education. Retrieved September 8, 2012

from http://www.fairtest.org/facts/howarm.htm

Kane, T.J. (2010). Learning about teaching: Initial findings from the measures of effective teaching program. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 1-40. Retrieved from  http://documents.latimes.com/measures-of-effective-teaching/ 

Kontovourki, S., & Campis, C. (2010). Meaningful practice: Test prep in a third-grade public school classroom. Reading Teacher, 64(4), 236-245. doi:101598/RT.64.4.2

orschach inkblot test is a projective personality test that has been one of the major projective personality assessments used by psychologists since the 1940s (Aiken & Groth-Marnat, 2006). The test is named after Hermann orschach who developed the inkblots in 1921. The orschach inkblot test consists of 10 cards with inkblots on them (five black and white and five colored) and is currently marketed by Pearson Assessments. The test is designed to be used with individuals five years of age and older (Exner, 2002). The test is reported to generally take about an hour to administer, although it certainly can take significantly longer than that.
The major assumption of projective tests is that environmental stimuli are organized by a person based on their own motives, needs, perceptions, and conflicts. The need to organize environmental stimuli becomes more salient when the stimuli are ambiguous and do not have culturally or socially defined…...

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Reference

Aiken, L.R. & Groth-Marnat, G. (2006). Psychological testing and assessment (12th ed.).

Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Exner, J. (2002). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System. Volume 1: The Rorschach, basic foundations and principles of interpretation. New York: Wiley and Sons.

Lilienfeld, S.O., Lynn, S.J., & Lohr, J.M. (Eds.). (2012). Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology. New York: Guilford Press.

In other words, instead of simply asking the patient what he sees in the inkblot, the clinician will say something like 'To you does this image look more like a person, an animal, a flower, or a food?' Juni (1993) asserts that this approach reduces the need for "trained judges" to interpret the results, and also provides a sense of standardization that maximizes the projective content.
The phenomenon known as the "expectancy effect" is also pertinent to issues of validity and reliability. The expectancy effect is based on the idea that the administrator of the test consciously or subconsciously emits signs of how he expects the subject to respond. For example he may raise his eyebrows while waiting for a response, which could in turn have an influence on how the subject answers. According to Silverstein (1993) this is a particularly important consideration in relation to the orschach test. The…...

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References

Bornstein, R.F. (2005) Scoring the Rorschach: Seven validated systems. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Butcher, J.N., & Rouse, S.V. (1996). Personality: Individual differences and clinical assessment. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 87-111.

Daly, W.C. (2005) Theoretical foundations of Rorschach by Piotrowski. Education 125 (44), 669-674

Harriman, P.L. (1946) Twentieth century psychology: Recent developments in psychology. New York: Philosophical Library.

Cognitive Testing
SAGE Cognitive Test for Detecting Early Signs of Alzheimer's

The Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination, also known as the SAGE test is meant for at-home administration by older adults in order to test the strength of their memory and other cognitive functioning. It was originally designed by researchers at Ohio State University's Wexner Medical Center. Dr. Douglas Scharre from the Wexner Medical School created the test and published it in early 2014. Essentially, it is "designed to detect early signs of cognitive, memory or thinking impairments" (Scharre, 2014). It is meant for individuals to self administer at home when they feel they may be worried about loosing cognitive functioning, which can be a sign of early Alzheimer's disease or Dementia. The test takes roughly about 15 minutes to complete and can be used as a way to start a dialogue with one's physician regarding potential for such conditions and how individuals…...

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References

Alzheimer's & Dementia Weekly. (2014). SAGE pen and paper Alzheimer's test. News. Web.  http://www.alzheimersweekly.com/2013/02/sage-pen-paper-alzheimers-test.html 

Scharre, Douglas W. (2014). SAGE: A test to measure thinking abilities. Wexner Medical Center. Ohio State University. Web.  http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/alzheimers/sage-test/Pages/index.aspx 

Scharre, D.W., Chang, S.I., Nagaraja, H.N., Yager-Schweller, J., & Murden, R.A. (2014). Community cognitive screening using SAGE. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 0(0). Web.  http://faculty.virginia.edu/cogage/self%20administered%20tests/Scharre%20et%20al%20%282014%29%20Community%20cognitive%20screening%20using%20the%20self-administered%20gerocognitive%20examination%20%28SAGE%29.pdf

scale (along with the other instruments) often carry character traits of: nurturance, affiliation, altruism, tender-minded and social and religious values." (Watkins, 2000, p. 116)
Occupations that are interesting to people in this category include; "social service, counseling, religious activities, teaching, health care and other occupations where one can work with other people." (Watkins, 2000, p. 116)

The remaining categories are reflective of how an individual responds to or reserves from the outside world and the inner world. The "attitudes" that Jung describes, as extroverted (outward-turning) or introverted (inward-turning) are two of the most common observations of personality made in and outside the field of psychology with regard to personality characteristics. "Most other researchers who have tried to describe human personality comprehensively have measured -- or discovered -- extraversion and introversion." (Watkins, 2000, p. 116)

Watkins describes extroversion (E) as having an attitude where energy flows out from the individual into the environment.…...

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References

Johnson, W.L., Mauzey, E., Johnson, a.M., Murphy, S.D., & Zimmerman, K.J. (2001). A Higher Order Analysis of the Factor Structure of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(2), 96.

Mani, B.G. (1995). Progress on the Journey to Total Quality Management: Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Adjective Check List in Management Development. Public Personnel Management, 24(3), 365.

The Psyche on Paper; Understanding the Risks, Appeal of Personality Testing. (2004, October 3). The Washington Times, p. B08.

2000). Testing and Assessment in Counseling Practice (C. E. Watkins & V.L. Campbell, Ed.) (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Automated est Form Generation
Critique of the Journal Article "Automated est Form Generation" by Wim J. van der Linden and Qi Diao

Van der Linden, J.M. & Diao, Q. (2013). Integrating test-form formatting into automated test assembly. Applied Psychological Measurement, 37(5) 361 -- 374

Retrieved: http://www.utwente.nl/gw/omd/Medewerkers/artikelen/vdLinden/artikelen%20vanaf%20juni%202011/APM%202013,%20361-374.pdf

he ordering of items in test forms and the selection of test items from a database can be extremely tedious and laborious when done manually. It would be extremely advantageous to be able to do both simultaneously using automated test form generation (AFG). But the AFG process can be unwieldy and cumbersome given the number of variables the creator must tackle. For example, "for an item bank of size 2,000, test length of 50 items, and upper limit of the number of pages in the test form equal to 15, the number of variables in the model is equal to 1,500,000" (Van der Linden & Diao 2013: 361).…...

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To argue that to optimize ATFG is possible, the authors simulated two different test forms: one computerized and the other paper based, according to various "content, statistical, and formatting specifications. More specifically, they used an existing set of specifications for the assembly of test forms, along with an existing item pool from a large-scale mathematics achievement testing program" (Van der Linden & Diao, 2013: 368). This was to show that ATFG was both hypothetically possible as well as applicable to the needs of an actual testing program

In their conclusion, the authors noted that it was possible to deploy a simultaneous modeling approach that allowed an integration of both selection of problems and generation of test forms, considerably streamlining existing available formats. "For future applications, the performance of the solver needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The total number of decision variables is only one of the factors with an impact on the performance of MIP solvers; others are the structure and sparseness of the coefficient matrix for the constraints" (Van der Linden & Diao, 2013: 368). Thus, the simultaneous approach is recommended, based upon their calculations although this may vary according to circumstances on occasion.

While the research provided by the authors is valuable, in terms of structure, the article is somewhat problematic. First of all, the authors assume a great deal of knowledge on the part of the reader, automatically beginning with a discussion of the different forms of test-generation without setting up the reader with an extended example or grounding the problem in real-world analysis. Also, the equations used to substantiate the hypothesis are included in a separate section rather than explained. This article is thus largely unreadable by a layperson in the field and must accept the authors' conclusions on faith if they are not mathematically fluent. Even someone in the field might find it problematic that they must evaluate the author's mathematical conclusions to support or take issue with their analysis.

To argue against animal abuse, you want your thesis to clearly state that you're against it and why. Your opinion should be a part of the thesis statement, but you want to be careful to actually present arguable, logical points, as well. You could say you're against animal abuse for a number of reasons. For example, some common ones are that animals feel both physical and emotional pain (abuse is cruel), that animals can't defend themselves and people should care for them because of their innocent nature, and that animal abuse can lead to further deviant and criminal behavior -....

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We would start this essay by looking at the Department of State’s list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.  Looking at that list is a great way to identify transnational terrorist groups.  Working from those groups, you could the identify a transnational group that is linked to a domestic terrorist group.  The County Reports on Terrorism also reveal how international terrorist groups work and can provide some insight into their ties to domestic organizations.  Working this way may be important for the integrity of your research because the designation of groups as domestic terrorist groups changed....