Taking the nature of this weapon into account the general assumption is that the target of a bomb of this nature would possible be a large city, congested transport or residential area. However this is common assumption and possibly not the only targets that terrorists might consider.
From the point-of-view of the terrorist it may be more appropriate to choose a target which would be less secure and would maximize the damage that could be caused to the infrastructure of a country. This target could be an important energy or communications system that would affect large parts of the country. The choice of such a target would also have the effect of maximizing damage and striking a blow at the psychological morale of the country as a whole.

There are also other advantages to a choice of target that is not a city or large residential area. The first is that…...

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Bibliography

Are You Ready? [essay online]; available at   accessed 11 June 2007.http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030207-10.html;Internet :

American Militant Extremists: United States radicals. [essay online]; available from Council on Foreign Relations   accessed 17 June 2007.http://www.godiva.com:80/resources/history.html;Internet :

Axtman K. The terror threat at home often overlooked [essay online]; available at   accessed 17 June 2007.http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1229/p02s01-usju.html;Internet :

Barnaby Frank, "A Terrorist Weapon Waiting to Be Made: At the Very Least You Get Mayhem, at Most Armageddon," New Statesman, 29 September 2003, xxx [database online]; available from Questia,   accessed 19 June 2007.http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002034277;Internet ;

terrorist attacks of 9/11, the security of the United States of America has been transformed into the utmost priority of the presidential administration. Aside from the political rules however, more and more individuals place an increased emphasis on issues of security, especially the prevention of terrorist attacks.
And in this setting of increasing focus on terrorist attack prevention, the literature in the field has also expended. Numerous books have been written on the topic, such as Preventing surprise attacks: intelligence reform in the wake of 9/11by ichard Posner (2005), Human security, law and prevention of terrorism by Andrej Zwitter (2010) or Cybersecurity: preventing terrorist attacks and protecting privacy in cyberspace by the United States Congress, under the United States Government Printing Office (2010).

Alongside with the books, the number of articles on the topic of terrorist attack prevention has also increased. While the books require longer time periods to be researched…...

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References:

Dahl, E.J. (2008). Preventing terrorist attacks: challenging the conventional wisdom. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.   accessed on November 12, 2012http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18249/preventing_terrorist_attacks.html 

Noor, R. (2007). The detection and prevention of preparatory terrorist acts. Police Link.   accessed on November 12, 2012http://policelink.monster.com/training/articles/42681-the-detection-and-prevention-of-preparatory-terrorist-acts 

Posner, R.A. (2005). Preventing surprise attacks: intelligence in the wake of 9/11. Rowman and Littlefield.

United States Congress. (2010). Cybersecurity: preventing terrorist attacks and protecting privacy in cyberspace. U.S. Government Printing Office.

Terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 [...] whether the government needs to do all it can in order to protect its citizens, even if that means they have to surrender some of their civil liberties. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 changed America forever. The people understood they were vulnerable for the first time in decades, and they understood that security measures would have to increase -- that was clearly understood. However, Americans have surrendered many of their civil liberties since the terrorist attacks, and that is simply not acceptable in our society. I am not willing to surrender some of the most important civil liberties for greater security, because I believe that many of the civil liberties we surrendered were not necessary, and the Patriot Act gave the government far more power than necessary.
In the aftermath of September 11, people were frightened. They wondered how it was…...

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References

Baker, Nancy V. "National Security vs. Civil Liberties." Presidential Studies Quarterly 33.3 (2003): 547+.

Cassel, Elaine. The War on Civil Liberties: How Bush and Ashcroft Have Dismantled the Bill of Rights. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2004.

Pena, Aisha. "American Muslims' Civil Liberties and the Challenge to Effectively Avert Xenophobia." The Muslim World 99.1 (2009): 202+.

Examples of Previous Attacks Using Toxic Industrial Chemicals

The earliest example of the use of chemical weapons occurred during orld ar I when both groups of adversaries in the conflict (the Central Powers and the Allies) used chlorine and phosgene-- two of the most commonly available toxic industrial chemicals these days -- against each other, resulting in almost 100,000 deaths.

The most famous example of the use of TICs was the 1995 sarin gas attack in Tokyo subways by "Aum Shinrikyo" -- a Japanese apocalyptic cult -- that resulted in the death of 12 people and the hospitalization of thousands. Sarin gas was produced by the terrorists with the help of commonly available toxic industrial chemicals such as dimethyl methylphosphonate, phosphorus trichloride, sodium fluoride and alcohol (Bloomfield). To avoid handling the highly toxic sarin, Aum Shinrikyo created its binary components, and mixed the two at the site of attack; thus releasing the…...

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Works Cited

Bloomfield, Neil. "WMD Terrorism: The Future." Military Medical Technology. N.d. November 12, 2007.  http://www.military-medical-technology.com/article.cfm?DocID=656 

Eadon, George. "Preparedness & Response: Chemical Reactions." Wadsworth Center:

New York State Department of Health. N.d. November 12, 2007.  http://www.wadsworth.org/educate/workshops/chemical_reactions.html 

Lehrman, Thomas. "Reducing Chemical Terrorism Risk: The Role of Public-Private Partnerships." U.S. Department of State. July 12, 2006. November 12, 2007.   November 12, 2007.http://www.state.gov/t/isn/rls/rm/69690.htm .

terrorist attacks changed the world, and the way America looks at the world, but they also changed the way the world looks at us.
Causes of September 11

Earlier attacks, including Tokyo nerve gas, Iran barracks, Cole attack

Muslim hatred of United States and call to "jihad"

LAX security at airports and U.S. entry points

Lack of reliable security and intelligence information

Effects of September 11

Death toll and destruction

"War on terrorism"

Homeland security

Emotional issues

World outlook and worldview of the U.S.

The Causes and Effects of September 11

The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of the terrorist attacks of September 11. What were the causes leading up to the terrorist attacks of September 11, and what have been the effects of the attacks? One political expert writes, "There is no single September 11 effect, if by 'effect' we mean the way in which something - an event, for example - has influenced…...

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References

Arthur, Paige. "The September 11 Effect." Ethics & International Affairs. Volume 16, No. 2, 2002. http://www.cceia.org/viewMedia.php/prmID/102

Jervis, Robert. "An Interim Assessment of September 11: What Has Changed and What Has Not?" Political Science Quarterly 117.1 (2002): 37+.

Lindberg, Tod. "September 11 & September 10." Policy Review (2001): 3.

Schoenfeld, Gabriel. "Could September 11 Have Been Averted?" Commentary Dec. 2001: 21+.

He was paraded at the front of the news media, knowing very well that he will not be able to say anything critical about his captors. When he was put to speak, he passed message by blinking his eyes in Morse code which spelled out T-O-R-T-U-R-E.
In computers, images are array of numbers representing light intensities at various pixels or points. Digital pictures have either 8 bit or 24 bit per pixel. Each bit represents an association of palette or color index. In color image of the 8-bit, every pixel that points out to only one of the 256 colors is represented by a single byte (sellars). 0's and 1s are bits whereby 8 bits create a byte. An example, of a byte is the 111 11110. The less significant bit is the position where zero is located. The least Significant bit (LS) way is the staganography technique that is…...

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Bibliography

B.W. Lampson, (1973), a note on the confinement problem, Communications of the ACM, vol.16, no. 10, pp. 613 -- 615.

Declan, McCullagh. (2001) Bin Laden: Steganography Master?

URL:  http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,41658,00.html 

Dibbell, Julian. (2001) Pirate Utopia.

Anticipating Terrorist Acts
There are many ways to anticipate terrorist attacks, and quite a few people focus on how they can make themselves safer and more prepared if an attack does take place. What they do not see, though, is that they have to be able to tell if an attack is imminent. To do that, they generally rely on the media and the government to provide them with information they can use in deciding how safe they are, or if there is something else they should be doing in order to protect themselves better. Often, people of particular races, nationalities, and religions are stereotyped as being terrorists, even though they have not done anything that would make people think that about them. Terrorists are very specific types of people, and even though they may use something like religion to develop their cause, they really do not speak for the majority…...

terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, because the attacks made us aware of how vulnerable we are as a country. They also helped bring the country together as one people, but this reaction has not lasted, and our country has gone back to "life as usual," with little respect for each other. The terrorist attacks were a terrible thing, but the people seem to have forgotten them.
The attacks were unbelievable, and they brought the nation together. People who had never owned a flag before flew them as a sign of unity and respect for the victims. People cared about the victims, and were ready to support the President, and the war on terrorism, because for the first time they really understood attacks could happen on our own soil.

The country rallied around patriotism, and everyone was eager to show their love of America, by flying flags, signing the National Anthem,…...

By examining existing occurrences of terrorist attacks, some of the unknown factor can be removed from the threat. Furthermore, the exact nature of terrorism can be quantified in terms of definitions and key terms. This also mitigates much of the uncertainty surrounding the issue. Terrorism can for example be understood by the definition of threat and/or violence in order to achieve an end. Terrorists generally want to force the hand of those they attack, or to avenge what they perceive as wrongdoing by the victim of their threat.
Specifically, there are several ways in which terrorist attacks can manifest themselves. These include kidnapping, hijacking, murder, mass murder, explosive devices, chemical warfare, biological attacks, riots, civil unrest, and the use of hostages. The risk of terrorism can be quantified to a certain degree by assessing the likelihood of each type of terrorism for the business in question. Contingency and emergency actions…...

Fictional Terrorist Attack
Terrorist Attack on Edinburgh

The FEMA CONPLAN is a publically available document that details the nation's priorities and strategies for a terrorist attack. The document list the protocols, mitigation strategies, and also the acknowledged considerations of what is typically defined as a terrorist attack There are many notable differences in the assumptions made for a terrorist attack, including that the attack will be large scale and intended to take out large amounts of people. After studying the FEMA CONPLAN and the materials detailing the differences between the county's natural and manmade disaster protocols, there is only one clear idea that comes to mind for a fictitious terrorist attack on Edinburgh, Scotland.

The fictional attack would be each of the historical castles in and around Edinburgh. These sites would include, but not be limited to the royal palace and other castles. The attack would happen simultaneously so as to prevent any…...

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Works Cited

Beltane (2006). BBC Religions. Accessed on 2 Oct 2012 at  http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/paganism/holydays/beltane_1.shtml 

Edinburgh Festivals Calendar. Edinburgh Days Out. Accessed on 2 Oct 2012 at  http://www.edinburghdaysout.com/festivals/

Management esearch
Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and the erratic responses to the Hurricane Katrina disaster in 2005, critical incident management has become the focus of a growing body of research. In addition, there is an ongoing need for timely and effective responses to manmade and natural disasters, and improved approaches continue to be identified. To gain some fresh insights into current critical incident management, this paper reviews three studies concerning a coordinated multi-disciplinary response to a critical incident as well as the National Incident Management System. A review of a final article concerning response and management of a chemical, biological, radiological and explosive incident is followed by a summary of the research and a description concerning how the research contributes to knowledge in these areas.

eview and Analysis

Coordinated Multi-Disciplinary esponse to a Critical Incident.

In his study, "esponding to Bio-terrorism equires a Concerted Effort," Mughai (2002) describes the…...

Of course, not all of the counterterrorism methods will work, and there will certainly be changes, alterations, and even the disbanding of some of the things the government has done to help prevent further attacks.
Clearly, the nation has learned quite a bit from the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The people learned the country was vulnerable to attacks never before imagined. They learned that thousands of people could die in a few minutes at the hands of terrorists, and that the borders, the cities, and even the rural areas were susceptible to attack. They learned that weapons such as biochemical agents and other poisons could enter the water and food supplies and could kill thousands, or even millions. They learned that the country has to be increasingly vigilant to protect the citizens and their way of life. They also learned that Americans could stand together with pride in the face…...

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References

Chomsky, N. (2001). September 11. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin.

Cordesman, A.H. (2002). Terrorism, Asymmetric Warfare, and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Defending the U.S. Homeland. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Klinger, D.A., & Grossman, D. (2002). Who Should Deal with Foreign Terrorists on U.S. Soil? Socio-Legal Consequences of September 11 and the Ongoing Threat of Terrorist Attacks in America. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 25(2), 815+.

Posner, Gerald. (2003). Why America Slept: The Failure to Prevent 9/11. New York: Random House.

Preventing Terrorist Attacks on the Water and Wastewater Systems Sector
Terrorism is nowadays an already established threat that is part of every security strategy of modern states. It is not only an un-conventional threat at the address of national security but also it drove the re-definition of the term of security as it was understood and worked with some twenty years ago. Currently, there is talk about economic, political, social security as part of the areas that the state must take into account when drafting and enabling a national security strategy. At the same time though, especially after the events from September 2001, the security of the infrastructure and that of natural resources has become an increasingly important aspect to consider.

Currently in the United States, the country considered to be the most targeted by terrorist threats, an important part of the security strategy is related to the economic sectors that need…...

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References

Copeland, C. 2005. "Hurricane-Damaged Drinking Water and Wastewater Facilities: Impacts, Needs, and Response" CRS Report for Congress. Available at  http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=463973 

Copeland, C. 2010. "Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector" Congressional Research Center Available at  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32189.pdf 

Dept. Of Homeland Security. 2013. Water and Wastewater Systems Sector. Available online at http://www.dhs.gov/water-and-wastewater-systems-sector

Leuven, L. 2011. "Water/Wastewater Infrastructure Security: Threats and Vulnerabilities" in R.M. Clark et al. (eds.), Handbook of Water and Wastewater Systems Protection, 27 Protecting Critical Infrastructure, available online.

When the risk is significant, this should be quantified against the risk of not entering the specific country in terms of expansion. When the risk is acceptable, stringent measures, including organizational arrangements, engineering control, and research and development, need to be taken. Research and development are particularly important, as mitigation measures can then be implemented that are particularly targeted towards the measure of possible terrorist attack for the country involved. Reducing the likelihood of terrorist attack can in certain cases be a better response to terrorist threat than avoidance, as it mitigates many of the additional risks involved in the latter.
Thirdly, reducing the consequences of terrorist attacks is a retrospective approach. This is done by measures such as contingency planning, recovery plans, design features, surveillance, and the like. uch measures are best implemented by learning from the past experiences of terrorist attacks on the company involved, or indeed from…...

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Sources

Campion, Kevin. 2002, Nov. 15. Integrating Terrorism Risk Management with the Federal Terrorism Program. Benfield Blanch, Inc.  http://www.benfieldgroup.com/NR/rdonlyres/2319B84C-7C18-4280-B057-839E6F0243D5/0/11_02BB.pdf 

Gould, Nathan C. 2004, July. Managing Terrorism Risk. ABS Consulting.  http://www.irmi.com/Expert/Articles/2004/Gould07.aspx 

Parachini, John. 2000, Jul. 26. Combating Terrorism: Assessing Threats, Risk Management, and Establishing Priorities. Center for Nonproliferation Studies.  http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/paraterr.htm

They have also provided intelligent analysis to state, federal and local law enforcers promoting competency and improved support missions in and out of the United States. Navy and marine corps have participated in multi- service working groups to ensure to update and produce multi- service CRNE defense.
CRNE is also incorporated into air command, where the training is incorporated into courses; the instruction in the course includes instructions addressing the use of airlift and aerial re-fuelling assets in CRNE contaminated environments. General accounting has also responded to CRNE readiness and training assessment; where the secretary for defense recommended that current CRNE medical services should be reviewed. The review will promote tri- service CRNE training program which shall meet the standards of CRNE. Tri- service standards of procedure includes; recognition, detection, decontamination, forces protection and incident response.

Homeland department focuses on deterring and defeating direct attacks in the U.S., supporting civil authorities'…...

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Bibliography

Department of Defense Chemical Biological Defense Program Annual Report. Atlanta: DIANE, 2005.

Punaro, a. Commission on the National Guard Reserves. Atlanta: DIANE, 2008.

The Need for a Policy Framework to Develop Disaster Resilient Regions. Journal of Homeland Security Emergency Management 2005.

Department of Defense Chemical Biological Defense Program Annual Report (Atlanta: DIANE, 2005).

Why Immigration Should Be Restricted

Immigration is the movement of people from one country or region to another. It has been a major factor in shaping the world's population, economies, and societies. There are many reasons why people immigrate, including economic opportunity, political instability, war, and persecution.

While immigration can bring many benefits to a country, it can also pose challenges. These challenges include:

Economic competition: Immigrants can compete with native-born workers for jobs, housing, and other resources. This can drive down wages and make it harder for people to find work.
Cultural conflict: Immigrants from different cultures can bring their own....

The Israeli War on Hamas

Introduction:

The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas, a militant Palestinian group, has been a source of tension and violence in the Middle East for decades. In recent years, the Israeli government has launched several military operations against Hamas in an effort to protect its citizens and assert its control over the region. This essay will examine the reasons behind the Israeli war on Hamas, the impact of the conflict on both sides, and potential solutions for achieving peace in the region.

Reasons for the Israeli War on Hamas:

One of the main reasons behind the Israeli war on....

The Eiffel Tower has evolved from initially being met with skepticism and criticism to becoming one of the most iconic symbols of Paris and France. When it was first constructed for the 1889 World's Fair, many Parisians viewed it as an eyesore and an example of the industrial age encroaching on the beauty of the city.

However, over time, the Eiffel Tower has come to represent not only the city of Paris but also French culture, romanticism, and innovation. It has become a symbol of modernity and progress, as well as a testament to the artistic and engineering prowess of the....

1. Obama did possess legal authority for Operation Geronimo as argued in the thesis, based on the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) passed by Congress in the wake of the 9/11 attacks.

2. The AUMF provided the President with the necessary legal framework to conduct military operations against those responsible for the 9/11 attacks, including Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, which justified the targeting of bin Laden in Operation Geronimo.

3. The operation to eliminate bin Laden was a legitimate act of self-defense under international law, given his role as the mastermind behind the deadliest terrorist....