Violence and Sex in Television Programs
In 'Programs Do Not Sell Products in Advertisement,' Brad J. Bushman provides the primary hypothesis regarding the study. He alleges that televised sex and violence impair the memory for the advertised products. Besides, there is a supplementary hypothesis that functions as the framework of the study. Bushman hypothesizes that incorporating an advertisement in a program that contains sex or violence decreased the viewer's possibility of remembering the advertised brand. Besides, this would reduce their interest in purchasing the advertised brand and their likelihood of choosing a coupon for that brand (Bushman, 2005).

The hypotheses emanate from a meta-analysis of 16 studies that considered 2474 participants. The assessment illustrated that the memory for advertised brands was 27% lower if ads were embedded in violent programs unlike if the same ads were integrated into non-violent programs. According to Bushman, the most plausible reason for the memory impairment is…...

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References

Bushman, B.J. (2005). Violence and Sex in Television Programs Do Not Sell Products in Advertisements. American Psychological Society. Vol. 16 -- No.9. 702-708

Quality of Television Programming in the United Kingdom
During its heyday during the 1970s through the 1990s, British television programming help model the way in comedy, news reporting, action features and drama that remain influential today. Indeed, programs such as "Upstairs, Downstairs," "Doctor Who," "Fawlty Towers," and for "something completely different," Monty Python and its zany band of performers were enormously popular at home and abroad, especially in the United States where fan clubs for these shows still exist. Alas, the golden era of television programming in the United Kingdom appears to have faded in recent years, with current offerings representing poor substitutes for their former hits. This paper provides a review of the relevant literature to support the contention that the quality of television programming has declined in recent years, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

eview and Discussion

During the 1970s, the quality of British television…...

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References

Balinksa, M. (2010, Fall). "It's the Audience, Stupid!' Using a New Approach to Storytelling

'We Managed to Broaden Our Audience, Expand Our Coverage And-This Is Critical-Not

"Dumb Down" in the Process.'" Nieman Reports, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 16-19.

Blake, A.D., Lovegrove, N.C., Pryde, A. & Strauss, T. (1999, Autumn). "Keeping Baywatch at Bay." The McKinsey Quarterly, p. 18.

Controlling TV Programmes:
The debate on whether or not to adopt stricter means of controlling television programmes arises from the impact of certain programmes on the viewers. This debate also emanates from the cultural and ethical concerns raised by various people regarding the suitability of certain television programmes. According to research on television, it has emerged that programme-makers and broadcasters sometime fail to draw the line when showing certain programmes. As a result, certain sections of the public has lost their degree of trust in television programming arguing that there should be stricter measures to control television programmes while others differ with them.

Arguments Supporting Stricter Control of TV Programmes:

The increased loss of trust and ethical concerns regarding television programming has resulted in various people supporting the adoption of stricter mechanisms of controlling TV programs. The proponents of such measures point at the following reasons & #8230;

Negative Impact of Programmes:

The negative impact…...

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References:

Hayes, D.A. (n.d.). The Children's Hour Revisited: The Children's Television Act of 1990.

Retrieved from Indiana University website:  http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v46/no2/hayes.html 

Kiisweko, O. (2011, August 19). The Dilemma of Children Hooked Onto TV. Retrieved August

31, 2011, from  http://dailynews.co.tz/feature/?n=22940&cat=feature

The range of television programs that I watch includes HBO dramas like "Six Feet Under," animated comedies like "The Simpsons" and "South Park," and occasionally the news and "The Daily Show." I also enjoy watching professional sports on TV too. The shows I watch occasionally relate to my daily life but usually they do not. For example, "Six Feet Under" portrays relationships and family more realistically than any other show I know but for the most part the shows I watch, including "The Simpsons" are exaggerated, which is why they are funny. I enjoy shows that make me laugh, but some dramas like "CSI" are occasionally fun to watch, even if they have no bearing on my every day life. In generally I like shows that entertain me for whatever reason, whether they make me laugh or whether they simply distract me for an hour or two....

Convenience rather than creating cuisine is the priority of Kraft ads. Adult tastes are given less of a priority than suiting the palate of children. Nutrition is paid homage to, but only in the sense of giving a family a starch, protein, and vegetable on a plate in the Hormel TV dinner advertisement.
One ad that occurred towards the end of the show, a Domino's Pizza advertisement, seemed to clash with the demographic of the other advertisement. However, the cheapness of Domino's many specials enables a mother to feed a large family quickly.

It is interesting to compare the Martha advertising with the advertising for later-night television programs aimed at a younger demographic, with a larger male audience. These ads favor snack food like sodas, have hipper and more conceptual features, and in the case of many fast food advertisements like KFC and McDonald's, often feature minority actors, even those ads…...

(eilly, 1980) The program had the highest per episode viewer ratings of any before it and the plot has been called "the shot cheered round the world." (eilly, 1980) Another great example is the M.A.S.H. season finale, as the program held a huge record for most viewers of any finale in television history and the viewership record has served as an enduring benchmark in television until the Super Bowl XLIV, in 2010, when the battered city of New Orleans LA sent the Saints to the super bowl and the whole nation was rooting for triumph for the city, and the team. Many contend that the viewership rating was skewed in large part due to the expansion of the Nielsen system as well as the vast number of televisions in homes today, as compared to the M.A.S.H. finale in 1983. According to the record the M.A.S.H. finale had 105.97 estimated…...

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References

Fishman, M., & Cavender, G. (1998). Mark Fishman, Gray Cavender. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

Klowden, K., Chatterjee, A., & DeVol, R. (2008, June). The Economic Impact of Digital Distribution. Retrieved August 1, 20010 from  http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/writers_strike.pdf 

NFL Wire Reports. (2010, February 8). Super Bowl XLIV beats 'M-A-S-H' finale for U.S. viewership record. NFL.com, Retrieved August 1, 20010 from  http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/story/09000d5d8164bc7b/article/super-bowl-xliv-beats-mash-finale-for-us-viewership-record .

Reilly, S. (1980). Who Shot JR? People, 14 (2), Retrieved August 1, 20010 from  http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20076970,00.html .

That relieves all the pent-up anxiety of a Trump wannabe. Therefore, such a viewer remains content with his or her current life, acquiescing to (and as a result reinforcing) current hegemonic power structures (i.e., the real power of big corporations, and corporate players like Trump, over all the rest of us)).
"The Apprentice" is especially successful at pro-hegemonic reinforcement, moreover, since it focuses on a subject we all (except for those born independently wealthy, or winners of huge lotteries) recognize and experience day-to-day: work. Hegemonic power of corporate workplaces, and, by association, a national government that allows, and encourages, corporate uses and abuses of power, are validated by "The Apprentice's" implicit suggestion that a high-powered corporate career, the higher paid and more prestigious the better [the stuff that makes the Ken Lays of the world tick], is exciting, fun, glamorous, where the winners are, and something to aspire to, rather…...

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Works Cited

"Dinsdag." November 30, 2004. Swerve Left. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from:

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"Inkwell." Independent Women's Forum. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from:

It said that most parents would support new limits to be established on content of television programs and shows. Approximately half of the surveyed parents and their peers expressed concern that their own children saw what they saw on TV. More lack and Hispanic parents expressed this concern than did white parents. More than three-fourths of them said that inappropriate television and media material worried them the most. Two-thirds of them said they closely watched TV shows their children watched. Those who said they could not do very much said that the exposure had gone too widespread to be controlled or that they were too busy. The Kaiser study also reported that one in four of the parents surveyed admitted that the media were the main negative influence on their children. The rest said it had positive influence and the rest said it had little impact. Four in the…...

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Bibliography

Better Nutrition (2002). TV Bashed. 2 pages. PRIMEDIA Intertec: PRIMEDIA Company

Bower, B. (1985). Social Channels Tune in TV's Effects. 2 pages. Science News: Social Science Service, Inc.

Etzioni, a. (1993). Lock Up Your TV Set: Violence on Television. 4 pages. National Review: National Review, Inc.

Fram, a. (2007).Most Parents Concerned About Violence in Media. 2 pages. Oakland Tribune: ANG Newspapers

Cable television also opened up the medium to numerous types of television programming that had previously been excluded, simply because it could never have competed with the demand for mainstream types of programs during the same time slot.

Initially, cable television was only available in the largest markets like New York and Los Angeles and it was priced out of the range of most consumers. The technology also required a cable connecting the television to the channel box, which often was the size of small dinner platter. Within a few years, the technology advanced to the point of providing microwave remote controls that were no larger than those already included with many television sets.

The addition of virtually unlimited available channels resulted in the creation of dozens of specialty-interest program content such as cable television channels dedicated exclusively to history, science, nature, sports, politics, and comedy, to name just several.

In no small…...

There was also significant risk of increased attention problems associated with watching nonviolent television for the same age group, but no risk was associated with viewing educational programming. Older children ages 4 and 5 showed no increased risk five years later for attention problems from watching violent or non-violent programs. This second study was based on data collected from parents of 933 children and shows that the effect of violent television content on attention problems is much higher than previously estimated when program content was not identified." (Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, 2008)
The work of Josephson (2005) entitled: "Television Violence a Review of the Effects on Children of Different Ages" states that children at the preschool age, or between three and five years of age "...begin watching television with an "exploration" approach. They actively search for meaning in the content, but are still especially attracted to vivid production features,…...

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Bibliography

Reebye, Pratibha (2005) Aggression During Early Years - Infancy and Preschool. T h e C. A n a d I a n C. h I l d a n d a d o l e s c e n t P. s y c h I a t r y R. e v I e w F. e b r u a r y 2-0 0-5 (1-4): 1. Online available at  http://www.irm-systems.com/onottaca/doc.nsf/files/B5699D7CBA111CF48725712D00526DF5/$file/Feb05AggressionDuringEarlyYears.pdf 

Watching Violent TV at Pre-School Age Linked to Aggression in Young Boys (2008) Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, 2008. Online available at  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/87763.php 

Josephson, W.L. (2005) Television Violence: A Review of the Effects on Children of Different Ages. National Clearinghouse on Family Violence. Online available at  http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/familyviolence/html/nfntseffevage_e.html .

Screen Violence Tied to Boys' Aggression: Study (2007) Reuters News. 5 Nov 2007. Online available at  http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN0460670820071105

Attitudes and practices varied by age of the child and the gender of the parent.
Colorito, Rita. (2002) "Violence on elevision News Programs is a Serious Problem." Is Media Violence a Problem? Ed James orr San Diego: Greenhaven, 2002. 24- 30.

Colorito says that even though rates of crime decreased in the 1990s, television news coverage of violent crime increased. V news shows like 20/20 and Dateline frequently show stories on horrible crimes, sometimes with bloody crime scenes and re-enactments of the crime. his makes people think that there is more violent crime than there really is.

Felson, Richard. "Mass Media Effects on Violent Behavior." Annual Review of Sociology 22. 1996. [Electronic Version]

he topic of violence in the media has been continually debated over the past several decades. here are a lot of empirical studies that show the effects of V on aggression. However, no review looked at the criminal aggression. he…...

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The topic of violence in the media has been continually debated over the past several decades. There are a lot of empirical studies that show the effects of TV on aggression. However, no review looked at the criminal aggression. The author concluded that even though the possibility of TV and film violence can lead to violent crime remains, most of the studies show that viewing violence does not cause crime.

Kirsh, Steven. Children, Adolescents, and Media Violence. A Crtical Look at the Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006

This book gives a very good overview of variety of studies about media violence and children and adolesence. The book includes information on what is aggression and different theories about aggression and human behavior. Kirsh wants readers to be critical of the studies they read and make sure they are scientific. Although he does not believe that violence in the media is harmful based on the studies, he does say that it should not be ignored. He concludes by saying that there should be more positive media for younger children when they will be effected most.

Television and Cultural Plagues in America
American society is both one of the most litigious and one of the most violent in the world. ut violence is not the only cultural quagmire: Sexual promiscuity -- along with the itinerant sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies -- is another cultural minefield. And of course, racism, drug use and alcohol abuse are other major, seemingly unsolvable problems.

A common thread behind these social problems is the fact that social critics and activists blame television and its centrality to American culture for all. Television's pervasiveness especially among children is the concern. Today, often with both parents working and out of the house, latchkey kids come home from school and immediately turn on the television and start absorbing its disparate and often uncontrolled and only lightly censored messages.

Consequently, activists point their finger at television for corrupting the minds of our youth and steering them down…...

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Bibliography

American Academy of Pediatrics: Television and the Family.  http://www.aap.org/family/tv1.htm 

American Psychological Association: / .http://www.apa.org

Christenson, Peter. Substance Abuse in Popular Prime Time Television. Mediascope, Inc.: 2000.

Collins, Rebecca L., Marc N. Elliott, Sandra H. Berry, David E. Kanouse, Dale Kunkel, Sarah B. Hunter, and Angela Miu, "Watching Sex on Television Predicts Adolescent Initiation of Sexual Behavior," RAND Pediatrics, Vol. 114, No. 3, September 2004.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Social Psychology: Television Violence and its Contribution to Aggression of ChildrenSocial psychologists take violence as a great concern since it is creating a negative impact on the mental conditions of the young generation. In the United States, children watch television shows that comprise 60% of violence in any form, and even 40% of them consist of substantial violence (Huesmann, 2007). Even the video games that are a form of entertainment for kids are now involving violence that is exciting to play and arouses emotions of aggression. This paper aims to highlight the issue of television violence and its contribution to childrens aggression along the lines of social learning theory.According to researchers, aggression means the behavior that inherits the intention of harming another person. In contrast, violent behavior is the kind of behavior that inflicts harm to others to the extent that the victim might need serious medical attention…...

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ReferencesAnderson, C.A. (2016). Media violence effects on children, adolescents, and young adults. Health Progress: Journal of the Catholic Health Association of the United States.   L. R. (2007). The impact of electronic media violence: scientific theory and research. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 41(6 Suppl 1), S6–S13.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.005 Huesmann, L.R. & Taylor, L.D. (2006). The role of media violence in violent behavior. Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 393-415.  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144640 Kenyon, B.J. (2002). The effects of televised violence on schools [Master thesis, Grand Valley State University]. Grand Valley State University Scholar Works@GVSU.  https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1591&context=theses Lan, K.L., Abdullah, M.C. & Roslan, S. (2010). Understanding media violence and the development of aggressive behavior of school children. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7(C), 522-527.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.10.070 Mitrofan, O., Paul, M., Weich, S. & Spencer, N. (2014). Aggression in children with behavioral/emotional difficulties: Seeing aggression on television and video games. BMC Psychiatry, 14.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0287-7 Wiedeman, A.M., Blcak, J. A., Dolle, A.L., Finney, E.J. & Coker, K.L. (2015). Factors influencing the impact of aggressive and violent media on children and adolescents. Aggression and Violent Behaviors, 25, 191-198. https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/july-august-2016/media-violence-effects-on-children-adolescents-and-young-adults Huesmann

In contrast, TV influences children in abandoning the theories they were taught and embrace other concepts, most related to violence. Also, after being exposed to TV violence children feel that it is perfectly natural for them to behave similar to the characters on TV (Langone, 1984, p. 48).
It is extremely important for a child to be assisted by an adult when watching TV. Studies have shown that children are influenced by the way adults perceive TV programs, meaning that a child is likely to gain a better understanding of right and wrong when he or she is supported by a mature individual. Even with that, TV violence can negatively influence children, as they will merely hide their aggression in the cases when they are assisted by an adult who disapproves of violent behavior in watching TV (Langone, 1984, p. 56).

Children are generally willing to do anything in ordered to…...

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Works cited:

1. Barker, M. & Petley, J. (2001). Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate. New York: Routledge.

2. Hoffman, A.M. (1996) Schools, Violence, and Society. Westport, CT: Praeger.

3. Josephson, W.L. (1995). "Television Violence: A Review of the Effects on Children of Different Ages." Retrieved August 16, 2010, from the Media Awareness Network Web site:  http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/research_documents/reports/violence/tv_violence_child.cfm 

4. Langone, J. (1984). Violence!: Our Fastest-Growing Public Health Problem. 1st ed. Boston: Little, Brown

Children (boys especially) are predisposed to watching scenes of violence for long periods of time without feeling the need to change the program. Consequent to this, they are expected to display antisocial behavior.
Cartoons are essential in influencing children, given the fact that most seem innocent to most parents, thus preventing them from wanting to change the channel. Studies have shown that cartoons have a more negative influence on children in comparison to violence seen directly on TV. hile cartoons do not necessarily influence a violent behavior in children, they are apparently responsible for children having a decreased capacity to create neurotic connections.

Advertising is yet anther domain which catches children of guard, taking into consideration that they are less capable of ignoring advertisements. hen they are specially made for children, advertisements have an even greater influence, as they can affect their "beliefs, values, and moral norms" (Moniek Buijzen, Patti M.…...

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Works cited:

1. Buijzen, Moniek and Valkenburg, Patti M. "The Impact of Television Advertising on Children's Christmas Wishes," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 44.3 (2000)

2. Gunter, Barrie; Charlton, Tony; Coles, David and Panting, Charlie. "The Impact of Television on Children's Antisocial Behavior in a Novice Television Community," Child Study Journal 30.2 (2000): 65.

3. Johnson, Marilou M. "The Impact of Television and Directions for Controlling What Children View," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 45.4 (2001).

4. Reis, Raul "The Impact of Television Viewing in the Brazilian Amazon," Human Organization 57.3 (1998).

Preserving Aquatic Wildlife and Imparting Knowledge and Awareness in Nurturing Sustainability

Introduction
Aquatic wildlife plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and balance of our planet's ecosystems. However, human activities such as pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction pose significant threats to their survival. Preserving aquatic wildlife requires a comprehensive approach that involves not only conservation efforts but also educating the public about its importance. This literature review examines strategies in the literature that promote awareness for preserving aquatic wildlife sustainability.

Educational Programs
Educational programs can be effective in raising awareness about aquatic wildlife and its conservation. These programs can take various forms, such....