This large number was selected to ensure that the power of statistical tests used in the study is of sufficient power to draw valid conclusions. It is expected that given the sensitive nature of the subject, there will be large numbers of selected participants who will decide not to participate, will drop out, or whose parents will not sign the consent form. All participants selected will be taken from the middle school and high school age teens, so aged from 12 through to 17 years old. Half of the sample, so around 400 participants, will be selected through simplified random sampling from school registers of the appropriate years from schools in the district. To ensure that an adequate number of the targeted groups of interest are selected, the other 400 participants will be selected by stratified random sampling. This will involve selecting 100 participants according to each of the…...

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References

Allen, E., Bonnell, C., Strange, V., Copas, a., Stephenson, J., Johnson, a.M. & Oakley, a. (2007). Does the UK government's teenage pregnancy strategy deal with the correct risk factors? Findings from a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial of sex education and implications for policy. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(1): 20-27.

Aspy, C.B., Vesely, S.K., Oman, R.F., Rodine, S., Marshall, L., Fluhr, J. & McLeroy, K. (2006). Youth-parent communication and youth sexual behavior: Implications for physicians. Family Medicine, 38(7): 500-504.

Bonnell, C., Allen, E., Strange, V., Oakley, a., Copas, a., Johnson, a. & Stephenson, J. (2006). Influence of family type and parenting behaviors on teenage sexual behavior and conceptions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60: 502-506.

Burke Johnson, R. & Onwuegbuzie, a.J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7): 14-26.

Teenage Pregnancy
The disadvantages of teen pregnancy

Teen pregnancy is increasing worldwide and the accompanying negative effects have dire implications for society. Countries have engaged in aggressive campaigns to arrest and limit the number of teens becoming pregnant. There has been limited success from the approaches utilized because of the multiple variables that influence a teenage to engage in sexual behavior. A critical part of the problem is that most teens are not interested in becoming pregnant but are desirous of heterosexual sexual contact. When this is coupled with the limited ability to foresee outcomes of their actions the combination creates the conditions for teen pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy has severe consequences for both partners although the females tend to carry the greater burden.

The main problem that occurs when a teen becomes pregnant is the impact on the teen's education. Teenage is the time when many individuals are in their high school years.…...

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References

Manlove, J. (1997). Early Motherhood in an Intergenerational Perspective: The Experiences of a British Cohort. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59(2):263-279.

Pros and Cons of teen pregnancy (2010). Retrieved from  http://www.articlesbase.com/womens-health-articles/pros-and-cons-of-teenage-pregnancy-1772486.html 

Redmond, M.A. (1985). Attitudes of Adolescent Males toward Adolescent Pregnancy and Fatherhood Family Relations, 34(3):337-342.

Typically, class does have an effect upon teen pregnency for a variety of reasons. The urban poor tend to have less access to some of the opportunities and activities of middle and upper class girls; they are often alone longer during the day because their mother or grandmother is working; they often do not have access to the same amount of information about birth control and/or abstinance that other children; and they are often so mired in poverty that they are looking for something that they can control, hold onto, and actually be responsible for. Often poor teen mothers feel that having the baby, and the attention they receive as "magic" and, for the first time in their lives, feeling loved and nurtured (Ibid., 7-11). Of course, this "honeymoon" period rarely lasts once the realities of feeding, lack of sleep, and the constancy of care become part of the reality.

Prevention…...

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REFERENCES

Linking Teen Pregnancy Prevention to Other Critical Social Issues. (2010, March). Retrieved November 2010, from the Namtional Campaign:  http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/introduction.pdf 

Edin and Kefalas. (2005). Promise I can Keep: WHy Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Moncloa and Johns. (2003, April). Best Practices in Teen Pregnancy Prevention . Retrieved November 2010, from Journal of Extension:  http://www.joe.org/joe/2003april/tt1.php 

Valk, G. (2000, July/August). The Dutch Model. Retrieved November 2010, from UNESCO:  http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001201/120152e.pdf

There could be many reasons for this occurrence such as lack of funds or interest in a generally marginalized population. Many adolescent mothers are often dismissed as damaged goods in society and this trend may have carried over into the scientific research realm as well.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2011 a total of 329,797 babies were born to adolescent women aged 15-19. This is statistic that has fallen in recent years and may also contribute to the lack of interest in STD research to postpartum adolescents. It appears that this problem is not has rampant as before, but this still does not dismiss the importance of further investigation.

2. What is the relationship between safe sexual practices and adolescent mothers ?

3. Proper sexual education will reduce the amount of STD or STI incidence among adolescent mothers.

eferences

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. " Teen Pregnancy." Viewed…...

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References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. " Teen Pregnancy." Viewed 20 May 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/ 

Icovics, J. et al. (2003). High postpartum rates of sexually transmitted infections among teens: pregnancy as a window of opportunity for prevention. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 79, 6 Dec 2003: 469-473.

Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy (PAP) (mimicking the methods used by Lederman and Mian, 2003), followed by a follow-up study that tracked the rates of pregnancy among participants in the PAP program.
ecommendations

Overall, this paper shows that research articles on teen pregnancy (such as Lederman and Mian, 2003), could benefit from a closer look at anecdotal observations and the real-world impact on parents and children. In contrast, popular articles (like the Health24.com article) could benefit from a more rigorous understanding and application of academic qualifications and proof.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the comparison of my observations of my field study placement for Girls Inc. Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy (PAP) with Lederman and Mian's (2003) empirical article and Health24.com's popular article revealed a number of interesting observations. Both popular articles and empirical articles in the field could be improved, and a new study attempting to integrate academic components and anecdotal observations may create better insights into the…...

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References

Girls Inc. Of Orange County. About Girls Incorporated of Orange County, California. 18 May 2005.  http://www.girlsinc-oc.org/newabt.htm 

Health24.com. Teen pregnancy prevention.   or http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:j4x_fnz0RrUJ:www.health24.com/sex/General/1253- 1267,11605.asp+Teen+Pregnancy+Prevention+Program+article&hl=en&client=firefox-ahttp://www.health24.com/sex/General/1253-1267,11605.asp 

Lederman, Regina P. And Mian, Tahir S. 2003. The Parent-Adolescent Relationship Education Program: a curriculum for prevention of STDs and pregnancy in middle school youth. Behavioral Medicine, Spring, 2003, 29(1), 33-41.

At the same time, technical assistance in adopting and implementing these best practices and in program evaluation has been extended (Johns).
Sex Education Programs -- These include group discussion and emphasize the importance of peer influence (Orecchia, 2009). Research has shown that psycho-educational groups are especially effective in reducing risk behavior among teenage females. Statistics show that young Latina, Native American and African-American girls have higher teen birth rates than whites. First sexual experiences also occur to black females earlier than their white counterparts. The younger they become sexually active, the less likely they use protective means. Practitioners recommend community-based and culturally specific adolescent pregnancy prevention programs for African-American girls younger than 11 or 12. On the other hand, Latina youth need help from staff members who understand Latino culture and speak Spanish. These staff members must emphasize the importance of education to future financial stability among these young girls.…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Breedlove, G. (2005). Perceptions of social support from pregnant and parenting teens using community-based doulas. 14 (3) Journal of Perinatal Education: Lamaze

International Publication. Retrieved on March 18, 2011 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article/pmc1595255 

CDC 92011). Teen pregnancy in the United States. National Center for Chronic Disease

Prevention and Health Promotion: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Teen Pregnancy in Los Angeles
Provide a reasonable description, with sufficient detail, of how this health concern is linked to a health inequality for the population of interest

In the case of Los Angles, California the teen pregnancy rate is the highest in comparison with the rest of the state. However, in a study that was conducted by Biggs (2011), she determined that the largest group (who have the most teen pregnancy rates inside LA County) are Latinos. The below table is illustrating the Hispanic teen pregnancy rates in contrast with economic and social factors. ("Los Angeles Teen Birth ate," 2010)

Latino Teen Pregnancy ates in Contrast to Economic and Social Factors

Percentage

Proficient in English

Less than a High School Education

High School Diploma

Vocational School

.1%

Unmarried

Married

("Los Angeles Teen Birth ate," 2010)

These figures are showing how the majority of Hispanic teen pregnancy rates are from women who are: uneducated, unmarried and have trouble speaking English. As a result,…...

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References

Los Angeles Teen Birth Rate. (2010). Country Health Rankings. Retrieved from:  http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/node/339/14/archived-data/2010 

Pregnant Teen and Parent Resources. (2012). Project ABC. Retrieved from:  http://projectabc-la.org/resources/teen_parent_resources.php 

Biggs, P. (2011). Latina Voices. UCSF. Retreived from:  http://bixbycenter.ucsf.edu/publications/files/Latina_Teen_Childbearing_March_2011 

Who We Are. (2012). La Best Babies. Retrieved from:  http://labestbabies.org/who-we-are

A Look at Teen Pregnancy Introduction
Teen pregnancy is a global issue that affects girls (ages 13-19) in every culture and nation around the world. 33% of American teenage girls will become pregnant before they reach their 20s, which equates to approximately 745,000 teen pregnancies each year. Because these teens are not considered to be adults, they bring a certain amount of stress and burden to society whenever they become pregnant. Pregnancy centers, help centers, and government subsidies go into addressing the issue, which means the socio-economic cost of teen pregnancy is quite high (Do?an-Ate? & Carrin-Basham, 2007). Why does the problem continue to exist? There are numerous theories for why teen pregnancy has reached epidemic proportions. Some suggest it is cultural and point to Latino culture as a reason Latinas are at such high risk for teen pregnancy (Do?an-Ate? & Carrin-Basham, 2007). Others point to father absence (Ellis et al., 2003),…...

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References

Boyer, D., & Fine, D. (1992). Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy and child maltreatment. Family planning perspectives, 4-19.

Do?an-Ate?, A., & Carrión-Basham, C. Y. (2007). Teenage pregnancy among Latinas: Examining risk and protective factors. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 29(4), 554-569.

Ellis, B. J., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Fergusson, D. M., John Horwood, L., Pettit, G. S., & Woodward, L. (2003). Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy?. Child development, 74(3), 801-821.

Vundule, C., Maforah, F., Jewkes, R., & Jordaan, E. (2001). Risk factors for teenage pregnancy among sexually active black adolescents in Cape Town. South African Medical Journal, 91(1), 73-80.

Therefore, the issue of teenage pregnancy needs special attention. All countries, especially should work more seriously on its moral code that teenagers should wait until adulthood in order to start sexual relations with their partners. Teenagers needs guidance that their teenage life in this competitive world should be spent in learning, becoming fully civilized and not throwing themselves in sexuality, pregnancy and parenthood issues, which are too early for them to handle and manage.

References

Annie, E 1999. Teen childbearing in America's largest cities. Casey Foundation. Retrieved June 29, 2012

www.aecf.org/kidscount/childbear/cb-printer.htm.

Darroch, J.E., Landry, D.J., & Singh, S 2000. Changing Emphases in Sexuality Education in U.S. Public

Secondary Schools. Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 204-212. Sept -- ct.

Kirby, D 2002. The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Sex

Research, 39(1).

Kirby, D., Coyle, K., & Gould, J. B 2001. Manifestations of poverty and birthrates among young teenagers in California zip code areas.…...

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O'Sullivan, L.F., Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L., & Watkins, B. X 2001. Mother-daughter communication about sex among urban African-American and Latino families.

Journal of Adolescent Research, 16.

This study is based on the mother-daughter relationship and communication with each other on the topics that provide sexual information. The study provided good information regarding how this relationship is responsible for teenage pregnancy and what can be done to prevent daughters from staying away from teenage pregnancy.

On the contrary, emerging adults continue to receive comprehensive sexuality education though they contribute to the problem because of ignorance of the information.
The second major different aspect is that adolescents and emerging adults engage in love and sexual relationships for different reasons. For adolescents the main reasons for engaging in such relationships include companionship, recreation, learning, and to impress others. As a result, their involvement in such relationships generally lacks or has minimal long-term commitment. On the contrary, emerging adults tend to engage in such relationships in order to gain sexual experience. Consequently, these individuals have a tendency of ignoring anti-teen pregnancy information, which further complicates the problem (Gallagher, 1999, p. 8).

Conclusion:

The issue of teen pregnancy is a growing and complex problem that not only affects the pregnant girl but it also affects her family and the overall society. There are various approaches that can be used to understand…...

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References:

Arnett, J.J 2004, Adolescence and emerging adulthood: a cultural approach, Pearson Education,

Inc: New Jersey.

Fincham, F.D. & Cui, M 2010, Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood, Cambridge

University Press: New York.

Of these elements, they found anxiety sensitivity to be directly linked to lower levels of educational advancement. Anxiety sensitivity mainly comprises symptoms of anxiety leading to fear due to a certain belief that anxiety has dangerous somatic, psychological, or social penalties. In one study scholars found that the basic forms of fears were the playing field for a broad spectrum of fear-stimuli and they found that these basic forms of fear led to heightened levels of low educational advancement amongst teenage mothers (Singh and Darroch, 2000).

A group of researchers found facts that verified the philosophy that the dread of feeling anxious was more powerful then other fears. Nevertheless, they also stated that these basic fears were not the basis for all of the inconsistencies that were found in the ordinary fears and quality/character anxiety. This basically denoted that there were other unenthusiastic life incidents that could contribute to the aftermath…...

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References

Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1989). Attachment beyond infancy. Am. Psychol. 44: 709-716.

Albert, B. (2004) America's Adults and Teens Sound Off About Teen Pregnancy: An Annual Survey. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.

Albert, B. (2007). America's Adults and Teens Sound Off About Teen Pregnancy: An Annual Survey. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.

Albert, B., Sarah Brown and Christine M. Flanigan, eds. (2003). 14 and Younger: The Sexual Behavior of Young Adolescents. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.

Teen Pregnancy Prevention Interactive Systems Framework Technical Assistance Science-Based Approaches Getting to Outcomes Implementation
Duffy, J. L., Severson Prince, M., Johnson, E. E., Alton, F. L., Flynn, S., Mattison Faye, A., Edwards Padgett, P., Rollison, C., Becker, D., & Hinzey, A. L. 2012. Enhancing Teen Pregnancy Prevention in Local Communities: Capacity Building Using the Interactive Systems Framework. Am J Community Psychol. 50:70-85 DOI 10.1007/s10464-012-951-9

"the Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) suggests that adopting innovations like GTO requires a significant amount of capacity building through training and technical assistance." (2012: 70)

"Chinman et al. (2008) examined the effects of training and TA provided to staff of two substance abuse coalitions to support their use of the Getting To Outcomes (GTO) process for planning, implementing and evaluating their prevention programs."

Variable 1: type of organization -- school or community.

- Variable 2: age of organization -- organizations ranged from around two years old and the majority were…...

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3. "For marijuana use, baseline marijuana use was the only signifi can't predictor, Wald = 4.24, p = .039, odds ratio (OR) = 2.76, 95% confi dence interval (CI) = 1.05 to 7.23, suggesting that baseline marijuana use nearly tripled the odds of marijuana use approximately 7 years later. For the other young adult outcomes, pregnancy within the 2-year follow-up was a signifi can't predictor; in each case, it was associated with an increased risk for the occurrence of the outcome." (2013: 428)

4. "The results of the logistic regression analyses partially supported the study hypotheses. Specifi cally, pregnancies during the 2-year follow-up increased the likelihood that girls would engage in illicit drug use (but not marijuana use), would have one or more pregnancies resulting in a miscarriage, and would come to the attention of child welfare authorities regarding their parenting." (2013: 429)

5. "The current results, combined with those from prior researchers, support the theory that altering general developmental pathways that lead to a host of negative outcomes might be more effective than exclusively targeting problem-specific behaviors, skills, and attitudes thought to be directly related to teen pregnancy." (2013: 432)

Introduction The data provided by CDC shows that 229, 715 children were born of mothers between 15 and 19 years in 2015. The figures represent a birth rate of 22.3 for every 1000 women in the age bracket mentioned (CDC, 2017). The many street children, broken families, school dropouts and abortions are because there is a high involvement of adolescents in sexual activities that often lead to pregnancies. Peer pressure has been cited in many forums to be a major contributor to teenage pregnancy. Other reasons include absence of parents, glamorizing pregnancy of teenagers by media outlets and movies, drinking among teenagers, sexual abuse, rape, poverty and sheer lack of knowledge.

Source: https://www.livestrong.com/article/97113-preventing-teenage-pregnancy/
The intention of this information handout is to educate young girls between the ages of 10 and 19 years on the risks of becoming pregnant while still a teenager, and what they need to do to avoid being caught in…...

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References

CDC (2017). Reproductive Health: Teen Pregnancy, Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved, 28, December, 2017, from

Cook, S. M. C., & Cameron, S. T. (2015). Social issues of teenage pregnancy. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, 25(9), 243–248. 

Langham, R. Y. (2015). What Are the Causes of Teenage Pregnancy? Retrieved 28, December, 2017 from https://www.livestrong.com/article/88415-teen-abortion/

McCarthy, F. P., O’Brien, U., & Kenny, L. C. (2014). The management of teenage pregnancy. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.).

Summers, S. (2017). Ways of Preventing Teenage Pregnancy, Livestrong.com. Retrieved 28, December, 2017, from https://www.livestrong.com/article/279393-disadvantages-of-teenage-pregnancy/

https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/index.htm

Teen pregnancy has been a drain and a scourge on society for a number of generations. It is tapering off in many to most areas but the impacts to teenagers that become pregnant long before they should, and for a number of reasons, causes a lot of burdens on the expectant mothers, their fellow parents and the wider society. The class text clearly ascribes to the idea that sociology and the study thereof should be used to effect positive change and that it should be based on critical thinking and analysis. Using these tools and this logic, it is clear what must be done to drive teen pregnancy even lower, especially in high-risk groups (Leon-Guerrero, 2013).
There are two major issues surrounding pregnancy that can put people in peril and that is having children too young and having children that the parent(s) cannot support. Both of these dynamics are much more…...

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References

ABC. (2013, April 9). GMA: Children Overly-Exposed to Sex - ABC News.

ABCNews.com - Breaking News, Latest News & Top Video News - ABC News.

Retrieved September 28, 2013, from  http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/AmericanFamily/story?id=126534&page=1 

Dutta, R. (2013, August 28). Miley Cyrus, Lindsy Lohan, Britney Spears: Why all Disney stars gets carried away? - Celebrity News Live!. Celebrity News Live! Celebrate

Teens and Reality Shows -- Pregnancy Issues
Do some Reality TV shows try to make it cool to get pregnant? hat has been the effect that various Reality TV shows have had on teenage girls -- when it comes to issues like pregnancy and motherhood? Are these shows really providing good information to teen girls -- as regards their lives and their sexual activities -- or do the shows simply "sugarcoat" challenges that pregnant teens face (Sun, 2011). This paper delves into the issues surrounding Reality TV shows and teen pregnancy / motherhood.

The reality of TV shows on pregnancy for teens

It is possible the MTV shows like "Teen Mom" and "Teen Mom 2" and "16 and pregnant" are actually intended by the producers to warn teenage girls about the negative impacts of having babies while still in adolescence. And the shows may be having that very impact, according to a survey…...

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Works Cited

Armstrong, J. (2010). Teen Mom. . Retrieved August 22, 2014, from  http://www.ew.com .

Gallant, J. (2014). Shows on pregnant teens linked to drop in teen births, study says. Toronto Star. Retrieved August 22, 2014, from  http://www.thestar.com .

Kemp, S. (2013). Realty TV's Impact on Teen Pregnancy. Livestrong.com. Retrieved August 22, 2014, from  http://www.livestrong.com .

Sun, F. (2011). Baby Mamas. Time. Retrieved August 22, 2014, from  http://www.time.com .

Teen pregnancy is a complex topic that can relate to a variety of other topics, making it possible to include body paragraphs that touch on everything from child sexual abuse to educational attainment by teen mothers.  That is because teen pregnancy does not generally exist in a vacuum, but is the result of a combination of varied social factors including race, socioeconomic status, religious affiliation, educational level, and residency.

Some topics that you could include in a body paragraph in a teen pregnancy essay include:

1. The relationship between religious practices and teen pregnancy rates; are teenage girls....

There are a few different ways that you could approach a speech about birth control.  You could focus on contraceptive and reproductive rights as basic human rights and look at the legal controversies surrounding access to birth control.  You could discuss types of birth control.  You could discuss how birth control policies impact things like teen pregnancy and teen sexual activity.  You could even discuss birth control and the religious implications of its use or widespread availability.  In other words, there are many ways that you could go.   We are providing three....

The key to writing a good argumentative essay is thoroughly understanding the pros and cons of the topic you are considering.  That is because you are asked to take a position in an argumentative essay and support that position, while also being ready to meet challenges that would come from people taking a different position.  Sex education is a surprisingly divisive topic given the evidence that supports sex education as being a positive for students.  Much of this division is based in religious and moral objections to sex education, and, while it....

The Alarming Impacts of Teenage Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Exploration

Introduction
Teenage pregnancy poses significant challenges for individuals, families, and communities. Its prevalence has been linked to a range of adverse social, economic, and health outcomes. This essay will comprehensively explore the alarming impacts of teenage pregnancy, examining its consequences on the physical, mental, and socioeconomic well-being of young mothers and their children.

Physical Health Consequences
Pregnant teenagers face a heightened risk of pregnancy complications, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia. Due to their immature physical development, they may experience uterine rupture, obstetric fistula, and other life-threatening emergencies. Moreover, their infants often have....