EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION Education Administration: Teacher Burnout- Literature Table and Reference ListReference1. Carroll et al., 20212. Herman, Hickmon-Rosa & Reinke, 20183. Jacobson, 2016Type (qual, quant, theoretical, peer-reviewed, book, dissertation)Quantitative research (peer-review article)Quantitative research (peer-review article)A qualitative study (dissertation)Aim or scope of the studyTo assess the downstream effects of teachers burnout along with the effectiveness of stress-reduction interventions and improvement in student self-reported outcomesTo explore the relationship between teachers stress, burnout, self-efficacy, and coping along with its implications on student outcomes in terms of managing disruptive behaviors and academic achievementTo study teachers burnout and its implications in an urban high school in the North-Eastern United StatesSetting and participants17 Teachers and their 226 students participated in the study from Brisbane, Australia. Questionnaires were completed at the administering institution.One hundred twenty-one teachers and 1817 students from kindergarten to fourth grade were included in nine urban Midwestern elementary school districts.Five high-school teachers who experienced burnoutTheoretical…...

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References

Carroll, A., York, A., Fynes-Clinton, S., Sanders-O’Connor, E., Flynn, L., Bower, J.M., Forest & Ziaei, M. (2021). The downstream effects of teachers’ well-being programs: Improvements in teachers’ stress, cognition, and well-being benefit their students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689628 

Chen, H., Liu, F., Pang, L., Liu, F., Fang, T., Wen, Y., Chen, S., Xie, Z., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y. & Gu, X. (2020). Are you tired of working amid the pandemic? The role of professional identity and job satisfaction against job burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24).  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249188 

Herman, K.C., Hickmon-Rosa, J. & Reinke, W.M. (2018). Empirically derived profiles of teacher stress, burnout, self-efficacy, and coping and associated student outcomes. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 20(2), 90-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300717732066

Teacher burnout is a significant concern within the educational profession, marked by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a diminished sense of accomplishment. This phenomenon leads to decreased efficacy in educators and can have profound implications for the quality of instruction that students receive (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001). As the demands and pressures on teachers continue to mount, understanding the factors that contribute to teacher burnout is of paramount importance for the sustainability of the education system and the well-being of both educators and their students.

One of the primary drivers of teacher burnout is the workload that educators are expected to manage. The sheer volume of responsibilities, including lesson planning, grading, classroom management, and administrative tasks, can be overwhelming (Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2017). Moreover, teachers often take on additional duties such as mentoring, coaching, or leading extracurricular activities, which further extend their working hours and reduce their ability to rest and…...

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References:

Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422.\",

\"Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Still motivated to teach? A study of school context variables, stress and job satisfaction among teachers in senior high school. Social Psychology of Education, 20(1), 15–37.\",

\"Dworkin, A. G. (2001). Internal and external factors affecting career choices: A study of middle school students in a rural Florida school district. Journal of Career Development, 27(2), 89–101.\",

\"Bottiani, J. H., Duran, C. A., Pas, E. T., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2019). Teacher stress and burnout in urban middle schools: Associations with job demands, resources, and effective classroom practices. Journal of School Psychology, 77, 36–51.\",

Concepts, Models, and Theories on Teacher Burnouts Concepts, Models, and Theories on Teacher BurnoutsTeaching has long been seen as a very stressful profession, with numerous stressors contributing to a high risk of burnout. Research is strengthened by conceptual frameworks, hypotheses, and models, with models carrying the highest significance. Each of the conceptual frameworks, theories, and models is founded on the notion of complex notions and structures; regardless, it is a wide-ranging stand-alone concept, a series of assertions regarding how they are linked, or a depiction of them(McGregor,2017). Many of the conceptual frameworks that have been constructed have led to the establishment of new theories.According to research, burnout in the teaching profession is a broad term that encompasses practically any adverse reaction of instructors to work-related tension (Chang,2013). Heightened sensations of emotional weariness characterize burnout syndrome. Another factor is the emergence of negative, pessimistic beliefs and opinions about a person by…...

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References

Chang, M. L. (2013). Toward a theoretical model to understand teacher emotions and teacher burnout in the context of student misbehavior: Appraisal, regulation, and coping. Motivation and Emotion, 37(4), 799-817.

McGregor, S. L. (2017). Understanding and evaluating research: A critical guide. Sage Publications.

Occupational Stress for Teachers of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders" by Nelson and company discusses the increased associated risk of stress attributed to teachers working with students who have emotional and behavioral disorders. The article reviews the fact that occupational stress among teachers working with this particular demographic is most certainly greater than the average stress associated with the teaching profession.
The literature review goes on to discuss the increasing need for special education teachers, and the difficulty schools are having in "retaining these professionals." This article is important to the body of stress research in teaching as it points out the severe deficiency of teachers working in the special education sector; specifically the article notes that teachers working in this arena are more likely to leave their jobs than others because of the high stress associated with this line of work.

Generally job satisfaction in this field was associated…...

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References

Cherniss, Cary. "Observed Supervisory Behavior and Teacher Burnout in Special Education." Exceptional Children, Vol. 54, 1988.

Johnson, A.B., Gold V., & Vicker, L.L. (1982). "Stress and teachers of the learning disabled, behavior disordered, and educate mentally retarded." Psychology in the Schools, 19, 552-557.

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S.E. (1981). "A Scale Measure to Assess Experienced Burnout: the Maslach Burnout Inventory." Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113.

Thomas, W.R. (1984). "Occupational Stress among Exceptional Educational Teachers." Paper presented at the annual convention of the council for exceptional children, Washington, D.C.

The assumption here is that ounselor burnout may be heightened as a result of the diversity of students who attend post seondary eduational institutions, and the variety of servies the 2-year postseondary ounselors must provide to these students. This assumption is ongruent with the findings of a study by Wilkerson and Bellini (2006) who advise, "Professional shool ounselors are asked to perform multiple duties as part of their daily work. Some of these duties math the desriptions set forth by national standards for shool ounseling programs, whereas others do not" (p. 440).
Consequently, shool ounselors are required to formulate deisions on a daily basis onerning the best way to perform their jobs (Wilkerson & Bellini). Not surprisingly, many shool ounselors are overwhelmed by these onstantly hanging working onditions and requirements, and a number of ounselors experiene high levels of stress as a result. Beause the onnetion between high levels of…...

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cited in Angerer, 2003). Unfortunately, it would seem that most helping professionals, including counselors, possess characteristics which predisposed them to this construct. For example, Lambie notes that, "Counselors may have increased susceptibility to burnout because of their training to be empathic which is essential to the formation of a therapeutic relationship. In fact, research has found counselor empathy to account for two thirds of the variance in supporting clients' positive behavioral change" (p. 32). The ability to remain empathic to the plights and challenges typically being experienced by students in community colleges is complicated by the enormous diversity that is increasingly characterizing these institutions, of course, but all helping professionals run the risk of becoming burned out while performing their responsibilities by virtue of their empathic sharing. In this regard, Lambie emphasizes that, "Empathy helps counselors understand the client's experience, but at the same time, a counselor may experience the emotional pain of multiple traumatized clients. Empathy is a double-edged sword; it is simultaneously your greatest asset and a point of real vulnerability; therefore, a fundamental skill of effective counselors, being empathic, may place counselors at high risk for burnout" (p. 33).

Citing the alarming results of a national survey of counselors that indicated that incidence may be almost 40%, Lambie also emphasizes that although all professions involve some degree of stress, counselors and other human service providers are at higher risk of burnout compared to other professionals. For example, this author notes that, "Counseling professionals are often in close contact with people who are in pain and distress. This continuous exposure to others' despair, combined with rare opportunities to share the benefits of clients' successes, heightens counselors' risk for burnout" (Lambie, p. 34). Other authorities confirm the incidence of burnout among educators, and cite even higher rates than the foregoing estimate. For instance, Cheek, Bradley and Lan (2003) report that, "Based on several international studies, approximately 60% to 70% of all teachers repeatedly show symptoms of stress, and a minimum of 30% of all educators show distinct symptoms of burnout" (p. 204). Indeed, a study by Lumsden (1998) determined that overall teacher morale was sufficiently severe that fully 40% of the educators who were surveyed indicated they would not choose teaching again as a career, and far more than half (57%) remained undecided at the time concerning ending their teaching career, were actively making plans to leave teaching, or would opt to leave the teaching field in the event a superior opportunity presented itself.

There are some other qualities that typify school counselors that may predispose them to becoming burned out over the course of time (some quicker than others, of course), but which may reasonably be expected to adversely effect the ability of school counselors to maintain their effectiveness in the workplace. For instance, Lambie concludes that, "Common counselor qualities of being selfless (i.e., putting others first), working long hours, and doing whatever it takes to help a client place them at higher susceptibility to burnout. As a result, counselors may themselves need assistance in dealing with the emotional pressures of their work" (p. 34).

Counselors and Characteristics of Burnout

Much

Prevention and Causes of Work Burnout in Human Service
Burnout is a serious issue in human resource management and the organization as a whole. The Human Services job can be exciting but at the same time, stressful. A large volume of work, lacking control, and balancing between work and home can cause the atmosphere to become stressful. This document seeks to assess burnout, explain some of the individual, organizational, supervisory, and social factors that cause burnout. It will also describe various individual, job role, and organizational methods to prevent burnout. My efforts in responding to personal and work-related stress to counteract burnout are also identified. Lastly, I will focus on the efforts I will employ as a human service manager in order to assist staff members experiencing burnout.

Burnout

The metaphor "burn-out," means that not only is that somebody "burning," but also that once a fire is on, it cannot keep burning unless…...

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References

Ba-Hrer-Kohler, S. (2012). Burnout for Experts: Burnout for Experts Prevention in the Context of Living and Working. Berlin: Springer.

Dollard, M.F., Winefield, H.R., & Winefield, A.H. (2001). Occupational Strain and Efficacy In Human Service Workers: When The Rescuer Becomes The Victim. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Vandenberghe, R. (2009). Understanding And Preventing Teacher Burnout: A Sourcebook Of International Research And Practice. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press.

This presents quite a challenge for a first-year (or any) teacher, of any background. Therefore, first-year teachers will often find themselves needing, and wanting, to know more about the multicultural backgrounds of their students, but not having much time to learn about them. In addition to multicultural diversity, students, even those of the same ethnic background, will have diverse learning levels and abilities, and attitudes about learning. First year teachers therefore must find ways to motivate both the highest and the lowest achievers within the same classroom.
Another big part of the job a first-year teacher must adjust to is dealing with parents. Like any other group of people, some parents are likeable; supportive; understanding; encouraging, etc., while others are less so. Teachers must learn to be diplomatic with parents, and simultaneously honest, tactful, and encouraging to them about their children, in ways unique to this particular job. New teachers…...

Maranzo Domain
First Year Teaching Performance

Current Teaching Performance

Selection of Content

Selection of Instructional Strategies

Use of Assessment for Learning

Classroom Management

Student Motivation

Haberman Dimension

First Year Teaching Performance

Current Teaching Performance

Persistence

Protecting Learners and Learning

Application of Generalizations

Approach to At isk Students

Professional vs. Personal Orientation to Students

eaction to Burnout

Fallibility

My first year teaching experience was one that can be described as an adjustment period. No amount of education or student teaching could have prepared me for the challenges that I faced as a first year teacher. I felt very much like a student myself, during that first year as I attempted to absorb all the information that was presented to me by my peers, students and principal. While I failed quite often in this first year, I believe I also learned much as to how to adapt to new situations and build upon my successes.

The professional growth that I experiences during my second year of teaching demonstrated to me that…...

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References

Marazano, R. (2012). Marzano School Leadership Evaluation Model. Marzano Research Lab, Feb 2012.

Flexibility is necessary because of the very basic fact that all children with autism seem to express different needs and learning styles. The teacher needs to be able to modify instruction to meet the diverse needs among the spectrum of students with autism. As far as a reading ideology is concerned, an eclectic approach is best, because an autistic student requires several methodologies to obtain the appropriate education.
eferences

Hall, M., ibovich, J. & amig, C. (1979). eading and the Elementary School Child. New York, NY: D. Van Norstrand Company.

Iovannone, ., Dunlap, G., Huber, H., & Kincaid, D. (2003) Effective educational practices for students with autism spectrum disorders.

Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 18(3): 150

Jennett, H.K., Harris, S.L., & Mesibov, G.B. (2003). Commitment to philosophy, teacher efficacy, and burnout among teachers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33: 583-593.

Katims, D. (2000). The Quest for Literacy. eston,…...

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References

Hall, M., Ribovich, J. & Ramig, C. (1979). Reading and the Elementary School Child. New York, NY: D. Van Norstrand Company.

Iovannone, R., Dunlap, G., Huber, H., & Kincaid, D. (2003) Effective educational practices for students with autism spectrum disorders.

Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 18(3): 150

Jennett, H.K., Harris, S.L., & Mesibov, G.B. (2003). Commitment to philosophy, teacher efficacy, and burnout among teachers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33: 583-593.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The revalence and Impact of Burnout Among University Students:
    This essay could explore the causes, incidence rates, and consequences of burnout in university students. It may include a discussion on the intense academic pressures, social stressors, and the transition challenges that contribute to burnout, as well as the impact it has on students' mental health, academic performance, and dropout rates.

2. Faculty Burnout in Higher Education: Causes and Mitigation Strategies:
    An exploration of the unique stressors faced by faculty members in colleges and universities, such as high workloads, publication pressures, and the struggle for work-life balance. This essay could propose potential interventions and policies that institutions can implement to reduce burnout amongst educators.

3. The Role of Institutional Culture in Student and Faculty Burnout:
    This topic delves into how the culture within higher education institutions, including competitiveness, lack of support, and emphasis on achievement, contributes to burnout. It may examine how creating…...

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Primary Sources

Maslach, Christina, Wilmar B. Schaufeli, and Tadeusz Marek, eds. Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research. Taylor & Francis, 1993.

Dyrbye, Liselotte N., et al. \"Systematic Review of Depression, Anxiety, and Other Indicators of Psychological Distress Among U.S. and Canadian Medical Students.\" Academic Medicine, vol. 81, no. 4, 2006, pp. 354-373.

Lindblom-Ylänne, Sari, and Kirsti Lonka. \"Individual Ways of Interacting with the Learning Environment - Are They Related to Study Success?\" Learning Environments Research, vol. 4, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1-18.

Shanafelt, Tait D., et al. \"Burnout and Self-Reported Patient Care in an Internal Medicine Residency Program.\" Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 136, no. 5, 2002, pp. 358-367.

Guthrie, Eve A., et al. \"Randomised Controlled Trial of Brief Psychological Intervention after Deliberate Self Poisoning.\" BMJ, vol. 323, no. 7305, 2001, pp. 135-138.

As the teacher circulates, he/she also keeps the students on task rather than daydreaming or talking with one another. This is an efficient approach, since no time is lost handing out papers or assisting a student. It is important to note that this second teacher is just as important as the one leading the class, since he/she offers individual support and tutoring.
Although the two teachers are on equal footing, a drawback of this approach is that the students often see a hierarchy between the educator at the front of the class and the one circulating. In addition, the compatibility of teachers is important, as teachers must be comfortable fulfilling lead and supplemental roles, which can potentially result in a power struggle.

Station Teaching breaks the classroom into more manageable groups following specific characteristics. Students may be grouped heterogeneously or homogeneously by skill level, or learning style, or special needs, etc.…...

Creswell (1994) enumerated several components of the protocols in conducting interviews for qualitative research and it included probing answers to key questions. Perry could've used other data collection procedures in strengthening her data collection procedure as mentioned by Soy (1997), "a key strength of the case study method involves multiple sources and techniques in the data gathering process."
Perry also failed to discuss the data analysis method in detail. As such, it is difficult to evaluate the data analysis procedure she has used. In order to establish validity, Perry used an electronic submission of survey as well as member check. This was discussed in one section of her dissertation. Perry cited Campbell and Stanley in defining validity. She also cited Merriam in describing member checks.

In establishing validity, Creswell (1994) described member check as feedback from respondents wherein the researcher takes the themes and the categories back to respondents and asking…...

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References

Creswell, J. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Perry, a. (2008). The Perception of Online Faculty as it Relates to Compelling Presence in the Online Environment. Doctoral Dissertation, Walden University, 2008.

Soy, S. (1997). The Case Study as a Research Method. Unpublished paper, University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved March 20, 2009, at  http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~ssoy/usesusers/l391d1b.htm 

Tellis, W. (1997). Application of a Case Study Methodology. The Qualitative Report, 3(3). Retrieved March 19, 2009, at  http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-3/tellis2.html

Pedagogic Model for Teaching of Technology to Special Education Students
Almost thirty years ago, the American federal government passed an act mandating the availability of a free and appropriate public education for all handicapped children. In 1990, this act was updated and reformed as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which itself was reformed in 1997. At each step, the goal was to make education more equitable and more accessible to those with special educational needs. During the last presidential term, the "No Child Left Behind" Act attempted to assure that individuals with disabilities were increasingly mainstreamed and assured of high educational results. All of these legislative mandates were aimed at insuring that children with disabilities were not defrauded of the public education which has become the birthright of all American children. The latest reforms to IDEA, for example, provided sweeping reforms which not only expanded the classification of special needs…...

It is argued that teacher are exposed to role conflict, role ambiguity, lack of autonomy, social isolation and lack of self-fulfillment resulting from the special position in the schools bureaucratic system. Coupled with this is the general tendency for the teaching profession to be the least rewarded in the hierarchy of jobs.
The physical education teacher and burnout intersect at two different but related points. Firstly the notion that the teacher's reward is in heaven as some writers argue positions the teaching job as sacrificial for which adequate compensation is not given. The situation among physical education teacher has been exhausted in a lot of research because of specific peculiarities. Parsons (1968) has already discovered that the physical education teacher and the teaching profession's professionalism are highly questionable under the functional theory. Parsons who is the originator of this theory has been one of the forthright analysts of teachers and…...

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References

Akers RL. (1985) Adolescent marijuana use: A test of three theories of deviant behavior. Deviant Behavior, 6(4):323-346

Akers RL. (1989) Social learning theory and alcohol behavior among the elderly. Sociological Quarterly, 30(4):625-638

Akers RL. (1996) A longitudinal test of social learning theory: Adolescent smoking. Journal of Drug Issues, 26(2):317-343

Akers RL, Krohn MD, Lanza-Kaduce Lonn, and Rodosevich M. (1979) Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory. American Sociological Review, 44:636-655.

Some of those are as follows:
1) Affect the environment;

2) Either save or expend energy;

3) Economically feasible or expensive to maintain, heat and cool.

4) Affect student learning;

5) Affect the health of students and teachers alike and 6) Affect the retention of teachers. (Olson and Carney, 2004)

Criteria involved in the design, operation and maintenance of these 'sustainable' buildings are those as follows:

Sustainable site planning and landscaping design that decrease the use of pesticides and provide an outdoor learning environment for students;

Good building envelope design such as efficient windows and high R-value insulation that reduce draftiness and increase student and teacher comfort levels;

Proper lighting along with increased use of daylighting to improve student performance and increase comfort levels;

Good indoor air quality from adequate air filtration and exchange systems and the banning of idling buses or delivery trucks near buildings that eliminate toxins, allergens and other harmful pollutant sources. Incorporating natural gas, biodiesel,…...

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Bibliography

American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, (Apr 2005). 2005 Report Card for America's Infrastructure. Online available at  http://www.asce.org/reportcard/2005/ 

Benner, a.D. 2000. "The Cost of Teacher Turnover." Austin, Texas: Texas Center for Educational Research. Online available at http://www.sbec.state.tx.us/SBECOnline/txbess/turnoverrpt.pdf

Benya, J.R. 2001. "Lighting for Schools." Washington, D.C.: National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. Online available at  http://www.edfacilities.org/pubs/lighting.html 

Berry, Michael (2002) Healthy School Environment and Enhanced Educational Performance: The Case of Charles Young Elementary School, Washington DC. 12 Jan 2002. The Carpet and Rug Institute.

1. The effectiveness of using action research to improve teaching practices in a specific subject area
2. The impact of collaborating with colleagues on an action research project in a school setting
3. The role of reflection in action research and its influence on decision-making and implementation of changes
4. Exploring the challenges and benefits of conducting action research in a diverse classroom or school environment
5. The use of action research to address and improve student behavior and engagement in the classroom
6. Investigating the role of technology in facilitating action research projects in education
7. The importance of building relationships and fostering collaboration with....

1. The role of ethics in education: examining the ethical considerations in teaching practices and decision-making processes.
2. The concept of critical pedagogy and its application in promoting social justice within educational settings.
3. The impact of globalization on education: analyzing how global trends and developments influence educational policies and practices.
4. The integration of technology in education: exploring the implications of digital advancements on teaching and learning experiences.
5. The significance of inclusive education: assessing the challenges and benefits of creating diverse and equitable learning environments.
6. The debate on standardized testing: evaluating the effectiveness and drawbacks of using standardized assessments to measure student....