Tax Avoidance vs. Tax Evasion
The main objective of a tax advisor is to assist his/her clients avoid taxes as much as possible through within the confines of the law in order to avoid crossing the line into tax evasion. In this case, the tax advisor guides his/her clients based on the law regarding tax avoidance and tax evasion. This paper focuses on comparing the concepts of tax avoidance and tax evasion based on Gregory v. Helvering case as well as other cases that mention this case. In this case, the paper will include a discussion of tax avoidance and tax evasion based on cases citing Gregory v. Helvering case. The use of these cases in the discussion is for the purpose of enhancing understanding of tax avoidance and tax evasion and how an individual can avoid evading taxes. This paper will also discuss whether tax liability minimization falls under either…...

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References

Leagle. (2013). Bank of N.Y. Mellon Corp. v. Commissioner. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from  http://www.leagle.com/decision/In%20TCO%2020130211A00/BANK%20OF%20NEW%20YORK%20MELLON%20CORPORATION%20v.%20COMMISSIONER%20OF%20INTERNAL%20REVENUE 

This source provides details regarding the Bank of N.Y. Mellon Corp. v. Commissioner case in relation to taxation. The source includes a description of the facts, issues, and rule of law relating to this case. It also includes an explanation of the court's ruling and the reasoning behind the decision.

Leagle. (1935). Gregory v. Helvering. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from  http://www.leagle.com/decision/1935758293US465_1704/GREGORY%20v.%20HELVERING 

This source provides details regarding the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case of Gregory v. Helvering in relation to taxation. The source includes a description of the facts, issues, and rule of law relating to this case. It also includes an explanation of the court's ruling and the reasoning behind the decision.

Offshore tax evasion is one of the major issues that has faced Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States. This issue has had considerable negative impacts on economic growth and development of the United States with respect to taxation. The existence of multiple tax havens in Switzerland has facilitated massive tax evasion by the super-rich and companies. One of the most commonly used measures for tax avoidance or evasion is corporate profit-shifting. Individuals and companies continue to take advantage of tax havens i.e. countries that enable foreign individuals and companies a minimum tax liability, to engage in tax avoidance. Some of the major tax evasion incidents or cases include the UBS offshore tax evasion and Credit Suisse offshore tax evasion. This paper seeks to examine the history or development of Swiss bank cases and their impact on Swiss bank secrecy laws. This discussion also includes an evaluation of efforts…...

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References

Emmenegger, P. (2014, May). “A Nut Too Hard to Crack”: Swiss Banking Secrecy and the International Campaign for Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters. Retrieved May 30, 2018, from

Grossman, A., Letzing, J. & Barrett, D. (2014, May 19). Credit Suisse Pleads Guilty in Criminal Tax Case. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/credit-suisse-top-brass-dodge-tax-evasion-bullet-1400505829

Henning, P.J. (2010, February 3). What’s Next for Swiss Bank Secrecy? The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/02/03/whats-next-for-swiss-bank-secrecy/

Lee, M.D. (2016, May 9). Today’s Panama Papers Release May Require Immediate Action to Mitigate Risk of Criminal Prosecution. Retrieved May 30, 2018, from https://taxcontroversywatch.com/category/offshore-voluntary-disclosure-initiative-ovdi/

Mauldin, W. & Saunders, L. (2016, April 5). The Panama Papers Scandal. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2016/04/05/the-panama-papers-scandal-at-a-glance/

Saunders, L. & Sidel, R. (2012, September 11). Whistleblower Gets $104 Million. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444017504577645412614237708

The Economist. (2013, November 23). Uber-warehouses for the Ultra-Rich. The Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/briefing/2013/11/23/uber-warehouses-for-the-ultra-rich

https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/231925/1/A_Nut_Too_Hard_To_Crack_Emmenegger.pdf

Soyoung Kayla Kim
Law and Economics

Economic Analysis of Tax Evasion

The taxation system in the United States is highly complex and growing more so each year, with a mass of different types of taxes. The issue of tax reform arises in every election season in the United States as politicians try to reassure as many voters as possible that they will pay the least possible amount of taxes (while still receiving all of the services that they find valuable!). But beyond the issues of how much in taxes it is fair and reasonable to expect people to pay and what services should be provided by the government and so funded with taxpayer contributions is the question of tax evasion. The current tax codes in the United States are complex to the point of opacityso far from being clear that there is far too much room for people to avoid paying taxes that…...

The other side of this is that the companies have to spend finances in areas of language training or job training when they outsource. However, over the years, many U.S.-based companies haven't been discouraged by these additional costs because the overall costs of outsourcing with the job training session and language teaching and outplacement requirements are still far less when compared to the costs that they would have to endure when they don't outsource. If the overall costs of outsourcing was even marginally close to the costs on domestic hiring then there is a high probability that the overall right of firing of the employers would not be employed as much as it ahs been in the past. Of the negative perception of using the firing right at such an extensive level does create negative images which the company has to spend money to correct and rebuild into positive images…...

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References

Poor Payers to a Degree," the Economist, June 10, 2004.

David Cay Johnston. "How Offshore Havens Helped Enron Escape Taxes." New York Times. January 18, 2002.

David Cay Johnston. "Tax Inquiries Fall as Cheating Increases." New York Times. April 14, 2003.

Duncan Campbell. "Havens that Have Become a Tax on the World's Poor." Guardian. September 21, 2004.

The people who opt for early retirement stop staring contribution to pension system where as they start getting the benefits of pension system. (Prieto, 1997)
The traditional unfunded social security system is facing lot of problems in the United States and other developing countries with the increasing life expectancy of the people. The cost of providing any level of service is directly linked to the percentage of people who are employed against people who have already retired and enjoying pension in a pay-as-you-go system. The problem is continuing and increasing with people's move towards early retirement which is encouraged in many countries social security system. Even in the event of retirement being stabilized, the steep increase in the ratio of the aged against that of working age is contributing to the substantial raise in the cost of pay-as-you-go system. The United States estimators, who work for social security system, forecast…...

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References

Aronson, Jay Richard; Hilley, John L; Maxwell, James Ackley. (1986) "Financing State and Local Governments" Brookings Institution Press.

Brainard, William C; Perry, George L. (1990) "Brookings Papers on Economic Activity:

Macroeconomics" Brookings Institution Press.

Campbell, John Y; Feldstein, Martin S. (2001) "Risk Aspects of Investment-Based Social

Addressing Income Inequality: Evaluating and Advocating Policy SolutionsThis policy proposal should be submitted to the House Committee on Ways and Means, as this committee is responsible for overseeing tax policy and revenue-raising measures in the United States. The proposal could also be presented to the Senate Committee on Finance, which has jurisdiction over tax policy and related matters at the federal level.I. IntroductionIncome inequality has been a growing concern in the United States, with the rich getting richer while the middle and lower classes struggle to maintain their standard of living. This paper will identify the issue of income inequality and discuss the problems surrounding it, drawing upon a minimum of four academic/legitimate sources from current events-related or scholarly journals.II. Problem StatementIncome inequality has widened over the past few decades, leading to a more unequal society with a significant wealth gap. This has resulted in various social and economic problems,…...

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ReferencesBartels, L. M. (2008). Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. Princeton University Press.Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press.Piketty, T., Saez, E., & Stantcheva, S. (2014). Optimal Taxation of Top Labor Incomes: A Tale of Three Elasticities. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 6(1), 230-271.Raventos, D. (2007). Basic Income: The Material Conditions of Freedom. Pluto Press.Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2019). The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay. W.W. Norton & Company.Stiglitz, J. E. (2012). The Price of Inequality: How Today\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Divided Society Endangers Our Future. W.W. Norton & Company.Widerquist, K. (2018). A Critical Analysis of Basic Income Experiments for Researchers, Policymakers, and Citizens. Palgrave Macmillan.Yang, A. (2018). The War on Normal People: The Truth About America\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s Disappearing Jobs and Why Universal Basic Income Is Our Future. Hachette Books.Zucman, G. (2015). The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens. University of Chicago Press.

tax system of one country with that of another is an exercise fraught with dificulties and ultimately doomed to failure . tax system will never be much more than a reflection of strongly national cultures and forces. discuss this statement in the light of your knowledge of comparative tax system in developing and/or developed countries i
Tax Systems

The following pages focus on analyzing the factors of influence on different countries' taxation systems. The paper begins with an introductory section that allows readers understand the point-of-view used in this paper. The following section refers to describing the taxes pand taxation systems used by most countries and their objectives, in order to understand the similarities and differences between these taxation systems. The paper continues with the analysis of several factors that influence countries' tax system design, like cultural factors, technological developments, and natural resources. In order to exemplify this, the taxation systems…...

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Reference list:

1. Pasekova, M. et al. (2011). Comparative Analysis of Tax Systems: Some Evidence from CEE Countries. World Academy of Science, Engineering, and Technology. Retrieved February 27, 2012.

2. Greenhouse, S. (2011). Tiny Tax on Financial Trades Gains Advocates. The New York Times. Retrieved February 28, 2012 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/business/global/micro-tax-on-financial-trades-gains-advocates.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all .

3. Ross, M. (2004). Does Taxation lead to Representation? Cambridge University Press. Retrieved February 28, 2012.

4. Seto, T. (2008). Four Core Principles of Tax Design System: Introduced and Applied to the Taxation of Multinationals. Loyola Law School. Retrieved February 28, 2012.

Starbucks Tax
The United Kingdom is one of the largest markets in the world for Starbucks, with over 700 stores, by far the largest in Europe. The company ran into a scandal, however, when it was revealed that the company was not paying taxes in the UK, but was rather paying the taxes in the Netherlands and Switzerland, which has a much lower tax rate. Some politicians decided to make a name for themselves by attacking the foreign company (Starbucks' major competitors in the UK are local chains Costa and Caffe Nero, both domestic companies). The ensuing negative publicity hurt Starbucks' sales, which fell below ?400 million for the first time since 1998 (Campbell, 2014).

The Case

At issue is the fact that the UK signed into membership with the European Union. The EU established rules that allowed companies to headquarter in one European country and operate subsidiaries in another country from there.…...

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References

Bergin, T. (2012) How Starbucks avoids UK taxes. Reuters Retrieved December 18, 2014 from  http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/10/15/us-britain-starbucks-tax-idUKBRE89E0EX20121015 

Burnett, J. (1999). A strategic approach to managing crisis Public Relations Review. Vol. 24 (4) 475-488.

Campbell, P. (2014). Sales slide as Starbucks feels tax backlash. The Daily Mail. Retrieved December 18, 2014 from  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2612668/Sales-slide-Starbucks-feels-tax-backlash-Coffee-chain-axes-six-shops-14m-drop-business-past-year.html 

Campbell, P. (2014, 2) Anger as Starbucks boss says may not pay UK tax for up to three years. Daily Mail Retrieved December 18, 2014 from  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2856284/Starbucks-chief-reveals-coffee-giant-not-pay-normal-tax-THREE-YEARS.html

Federal Taxation
One of the important procedures involved in Federal taxation is the apprehension of those persons and firms and trusts and others who evade tax payment and thereby break the law. This means that these entities may either conceal facts and/or misrepresent them so that the result would be beneficial to them. Such individuals may under declare their income levels and the earnings and profits that they may have earned during the course of their jobs. They may even over declare the deductions so that any losses would be made up this way. These are all the methods of tax evasions generally used by dishonest individuals who wish to avoid paying taxes to the federal government. However, tax avoidance is another issue wherein individuals and firms exploit the entire tax regime so that they will gain the ultimate advantage.

This way, they break the legal laws that govern taxation and they…...

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References

'Criminal Tax Case Procedures" Retrieved from   Accessed on 18 November, 2004http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title6/4mtax.htm#6-4.010 

"Grand Jury Proceedings" (May 6, 1998) Retrieved from   Accessed on 18 November, 2004http://www.usdoj.gov/ust/ustp_manual/vol5ch11.htm 

"Judicial Subpoenas" Retrieved from   Accessed on 18 November, 2004http://www.irs.gov/irm/part42/ch03s01.html#d0e28222 

"Letters Rogatory" Retrieved from   Accessed on 18 November, 2004http://www.irs.gov/irm/part42/ch03s02.html 

..individuals are taxed in their total annual income minus their net new additions to savings, which equals annual consumption (eiler).
Both forms of consumption tax are not without their troubles and for the most part there is no consensus on the benefits of either alternative. Overall, the quest to reform the current system of taxation rages on. It will be very difficult to reform the current progressive tax system of because it is so steeped in bureaucracy and tradition.

Conclusion

The purpose of this discussion was to examine the progressive income tax. e found that the this tax system operates by taxing a certain percentage of individual income excluding certain deductibles. The investigation detailed the history of progressive taxation and clearly defines progressive taxation. The investigation revealed that the implementation of such taxation was controversial since its inception which came as a result of an amendment to the constitution. In addition, the research…...

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Works Cited

Boyd T. 2002. Guide to the Tax Act of 2001: The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001. Review of Business. Volume: 23. Issue: 1. Page Number: 33+.

Creedy J., Gemmell N. 2002. The Revenue Responsiveness of Consumption Taxes. Contributors: - author. Journal Title: Economic Record. Volume: 78. Issue: 241. Page Number: 186+.

Fougere M.., Ruggeri Giuseppe C. 1998. Flat Taxes and Distributional Justice. Review of Social Economy. Volume: 56. Issue: 3. Page Number: 277+.

Fratantuono Michael J. The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson -- the Fierce Battles over Money and Power That Transformed the Nation. Contributors: - author. Journal Title: Parameters. Volume: 33. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 2003. Page Number: 168+.

Ethics in elationship to Power Structures
Ethical obligations allegedly breached by Smith or Halloran while in office

Senator Malcolm Smith and New York City Councilman Dan Halloran were accused of attempting to fix the mayoral ballot. They were allegedly reported having exchanged thousands of dollars in cash. This money was intended to pay off the officials of the epublican Party to agree to one of the Democrats, Smith on the GOP line. Halloran demonstrated clear ignorance as he walked into the evil bargain as the confidential witness dangled campaign funds for a personal interest bid. In the context of public ethics, the actions of Smith and Halloran raise questions their principles of justice, democratic society, and common good (Stensota, 2010).

Smith and Halloran must adhere to the principle of ethical policymaking. This principle requires that they hold one another accountable for what they know and value. As such, it draws into play both…...

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References

Cody, J. (2012). Chicago called most corrupt city in the nation. CBS Chicago. Retrieved from  http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2012/02/14/chicago-called-most-corrupt-city-in-nation/ 

Politico. (2013). N.Y. state senator arrested in alleged mayor race plot. Retrieved from  http://www.politico.com/story/2013/04/nyc-mayor-race-rig-malcolm-smith-89536.html 

Stensota, H. (2010). The Conditions of Care: Reframing the Debate about Public Sector Ethics. University of Gothenburg; Blackwell Publishing Limited. Retrieved from http://faculty.cbpp.uaa.alaska.edu/afgjp/PADM601%20Fall%202010/Reframing%20the%20debate%20about%20public%20service%20ethics.

Ventriss, C. (2012). Democratic Citizenship and Public Ethics The Importance of Civic Stewardship in an Era of Public Distrust and Cynicism. Public Integrity, Summer 2012, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 283 -- 297.

Human esources & Change: The Internal evenue Service
Human esources

Tax season is upon Americans. Every working American knows that when dealing with tax issues, which at some point, every working American does, interactions with the Internal evenue Service are inevitable and often profoundly displeasing. Citizens make feel powerless against the institution of the IS because it is a part of the federal government. Citizens may feel they have to put up with the treatment and negligence of the IS and that organization will not be held accountable. It is untrue. In 1998, a piece of legislation was passed as response to charges brought upon the IS by a Senate Finance Committee. Therefore, the paper finds the IS an organization ripe for change in regards to Human esources. The paper will propose a change in the IS and hypothesize the implications as well as the implementation of such a change.

Human esources &…...

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References:

Henning, B. (1999) Reforming the IRS: The Effectiveness of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998. Marquette Law Review, 82(405), 405 -- 427.

Thompson, J.R. (2006) The Federal Civil Service: The Demise of an Institution. Public Administration Review, 66(4), 496 -- 503.

Entrepreneurs Should Know bout Federal Taxes for Corporations
ll corporations are subject to the corporate income tax on their net income. Taxable income is the gross income of the corporation, less the deductions allowed. Major sources of corporate income include: gross profits from sales; dividends received; interest; rents; royalties; and gains and losses. Still, there can be other factors that must also be considered in determining the corporation's income. There include: receipts that are actually contributions to capital; property distributions received by the corporation; rentals paid to shareholders of a leasing corporation; and income from a sinking fund.

Each business's tax liability is based on a graduated tax rate scale. Depending on individual factors, a corporation may also be subject to penalty taxes in addition to their regular income tax. The form of business that is operated determines what taxes must be paid. The four general kinds of business taxes are:…...

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Adam Smith believed that there should be limitations on what corporations should and shouldn't be allowed to get away with. He pinpointed a solution to the complex nature of taxes -- a simple and fair system that minimizes compliance and administrative costs. The U.S. tax code has one of the most complex tax codes in the world, which has become a burden on its economy. Smith's ideas should be used by the U.S. To design a tax code that would ease the collection burden and force interest groups to look for money elsewhere.

Appendix A Corporate Income Tax Rates -- 2002

Taxable income over Not over Tax rate

Aid to Dependent Corporations
The government of United States is incurring heavy revenue loss on account of the corporate sector subsidies and other special rebates. The friendly policies of the government aimed at promoting a positive business climate are sadly being exploited. In their interests to evade tax, businesses today are taking undue advantage of the favorable federal policies. In this regard I feel that our governments tax policies and corporate procedures need to be reexamined in order to eliminate the loopholes in them and at the same time support the common welfare schemes. Let us analyze the scenario in a little detail so that we can better appreciate the situation.

One by one our leading business corporations are reeling under accounting scams. I need not mention how well such a giant corporation like 'Enron' managed to disguise its financial information from the government and the stockholders. In the prevailing scenario I…...

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Bibliography

Chuck Collins, "Dollars & Sense," 'Aid to dependent corporations: exposing federal handouts to the wealthy', May-June 1995, pg 15

Business Law and Christian Ethics
The terms limited liability and liability protection are often used interchangeably to describe business arrangements that limit the amount of a firm's liability, generally to the amount of assets held by the firm. In other words, those types of business arrangements protect an individual's personal assets from judgment should the person be sued in a professional capacity. One frequent example of a limited liability business arrangement is the limited liability partnership, which essentially "protects each partner from debts against the partnership arising from professional malpractice lawsuits against another partner" (Pakroo, 2013). In those instances, the liability limitation is not limited the individual assets of the partners, but also extends to property owned by the partnership.

Whether or not limited liability or liability protection aligns with a Christian worldview is a tricky moral question because it presupposes that all people who enter into those types of business arrangments…...

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References

Pakroo, P. (2013). Limited Partnerships and Limited Liability Partnerships. Retrieved September 24, 2013 from NOLO website:  http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/limited-partnerships-limited-liability-partnerships-29748.html 

Scalici, S. (2007, March 30). The Christian Taxpayer. Retrieved September 24, 2013 from Crosswalk website:

 http://www.crosswalk.com/family/finances/the-christian-taxpayer-11535847.html

Corruption: A Case Study

Corruption is a widespread and insidious problem that plagues societies worldwide. It undermines trust, impedes economic growth, and perpetuates inequality. This case study delves into a real-world example of corruption, uncovering its multifaceted nature and devastating consequences.

The Setting: Afican Utopia

Afican Utopia is a fictitious African nation once hailed as a beacon of hope and prosperity. However, beneath the gleaming facade lay a deep-rooted culture of corruption. In the halls of power, unscrupulous politicians and government officials colluded with wealthy elites to enrich themselves at the expense of the nation's well-being.

The Key Players

At the heart of the corruption....

One recent news topic related to fraud that could make a good essay subject is the rise of fraud in the cryptocurrency market. With the increasing popularity of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, there has been a corresponding increase in fraudulent schemes targeting investors. From fake ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings) to Ponzi schemes, investors are vulnerable to falling victim to these scams. This essay could explore the factors contributing to the rise of fraud in the cryptocurrency market, the impact on investors, and potential solutions to combat this growing problem.
Another news topic related to fraud that could make a good....

The Impact of Diverted Profit Tax (DPT) on Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in the United Kingdom has been a topic of debate and research in recent years. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of existing studies and research on this subject, focusing on quantitative analysis.
One study by Alstadsæter et al. (2017) analyzed the impact of the UK's introduction of DPT on MNCs. The study found that the tax had a significant effect on the behavior of MNCs, leading to a decrease in profit shifting activities. However, the study also highlighted some unintended consequences, such as a decrease in....

1. Role of FBR in enforcing tax regulations at federal level

2. Importance of FBR in maintaining tax discipline

3. Challenges faced by FBR in enforcing tax regulations