(a.D.A.M., 2008) Neurosyphilis has been speculated as the cause for eccentricites among well-known figures such as Henry VIII, Vincent Van Gogh, Adolf Hitler, Oscar Wilde, and Friedrich Nietzsche (McMyne, 2008). Oddly, some dementia caused by syphilis is preceded by a phase of mania and euphoria in which patients feel excitable and "high," often with relaxed inhibitions (Hayden, 2003).
In the United States today, syphilis rarely progresses beyond the first or second stage since treatment is widely available. Upon diagnosis, antibiotics such as penicillin or tetracycline are administered; follow-up tests must be performed at three, six, and twelve month intervals to ensure complete removal of the infection. Syphilis is always contagious, particularly in the first and second stages, so all sexual partners should be notified and treated as well. If treated during the primary stage, syphilis is completely curable with no risk of permanent health damage. Unfortunately, initial symptoms may be…...

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References

A.D.A.M. (2008, 08-01). Syphilis - Tertiary. Retrieved 11-26, 2010, from health.nytimes.com:  http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/syphilis-tertiary/overview.html 

Baseman, J., Nichols, J., & Hayes, N. (1976). Virulent Treponema pallidum: aerobe or anaerobe. Infectious Immunity, 704-711.

Bonifield, J. (2010, 11-22). Syphilis infections up; progress made on other STDs. Retrieved 11-24, 2010, from www.cnn.com:  http://pagingdrgupta.blogs.cnn.com/2010/11/22/embargo-12p-1122-cdc-progress-on-stds/?iref=allsearch 

Cullen, P., & Cameron, C. (2010, 01-10). Progress toward an effective syphilis vaccine: the past, present, and future. Retrieved 11-26, 2010, from www.expert-reviews.com:  http://www.expert-reviews.com/doi/abs/10.1586/14760584.5.1.67

These diseases may be aggravated or deteriorated because of indulgence in sexual life as well. In severe cases, indulgence in sexual life even may cause vital crises such as cerebral bleeding and myocardiac infarction. Accordingly, sexual life should be moderated during the daily health care and rehabilitation. In severe cases, sexual life should be stopped for the time being (Syphilis, n.d.).
There are several tests that can be used to for Syphilis. These include: Syphilis Serum Test, the venereal diseases research laboratory test (VDL test), unheated serum reagin test (US test), rapid plasma reagin card test (P test), and cardiophospholipid is used as an antigen to examine the anti-cardiophospholipid antibody in serum. This test is used for screening examination. In spirochete antigen test, such as fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test (FTA-ABS test), Treponema pallidum hemagglutination test (TPHA), usually the diagnosis of syphilis can be confirmed by positive result in the spirochete…...

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References

Introduction to TCM. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2010, from Traditional Chinese Medicine

Page Web site:  http://www.tcmpage.com/ 

Kent, Molly E. And Romanelli, Frank. (2008). Reexamining Syphilis: An Update on Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management. Retrieved January 27, 2010,

from Medscape Web site:  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/571812

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study still remains as one of the most outrageous examples of disregard of basic ethical principles of conduct not to mention violation of standards for ethical research. The suspicion and fear produced by the Tuskegee Syphilis Study are still evident today. Community workers often report mistrust of public health institutions within the African-American community. ecently Alpha Thomas of the Dallas Urban League testified before the National Commission on AIDS saying that many African-American people do not trust hospitals or any of the other community health care service providers because of that Tuskegee Experiment (esearch Ethics: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2010).

In 1990, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which is one of the country's major civil rights organizations, conducted a survey among 1056 African-American Church members in five cities. They found that 34% of the respondents believed that AIDS was an artificial virus, 35% believed that AIDS is…...

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References

Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. (2009). Retrieved March 9, 2010, from University of Virginia Health System Web site:

 http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/medical_history/bad_blood/ 

Boskey, Elizabeth. (2007). What Is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? Retrieved March 10, 2010,

from About.com Web site:  http://std.about.com/od/stdsinthemedia/f/tuskegeefaq.htm

Tuskegee Syphilis Project
In the Tuskegee case, there was a lot of information gained. Most notably, that African-Americans were affected somewhat differently by syphilis than Caucasians, especially when it came to heart problems. Other information collected included how long the people in the study lived when compared to the control group, what they died of, and what kinds of abnormalities they had on their tests. In nearly every case, it was found that African-Americans with syphilis had higher percentages of health problems than those who did not have the disease. The study concluded from that information that African-Americans who acquired syphilis developed health problems from that disease, and suggested that those problems would not have been seen at such high rates without a syphilis diagnosis. This was similar to a study that was done in Norway, and conducted on Caucasians, both male and female, in order to determine how syphilis affected…...

They should be informed in advance and as thoroughly as possible what the study would be about and how their participation would be used. That consent must be constant from the start to finish of the experiment, study or survey. These studies have their worth to society. They are intended to save lives and promote optimum health. There are risks taken in exchange for the ideal, but the involved parties should be fully aware of them and willing to take the said risks. At any stage of the experiment, the participants should be free to back out if they wanted.
Institutions and committees sponsoring or evaluating medical studies using live human subjects should clearly make a choice between the fundamental rights of these subjects to information and the future benefits to be derived by society from the researches. They should refrain from using live human subjects unless absolutely willing to…...

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Bibliography

Christian Century. AIDS Crisis Among Blacks Tire to Mistrust of Doctors. 2 pages. Christian Century Foundation: Gale Group, 2000

Claudio, Luz. The Turkegee Legacy Project. 2 pages. Environmental Health Perspectives: National Institute of Environmental Health Services, March 2007

Hammer, Ben. Federal Government Awards $14 Million to Turkegee Bioethics Center. 2 pages. Black Issues on Higher Education: Cox, Matthews & Associates, November 20, 2003

Washington, Mary Dejevsky. Clinton Meets Tuskegee Victims. 2 pages. The (London) Independence: Newspaper Publishing PLC, May 17, 1997

An Ethical DilemmaIntroductionEthics plays a central role in global health, as it helps to guide decisions and actions related to research, interventions, and policies that affect the health of populations around the world. One of the key ethical dimensions of global health research is the principle of informed consent, which requires that research subjects fully understand the nature and purpose of the research and give their voluntary consent to participate. This principle is particularly important in global health research, as it helps to ensure that research is conducted in a respectful and transparent manner, and that the rights and autonomy of research subjects are protected. Another ethical dimension of global health research is the principle of beneficence, which requires that research be designed and conducted in a way that maximizes potential benefits and minimizes potential harms to research subjects. This principle is particularly important in global health research, as it…...

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References

Bernabe, R. D., Van Thiel, G. J., & van Delden, J. J. (2016). What do international ethics guidelines say in terms of the scope of medical research ethics?. BMC medical ethics, 17(1), 1-18.

CDC. (2022). Cultural competence. Retrieved from  https://npin.cdc.gov/pages/cultural-competence 

Chae, D., Lee, J., Asami, K., & Kim, H. (2018). Experience of migrant care and needs for cultural competence training among public health workers in K orea. Public Health Nursing, 35(3), 211-219.

I think that I would have to personally review any experiments conducted by that person, to assure myself that they did not contain the same types of ethical flaws. Furthermore, I would report the person to their appropriate governing body, so that they would at least be aware of the potential ethical problems that could be created by the researcher. If I were to enter into management and discover that one of the studies under me was being conducted in a manner like the Tuskegee study, I would not immediately end the study.
Instead, I would order that all study subjects be given effective medication to treat their disease and then end the study. One ethical question that I cannot answer is whether I would inform the patients that they had been subjected to years of useless treatments and then try to convince them that I was going to give…...

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References

Brunner, B. (2008). The Tuskegee syphilis experiment. Retrieved November 5, 2008 from Tuskegee University

Web site:  http://www.tuskegee.edu/Global/Story.asp?s=1207586 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). U.S. Public Health Service syphilis study at Tuskegee: Home. Retrieved November 5, 2008, from Centers for Disease Control

Web site:  http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/index.html

" (Adams et al.)
hat the report went on to show was how a decades long deception was practiced on a race that was viewed primarily as a guinea pig for medical science.

The Tuskegee Institute had been established by Booker T. ashington. Claude McKay had passed through there in 1912 to study agriculture (under the patronage of alter Jekyll, a man who provided the basis for Robert Louis Stevenson's classic horror tale character). Around the same time that Eleanor Dwight Jones was striving to preserve the white race, the United States Public Health Service began the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. hat took place was a forty year analysis of the life of syphilis. The two hundred black men who had syphilis were "deliberately denied treatment" (Adams et al.) in what was just one more step in oppression and callous social engineering.

And at the same time the Tuskegee experiment was going on, .E.B.…...

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Works Cited

Adams, Myrtle, et al. "Final Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee."

1996. Web. 8 June 2011.

Cone, James. Risks of Faith. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1999. Print.

Dowlings, Keven, and Knightley, Philip. "The Spy Who Came Back from the Grave."

James Jones' Bad Blood is certainly one of the most popular books to emerge from 1990s decade. The book can have a profoundly disconcerting impact on the readers but is definitely worth reading because of the well-researched contents. This book exposes the unethical behavior of government and medical community, which resulted in the death of hundreds of black men during a torturous government-sponsored Tuskegee Syphilis project which lasted 40 years and caused immense harm to poor illiterate African-American families.
The project that began in 1930s continued for 40 long years in which 400 black men with syphilis were studied by medical professionals who wanted to see how the diseases progressed in black men even though the..."germ that causes syphilis, the stages of the disease's development, and the complications that can result from untreated syphilis were all known to medical science."

The sheer brutality of the study was revealed when it was…...

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Reference:

James H. Jones. Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: Free Press, 1993.

Public Health Study on Implications and Ethics of Syphilis
Reverby, Susan. (2003) Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Studies on Social Medicine.

One of the most infamous actions (or non-actions) in American medicine was that of the Tuskegee Study of this century. The U.S. Public Health Service, on behalf of the U.S. government, observed the effects of advanced and untreated syphilis on four hundred poor black Alabama men. The experiment lasted until 1972.

How could this have occurred? The reasons are twofold -- the perception of syphilis as an illness and the rampant racism prevalent in America at the time. One of the most culturally and politically significant illnesses in human history has been that of syphilis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that has been blamed for taking some of the greatest minds that ever lived, including Mozart's, as well as many other ordinary individuals. It has been stigmatized because of…...

Milgram's study illustrates that many who have had the responsibility taken from them are although not happy but content to continue with a procedure as long as they are not directly held responsible, thereby giving rise to an obedience through social bonding and situations (Hayes & Orell PG).

In this situation in a comparison with the Tuskegee experiment and Milgram's experiment it can be argued that the members of the medical team were acting under orders from the government and therefore were blameless in their experiments as were the teachers in theory only following orders, obviously this form of passing blame can be seen be as a paradigm in ethical understanding as we are all cogent beings with the ability to reason and question yet it seems when a person is actively allowing himself to take the blame as such then all reason as to ethical understandings of what is right…...

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Bibliography

Brown, Kathleen W.; Cozby, Paul C.; Kee, Daniel W.; Worden, Patricia E (1999) Research methods in human development (2nd ed.). Mountain View, California, Mayfield Publishing Company.

Burley, Kim a., (1995 08-01), Family variables as mediators of the relationship between work-familyconflict and marital adjustment among dual-career men and women.. The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 135, pp 483(15).

Crane a (1999 Jul) Are you ethical? Please tick yes or no on researching ethics in business organizations, Journal of Business Ethics 20 (3): 237-248

Journal is published by Kluwer Academic Publishers)

STDs: A MAJO CONTEMPOAY PUBLIC HEALTH CONCEN
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Given the advances in medicine and public health over the past several decades, most people might assume that the incidence and prevalence of sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) is declining; however, the scientific evidence suggests otherwise. ecent estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States suggest that 20 million new STD infections occur every year and cost the U.S. health care system close to $16 billion dollars annually (CDC, 2013). This is up from 12 million STD infections and $10 billion dollars annually during the mid-1990s (Zenilman, 2004). In 2011, reports of chlamydia incidence set another annual record, double from what it was just 10 years ago (CDC, 2011). To better understand the health threats facing Americans when they engage in sexual activity this report will review what is known about the most common STDs infecting the population.…...

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References

CDC. (2013). CDC Fact Sheet: Incidence, prevalence, and cost of sexually transmitted infections in the United States. Retrieved from:  http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/STI-Estimates-Fact-Sheet-Feb-2013.pdf .

CDC. (2011). Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2011. Altlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from:  http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats11/Surv2011.pdf .

Dyck, E.V., Meheus, A.Z., & Piot, P. (1999). Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Katz, A.R., Lee, M.V.C., & Wasserman, G.M. (2012). Sexually transmitted disease (STD) update: A review of the CDC 2010 STD treatment guidelines and epidemiologic trends of common STDs in Hawai'i. Hawai'I Journal of Medicine & Public Health, 71(3), 68-73.

Miss Evers Boys
The Tuskegee experiment often receives special attention in textbooks about ethics. In the case of Miss Evers' Boys, the experiment became a critically acclaimed television movie starring Laurence Fishburne and Alfre Woodard. Although some of the details were changed to make the subject amenable for a screenplay, Miss Evers' Boys is based on the Tuskegee experiments, in which researchers were authorized to study African-Americans with syphilis while purposely withholding treatment.

The film fills in the details that the textbooks usually omit. These details include the psychological suffering, the human perspective that is impossible to imagine otherwise. There is a personal dimension displayed in Miss Evers' Boys that cannot be captured in a dry, objective textbook or academic article. Although it is difficult to watch due to the heavy subject matter, Miss Evers' Boys is a mandatory accompaniment to formal study on the subject of ethics in research design.

The Tuskegee…...

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Reference

Sargent, J. (1997). Miss Evers' Boys. [film].

Satisfy IB Code & ule Criteria
The literature has identified the manner and form by which conduct of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Milgram Study have violated the provisions of the Institutional eview Board (IB) policies and standards. In an effort to clarify how the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Milgram Study might have complied with the Institutional eview Board (IB) policies, this analysis proceeds as follows. For the main deviations from IB policies identified, alternative procedures and safeguards that do reflect compliance with IB policies and standards are identified and discussed. A caveat is relevant: realistically, changes to the research protocols would, in effect, render the research useless. Unfortunately, the experimental design required deceit and obfuscation of the actual research procedures. In effect, and in each case, the research should never have been conducted.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

The following sections of IB were violated by the research. 46.103; 46.110; 46.111; 46.116;…...

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References

American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (003-066X). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Code of Federal Regulations. (2009). Title 45: Public Welfare. Department of Human Services, Part 46. Protection of Human Subjects.

Jones, J.H. (1993). Bad blood: The Tuskegee syphilis experiment: History, facts, bad blood, bad science. New York, NY: Free Press.

Milgram, S (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 317-378.

COVID-19 VACCINE HESITATION IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY 14COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitation in the Black CommunityErica A. WoodsDepartment of English, Community College of PhiladelphiaEnglish 102-016Dr. Mary GriffinApril 5, 2021COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitation in the African American CommunityThere is no doubt whatsoever the COVID-19 has wreaked havoc around the globe. With over 3 million people dead across the world, with the US having registered more than half a million deaths, this is a pandemic unlike any other that the word has encountered in recent times. In an attempt to reign in the spread of the virus, various measures have been undertaken by governments, agencies, as well as private entities from across the world. One of the most promising moves has been the development of the COVID-19 vaccine by a number of pharmaceutical entities. At present, vaccinations are ongoing in various parts of the world. It would, however, be important to note that efforts to…...

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ReferencesAnderson, J. (2021). America has a history of medically abusing Black people. No wonder many are wary of COVID-19 vaccines. USA Today.   C. J. (2021, February 4). Numbers reveal racial inequity in COVID vaccine distribution. New York Amsterdam News.  http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2021/feb/03/numbers-reveal-racial-inequity-covid-vaccine-distr/ Brandt, A. (1978). Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The Hastings Center Report, 8(6), 21-29. Carney, C. J. (2021, January 2). The Role of Experimentation and Medical Mistrust in COVID-19 Vaccine Skepticism. Diverse: Issues in Higher Education.  https://diverseeducation.com/article/200823/ Cost, C. (2021, January 7). COVID vaccines, the Black community, many questions. New York Amsterdam News.  http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2021/jan/07/covid-vaccines-black-community-many-questions/ Ferdinand, K. C. (2021). Overcoming Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination in African Americans: The Need for Cultural Humility. American Journal of Public Health, 111(4), 586–588. Green, L., Li, L., Morris, J.F., Gluzman, R., Davis, J.L. & Qi, M. (2021). Detailed Knowledge of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Who Knows What? A Framework for Health Promotion Strategies. Health Education and Behavior, 38(6), 629-636. Hall, W.J., Chapman, M.V., Lee, K.M., Merino, Y.M., Thomas, T.W., Payne, B.K., Eng, E., Day, S.H., & Coyne-Beasley, T.C. (2015). Implicit Racial/Ethnic Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Its Influence on Health Care Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Am J Public Health, 105(12), 60-76. Hoq, R. (2021). Black Americans’ Distrust of the COVID-19 Vaccine. Psychiatric Times.  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/black-americans-distrust-covid-vaccine Jahomi, A.H. & Hamidianjahromi, A. (2020). Why African Americans Are a Potential Target for COVID-19 Infection in the United States. J Med Internet Res., 22(6), 43-49. Khubchandani, J., Sharma, S., Price, J.H., Wiblishauser, M.J., Sharma, M. & Webb, F.J. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy in the United States: A Rapid National Assessment. Journal of Community Health, 46, 270-277. Priest, J.B., McNeil Smith, S., Woods, S. B. & Roberson, P.N.E. (2020). Discrimination, family emotional climate, and African American health: An application of the BBFM. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(5), 598–609.Reverby, S.M. (2021) Racism, disease, and vaccine refusal: People of color are dying for access to COVID-19 vaccines. PLoS Biol, 19(3), 104 – 109. Ross, R.J. (2012). Racism and Colonialism: Essays on Ideology and Social Structure. Springer Science & Business Media. Soucheray, S. (2020). US blacks 3 times more likely than whites to get COVID-19. CIDRAP.  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/08/us-blacks-3-times-more-likely-whites-get-covid-19 Tuckson, R. V. (2020). The disease of distrust. Science, 370(6518), 745.Valscho, T.W. (2010). Sterilization Racism and Pan-Ethnic Disparities of the Past Decade: The Continued Encroachment on Reproductive Rights. Wicazo Sa Review, 25(1), 17-31. Young, S. (2021). Black Vaccine Hesitancy Rooted in Mistrust, Doubts. WebMD.  https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/news/20210202/black-vaccine-hesitancy-rooted-in-mistrust-doubtshttps://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/02/16/black-history-covid-vaccine-fears-medical-experiments/4358844001/ Barker