Also, employees should be mindful of what they post on social networking sites, even if done from their home computer.
Employers should always be aware of what is considered a reasonable expectation of privacy. In certain industries, workplace monitoring may be necessary so that the company can protect itself. In the case of an organization that deals with the well being of children, even with thorough background checks performed it may still be necessary to monitor the employee's website usage or set up surveillance cameras in designated areas. Hillside, Inc. is a company that assists abused and neglected children and has a policy that any Web site an employee visits could be monitored. The company found that pornographic websites were access on its computers during off hours and set up surveillance cameras in a shared office in hopes of catching the perpetrator. The employees sharing the monitored office filed a…...

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Bibliography

Dillenberger, Cassandra, "Workplace Privacy: A Changing Landscape," Contractor's

Business Management Report 10, (October 2009): 1, 10-12.

Friedman, Barry A. And Lisa J. Reed, "Workplace Privacy: Employee Relations and Legal Implications of Monitoring Employee E-mail Use," Employee

Responsibilities and Rights Journal 19, no. 2, (2007): 75-83.

Then, the patient can receive free care or referrals to specialists from the doctor. GPs thus can provide comprehensive data regarding patients with a variety of conditions, from a wide range of demographic groups. Currently, 3,500 GP practices, encompassing a population of 23 million patients, contribute to the national QSurveillance database. The system is the largest and most regularly updated health tracking system in the world (National disease surveillance, 2009, BJCIM).
The system can respond effectively to health alerts. For example, given concerns over the swine flu epidemic upon the horizon, "the QSurveillance primary care tracking database has increased the level of detail" in its regular weekly and daily reports to government and health authorities. Daily reporting now includes: "patients reporting flu-like symptoms in the last day, patients with flu who have been prescribed antivirals, patients prescribed antivirals without a confirmed flu diagnosis, hospital admissions related to flu, the uptake…...

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Works cited

National disease surveillance system launches more detailed swine flu reports (2009 17 July).

BJCIM News. Retrieved October 6, 2009 at  http://www.bjhcim.co.uk/news/2009/n907042.htm

This has the advantage of showing the suspect in different profiles. But there have also been accusations that in-person lineups may be biased, if they present the suspect with persons who are not sufficiently 'like' the accused. Also, the use of double-blind presentations, where the officers conducting the lineup do no know who the suspect is, might be advisable to dilute the potential for biased or swayed eyewitness identification. Although in-person lineups are likely to be more accurate because they will not contain the possibility of 'bad' photographs swaying the witness, which is especially problematic if the photo line-up is of 'mug shots,' 'live' lineups also have more of a potential for bias by the body language of the officer conducting the investigation, thus this must be guarded against.
Question

Discuss the protections afforded by the Fourth Amendment and give an example of how investigators may constitutionally gather evidence and not…...

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Works Cited

Gelbspan, Ross. (26 Nov 1988). "Undercover Work: A Necessary Evil?" Boston Globe. Retrieved 15 May 2007 at  http://web.mit.edu/gtmarx/www/reviews.html 

Valid Searches and Seizures without Warrants." Annotations p. 3. (2007).

Findlaw.com. Retrieved 15 May 2007 at  http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment04/03.html

Cameras in Public PlacesQ1. List all the places you traveled this past week where you likely appeared on a closed-circuit television. Do you believe your environment was safer with CCTV? Explain?Over the course of the past week, I have been in stores had CCTV. Overall, I did not feel that these stores were high-risk environments to begin with. Arguably, this may have made the environments safer for the cashiers who worked there as the presence of cameras can act as a deterrent to theft, especially if the cashiers are dealing with expensive merchandise or cash transactions.From my own personal perspective, however, while it may have discouraged shoplifting (and therefore ensured that the price of goods did not go up due to stealing), I did not necessarily feel safer because of the CCTV. The time I spent engaging in my transactions in these stores was very brief. I may have felt…...

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References

Arirang Culture. (2015, August 23). Shooters-surveillance: Protection from crime or an invasion

of privacy? [Video]. YouTube.  https://youtu.be/90_9s6vm8uc 

Surveillance cameras: Where is it legal to place them? (2022). HG.

Surveillance - Types, Methods, When to Conduct on Terrorist
Surveillance can simply be defined as the observations undertaken to obtain information. This simple description contains a wealth of methods and techniques that can be seen as forms of surveillance. Law enforcement officials can use a "roving" monitor to "follow" an individual and legally intercept that individual's communications with one court instruction. All UAV's function as midair surveillance podiums and have potent video cameras armed with thermal and night-vision. UAV's can be best utilized when carrying out operations in an enemy territory. Intelligence agencies use satellites for a range of purposes, comprising of communications, navigation, etc. The application of distinctive personal physiological traits, for example iris scanning, facial recognition, fingerprints, walk and posture, voice recognition, full body imaging, etc. and lastly, employing of digital cameras and 35mm camera remains a vital instrument in surveillance. It is particularly suitable for identifying and documenting…...

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References

Bjelopera, J.P. (2013). The Federal Bureau of Investigation and Terrorism Investigations, Congressional Research Service.

Davis, F., Mcgarrity, N., & Williams, G. (2014). Surveillance, counter-terrorism and comparative constitutionalism. Routledge.

Gardeazabal, J., & Sandler, T. (2015). INTERPOL's surveillance network in curbing transnational terrorism. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,34(4), 761-780.

SPENCER, S. B. (2015). When targeting becomes secondary: a framework for regulating predictive surveillance in antiterrorism investigations. Denver University Law Review, 92(3), 493-537.

Currently, the limitations of the current system include the fact that "they do not capture all cases in most countries. Cases may be missed by & #8230;systems because people…are diagnosed by public and private providers that do not report cases to local or national authorities" (WHO, 2012, p. 29)
Therefore, the key to assisting the surveillance system in India is to encourage more widespread participation from non-NTPs. One of the key ways in which this surveillance system could truly become national is to subsidize organizations that do report their cases to the national system. By providing incentives to these providers (WHO, 2012, p. 33), the system could be used more and more accurately reflect the rate of incidence. The other special feature that should be added to the national surveillance system in India is that is should reflect an equal prioritization of facilities in which diagnosis occurs -- which does…...

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References

No author. (2012). "New Heroes Ep4 01 Inderjit Khurana Train Platform Schools India." Youtube. Retrieved from  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIwIJ0GkBoI 

World Health Organization. (2012). "Global tuberculosis report 2012." World Health Organization. Retrieved from  http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr12_main.pdf 

World Health Organization. (2006). "Communicable disease surveillance and response systems: guide to monitoring and evaluating." World Health Organization. Retrieved from  http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/WHO_CDS_EPR_LYO_2006_2.pdf

Studies suggest that even "moe "omniscient" technology is likely to be developed" in the nea futue (Lyon, 2002). Cookies wee pehaps the fist fom of intenet suveillance, developed in 1994 as a means fo websites to tack visitos logging in so they could povide moe optimal sevice (Lyon, 2002). Now cookies have tansfomed the shape of communication and have futhe advanced the ability of ciminals to suvey individual use functions on the web.

The web is many things, an envionment fo "leaning, convesing, coodinating and tading" but also "a means of tapping the unway, of constaining the choices of the unsuspecting" (Lyon, 2002). Fom cookies web bugs developed, and inceasingly othe suveillance methods pop up daily. Accoding to Lyons (2002) the web might be consideed the "Wold Wide Web of Suveillance" (p. 345).

Lyons (2002) futhe defines suveillance as "pocessing pesonal data fo the puposes of management and influence" and suggests that…...

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references and deter computer crime." Yale Law Journal, Vol. 112, Issue 6, p. 1577

Computer Surveillance

These changes were accompanied by publicity in the treatment areas. No significant changes in robberies were found. The National Association of Convenience Stores (1991) reported on two other interventions evaluated by obert Figlio. The use of interactive CCTV (allowing communication between the clerk and the personnel in a remote location) reduced robberies in 189 stores by a statistically significant 31% in the first year following the installations. By the second year, the reduction had shrunk to 15%, which was not statistically significant. No control stores were used in the analysis. One chain of 81 stores installed color video monitors that were visible to patrons and staff. obbery rates were reported to have declined by 53% a year after installation. Again, no control stores were used. (Eck, 2002, p. 256)
The statistics of this review show clearly that robbery reduction only occurred in certain conditions and that the reduction of such…...

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References

Armitage, R. (May 2002) to CCTV or not to CCTV -- a review of current research into the effectiveness of CCTV systems in reducing crime. NACRO Community Safety Practice Briefing.

Brennan-Galvin, E. (2002). Crime and Violence in an Urbanizing World. Journal of International Affairs, 56(1), 123.

Brown, B (1995) CCTV in Town Centers: Three Case Studies. Police Research Group Crime Detection and Prevention Series Paper 68.

Coles, C. (2005, May/June). Fighting Crime with Closed-Circuit Cameras. The Futurist, 39, 10.

To help limit the potential bias in a study as this, and to help support the validity of the results, the researcher will cross compare the results of the study with information gathered from other recent studies monitoring surveillance programs within the primary regions and throughout other areas of the country.
It is important to note that to further validate this study, additional research in the future involving a much wider population base would help prove or disprove the theories and results presented in this study.

Results

The results of this study will contribute to the body of literature available and provided by the MMWR (2000; 1998) on disease prevention and surveillance of disease in various regions of the world. The researcher will provide additional guidelines for professionals working in the surveillance field that will enable them to centralize surveillance systems and provide faster response times. Additionally the research provided will enable…...

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Surveillance of communicable diseases a training manual. Alexandria: 1998

WHO-EM/CDS/52/E/L/06.98/2000.

Wuhib, T., Chorba, TL, Davidiants, V, Kenzie, WR, McNabb, S. Assessment of the infectious diseases surveillance system of the Republic of Armenia: An example of surveillance in the Republics of the former Soviet Union. BMC. Public Health; vol. 2:2002

1). The blimp, known as "Integrated Sensor Is the Structure" or ISIS has a demonstration ship scheduled for launch by 2014 (Wheeland). This latest addition to the electronic surveillance repertoire of the U.S. government should alarm everyone in the country because of its potential for abuse (remember Nixon?).
Conclusion

The research showed that electronic surveillance and wiretapping are legitimately used by law enforcement officials in the United States when they have secured the permission from the proper authorities. The research also showed that these technologies have been used as counterintelligence weapons during the Cold War and thereafter, and there use has expanded to unprecedented levels today in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and the passage of the U.S. PATIOT Act. The research also showed that there are some unexpected ways that electronic surveillance can help unauthorized users gain access to digital information by simply captured images…...

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References

Black's law dictionary. (1991). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.

Gibbs, W.W. (2009, May). How to steal secrets without a network. Scientific American, 300(5),

58-62.

Henderson, N.C. (2002). The Patriot Act's impact on the government's ability to conduct electronic surveillance of ongoing domestic communications. Duke Law Journal, 52(1),

This leads to the downsides of syndromic surveillance. First, it can give indications of problems but it cannot replace the one-on-one doctor to patient examination process and its associated discourse which is the only way to verify whether conclusions drawn during syndromic surveillance are even accurate in the first place. Second, and as noted above, privacy concerns and consent to be monitored in such a way is rarely given and the clarion calls for the greater good are not always enough to satiate people that are concerned about privacy invasion (Chang, Zeng & Yan, 2008).

Lastly, syndromic surveillance is really only something that can or should be used in extreme situations such as epidemic/pandemic warnings or actual outbreaks or when biological weaponry or other agents are used to hurt or harm the public. Just about any other method other than government proactivity (and even that can go too far) is probably…...

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References

Chen, H., Zeng, D., & Yan, P. (2008). Infectious disease informatics syndromic surveillance for public health and biodefense. New York: Springer.

Terrorist Surveillance
Critical overview of the reading

Just as national governments possess information-gathering capacities, so do terrorists and members of other types of criminal organizations. The United States has the CIA and similarly every terrorist organization has a branch of its operations solely devoted to gathering information (Nance 2008:188). However, unlike governments, any member of the terrorist or criminal organization can be a potential observer, even children. This is why it is especially vital that suspicious actions of potential terrorists are monitored because it may not be immediately obvious who is amassing intelligence that could be used in a potential attack against the U.S. The fact that surveillance of renegade groups is so potentially far-reaching in its implications and character, yet so amorphous in nature, means that detecting it is both necessary and extremely difficult.

Intelligence operatives in the U.S. must be mindful of the risk that they may be watched. They should…...

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References

Nance. M. (2008). Terrorist recognition handbook. 2nd Ed. CRC Press.

Drug tests can also be inaccurate, and show false positives, and are ineffective for more dangerous 'hard' drugs that have a shorter half-life in the body than 'soft' drugs like marijuana.
Many extremely successful companies do not use employee workplace surveillance such as Google. Google's corporate philosophy is to keep employees happy at work. So what if a productive employee updates his or her Facebook page at 3pm, but stays late, and is productive, while emailing his or her coworkers in ways that blend social life and corporate chat? For the new generation, barriers between personal and work life are more permeable. Also, when more employers expect workers to do work at home, it is frustrating to be barred from doing even the most minor personal business at work, and being taken to task for 'time theft.'

Better not to hire employees you do not trust, than use top-of-the-line workplace surveillance.…...

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) 1978, Antiterrorism Effective Death Penalty
Acts of Terror

There are a number of similarities and points of interest between the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 FISA, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, and the U.S.A. PATIOT Act of 2001. Collectively, these acts make it exceedingly difficult for those involved in acts of terrorism to operate and, when caught, to get any sort of leniency to assist in their getting out of jail. As such, these acts can have a formidable presence and make a significant impact on the war on terrorism.

One of the points of commonality for all of these acts is the fact that they are primarily focused on domestic offenders. This is particularly true of FISA, which details specific procedures for engaging in covert activities to find criminals (DHZ/Office for Civil ights and Civil Liberties). FISA advocates the usage of…...

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References

DHS/Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties. (2012). "Federal statutes relevant in the information sharing environment." Justice Information Sharing. Retrieved from  http://www.it.ojp.gov/default.aspx?area=privacy&page=1286 

Holland, J. (2009). "A tale of two justice systems." AlterNet. Retrieved from   (0cpgj055wpob3yqvjos2ua55))/displayArticle.aspx?articleid=21054&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/ (S

Lundin, Leigh (2011-10-02). "The crime of capital punishment." Death Penalty. Retrieved from  http://www.sleuthsayers.org/2011/10/crime-of-capital-punishment.html

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978 and Other Laws
The terrorist activities of Sept 11, 2001 serve as the source of the U. S fight against terrorism as made popular by the Bush regime. Previously, United States strategies to combat terrorism targeted on attacks against its interests overseas, and support for other governments' initiatives to control terrorism functions within their borders. However, Sept 11 exposed weaknesses to terrorism by non-state players within U.S. boundaries. In reaction, the U. S reformed its anti-terrorist techniques to prevent future attacks by focusing on terrorists, foreign and local, known and potential. In order to facilitate terrorist prosecution, the congress offers Appropriate Tools Required to Identify and Prevent Terrorism Acts. They include FISA, Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, and the PATRIOT Act.

At the most basic level, FISA describes the techniques needed to perform digital surveillance to obtain global intelligence. Considerably, these methods do not…...

1. The Impact of Theft on School Climate and Student Well-being

Explore the psychological and emotional impact of theft on students, teachers, and administrators.
Examine the consequences of reduced trust and increased fear within the school environment.
Discuss how theft creates a distraction from learning and disrupts the sense of community.

2. The Role of Security Measures in Deterring Theft

Analyze the effectiveness of various security measures, such as surveillance cameras, access control systems, and security guards.
Discuss the cost-benefit ratio of implementing different security measures.
Explore the potential benefits and drawbacks of using technology to prevent theft.

3. The Psychological Factors....

Yes, there are several recent news stories related to investigations on theft that could make for interesting essay subjects. Some potential topics include:

1. The rise of retail theft during the COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges faced by law enforcement in addressing this issue.
2. The use of technology, such as surveillance cameras and facial recognition software, in the investigation of theft cases.
3. The impact of organized crime networks on the theft of high-value items, such as jewelry or electronics.
4. The ethical implications of using sting operations and undercover agents in theft investigations.
5. The role of social media and online marketplaces in....

Art Heist Unravels: The Case of the Stolen Masterpieces

In the annals of art crime, the recent theft of a collection of priceless masterpieces from the National Gallery has sent shockwaves through the art world and beyond. The heist, which occurred under the cover of darkness, has left authorities baffled and the public reeling in disbelief.

The Stolen Treasures

The stolen works include some of the most iconic and valuable paintings in history. Among them are "The Starry Night" by Vincent van Gogh, "The Mona Lisa" by Leonardo da Vinci, and "The Girl with a Pearl Earring" by Johannes Vermeer. Their combined value....

Title: The Evolution of Correctional Institutions: A Historical Perspective

Introduction:

Provide a brief overview of the history of corrections, highlighting significant eras and developments.
Discuss the changing philosophies and practices of punishment and rehabilitation.
Introduce the concept of the historical perspective and its relevance to understanding contemporary corrections.

Body:

1. The Early Days: Retribution and Punishment:

Explore the historical roots of retribution and punishment as dominant themes in corrections.
Examine the use of corporal punishment, solitary confinement, and other harsh methods.
Discuss the impact of these practices on inmates and the overall effectiveness of corrections.

2. The Rise of Rehabilitation and Reform:

Trace the....