Surrogate Parents
For many infertile couples, the assistance of a surrogate mother represents one last hope for becoming a genetic parent. They thus turn to surrogate mothers, or women who bear children for couples who cannot become parents through normal pregnancy and childbirth (Gentry). ith careful preparation on both sides, surrogate parenting can be a viable option for couples to conceive a child and add to their family.

For many critics, the concept of a surrogate parent still retains the tinges of the 1986 Baby M. case, where the surrogate mother refused to give the baby to the intended parents. Others charge that this practice provides another opportunity for couples to exploit poor women.

However, statistics show that the practice of surrogacy is steadily growing. Figures from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) show that there were 1,210 attempts at surrogacies in the year 2000, doubling the figure from 1997 (Hamilton). Since 1976,…...

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Works Cited

Gardner, Marilyn. "Love, not a laboratory, makes a good parent." Christian Science Monitor. July 10, 2002: 20+. ProQuest Database.

Glazer, Ellen. "Sharing a Pregnancy Society." Boston Globe, June 10, 2001: C1+. ProQuest Database.

Gentry, Carol. "Surrogate Firm May Link Up with Yale." Wall Street Journal. February 3, 1999: NE1. ProQuest Database.

Hamilton, David P. "She's Having our Baby: Surrogacy is on the Rise as In-Vitro Improves." Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2003. ProQuest Database.

Some surrogates know the couple, and volunteer their services. Others do it simply because they want to help a couple that is childless. Four authors continue, "One woman said, ' I wanted to do something that was out of the ordinary and that made me a little bit special'" (Dooley, McCarthy, Garanis-Papadatos, and Dalla-Yorgia 57). In other cases, the surrogate may be a friend or relative of the couple, and is helping them because they care for them and want to help. There are many motives for surrogacy, and if the motives are good and pure, there is little to argue with or dispute. A doctor who studied the motives of surrogate women notes, "The 'average' surrogate emerges as a white mother with a fair amount of education and income. As a group, they cannot be described as destitute or living in poverty, and do not need the fee…...

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References

Aigen, Dr. Betsy P. "Motivations of Surrogate Mothers." Surrogacy.com. 1996. 13 May 2008.  http://www.surrogacy.com/psychres/article/motivat.html 

Dooley, Dolores, Joan McCarthy, Tina Garanis-Papadatos, and Panagiota Dalla-Yorgia. Ethics of New Reproductive Technologies: Cases and Questions. New York: Berghahn Books, 2003.

Levinson, Ralph, and Michael J. Reiss, eds. Key Issues in Bioethics: A Guide for Teachers. New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2003.

Litz, Steven. "Approximate Expenses." SurrogateMothers.com. 2004. 13 May 2008.  http://www.surrogatemothers.com/expense.html

Surrogate MotherhoodSurrogate motherhood is thought to be a treatment option for infertile mothers or an alternative to adoption (Bagan-Kurluta, 2017). At its face value, surrogacy seems like an attractive alternative for the infertile couple and the surrogate mother as all parties will benefit from the arrangement. The infertile couple will get their long-desired biologically related child, and the surrogate mother will receive much-needed money when paid to carry the pregnancy (Bagan-Kurluta, 2017). According to utilitarianism, there should be maximum happiness and well-being for all the affected individuals. However, this is not the case for surrogate motherhood. The mother is denied the chance to raise the child she had carried through the pregnancy term. There is a feeling of loss and unhappiness experienced by the surrogate mother. The connection between the mother and child is broken after birth, and psychological torture is placed on the child. The child and surrogate mother…...

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References

Bagan-Kurluta, K. (2017). Wombs for rent, outsoursed pregnancies, baby farms-ethics and surrogate motherhood. Progress in Health Sciences, 7, 193-198.

Ethics
The Terri chiavo case was an unusual incident where a person who should have been removed from life support long ago was sustained due to federal and public intervention. The case instigates moral and ethical questions of decision to end life as well as the limits of autonomy in surrogate decision making. Torke et al. (2008) argue that guardian judgment is often used as decision-making when a patient lacks the cognitive abilities to decide treatment for herself. urrogate decision-making, however, has its own flaws and should be replaced by something more rational. Using the Terri chiavo case as base, the following essay argues that the decision whether or not to prolong a patient's life (or indeed any decision revolving on an incumbent or cognitively disabled patient) should focus on the patient's dignity and individuality rather than on his or her autonomy.

The Terri chiavo Case: background

The Terri chiavo case lasted between…...

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Sources

Ditto, PH (2006) What would Terri want? On the psychological challenges of surrogate decision making. Death Studies, 30: 135 -- 148,

Lazzaerini, Z et al. (2006) Legal and policy lessons from the Schiavo case: Is our right to choose the medical care we want seriously at risk? Palliative & Supportive Care, 4, 145-153

Mathes, P (2005) Terri Schiavo and End-of-Life Decisions: Can Law Help Us Out? MEDSURG Nursing, 14 Issue 3, p200

Torke, AM et al. (2008) Substituted Judgment: The Limitations of Autonomy in Surrogate Decision Making J. Gen Intern Med. 23(9):1514-7.

For example, the 1984 British government committee report suggested that "it is inconsistent with human dignity that a woman should use her uterus for financial profit and treat it as an incubator for someone else's child," in part because this threatens to undermine the traditional belief in an inviolable mother-child bond.

Opponents who criticize commercial surrogacy from this perspective frequently attempt to differentiate between commercial surrogacy and "altruistic" surrogacy, in which a surrogate carries a child without a fee, but this distinction is merely nominal, because the lack of an explicit payment structure does not make the decision to become a surrogate any less transactional, and furthermore, the potential for exploitation exists in either case.

Before considering how the law actually treats surrogacy, then, it is becoming clear that a general prohibition on commercial surrogacy represents a kind of undue restriction on the personal and financial autonomy of women, because there is…...

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References

BERKHOUT, S.G., 2008. Buns in the Oven: Objectification, Surrogacy, and Women's

Autonomy. Social Theory and Practice,34(1), pp. 95-117.

BRINSDEN, P.R., APPLETON, T.C., MURRAY, E., HUSSEIN, M. And AL, E., 2000.

Treatment by in vitro fertilisation with surrogacy: Experience of one British centre.

A also consider that a proper legislation should protect the surrogate mother, in order to avoid situations in which her rights would not be respected. Therefore, she should be paid her medical expenses and, as a sort of benefit for her act, she should be granted a free medical insurance and the right to free medical analyses. Moreover, the legislation should stipulate that the surrogate mother should be of the same nationality - American in this case - as the future parents, in order to avoid situations as those which occurred in the Indian women case, who have thought to have been abused, a thing they have accepted because of their poor material status.

All in all, it seems that gestational surrogacy is not among the best surrogacy practice, and this is because of the ethnic, legal and cultural misunderstandings it might generate. In addition, I consider it should be replaced…...

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Bibliography

Ciccarrelli, John K., and Janice C. Ciccarrelli. "The Legal Aspects of Parental Rights in Assisted." Journal of Social Issues 61 (2005): 127-137. Tufts Library. 17 Mar. 2007.

Baker, Brenda M. "A Case for Permitting Altruistic Surrogacy." Hypatia. Bloomington 11.2 (1996): 34. Alt-Press Watch. Tufts Library. 17 Mar. 2007.   tId=28972&RQT=309&VName=PQD>.http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.library.tufts.edu/pqdweb?did=9766076&sid=1&Fmt=3&clien 

Ciccarrelli, Janice C., and Linda J. Beckman. "Navigating Rough Waters: an Overview of Psychological Aspects of Surrogacy." Journal of Social Issues 61 (2005): 21-43. Tufts Library. 17 Mar. 2007.

Douglas, Carol Anne. "Women as Wombs." Off Our Backs Jan. 1994: 12. Alt-Press Watch. Tufts Library. 17 Mar. 2007, at  http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.library.tufts.edu/pqdweb?did=592569041&sid=11&Fmt=3&clientId=28972&RQT=309&VName=PQD .

Chimpanzees and gorillas can be taught human sign language, and sign with one another even without humans present. (MMMC, 2002) They argue that to use intelligence and compassion as a sliding scale of the right to life would cause many humans to be justified out of existence.
However, even if one accepts that too many animals are experimented upon, and researchers should use other means, it is similarly hard to justify the elimination of all animal experimentation, altogether, as this would have meant the end of such recent drug developments in AIDS research, as well as more questionable animal tests, as for instance, the use of rabbits in cosmetic testing, for which there are acceptable substitutes that do not require animals.

orks Cited

Bayliss, Francoise. (2004) "Our Cells/Ourselves: The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research." Stem Cell Network. Retrieved 12 Jan 2004 at http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/research/projects/project04.php

BBC News. (Feb 12, 2004)"Q & A: Cloned Embryos."…...

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Works Cited

Bayliss, Francoise. (2004) "Our Cells/Ourselves: The Ethics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research." Stem Cell Network. Retrieved 12 Jan 2004 at  http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/research/projects/project04.php 

BBC News. (Feb 12, 2004)"Q & A: Cloned Embryos." BBC Official Website. Retrieved 12 Jan 2004 at  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3481159.stm 

Bird, Gloria W. And Sporkowuski, Michael J. (1992) Taking Sides. The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc. Guilford, CT.

CNN.com. (Feb 12, 2004)" Scientists 'cloned human embryos' CNN News Website. Retrieved 12 Jan 2004 at http://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/02/12/science.clone/

eproductive Counseling
Studies have shown that the mean maternal age of motherhood has been increasing since 1980, which although may suit many modern careers and life styles, it puts women at a greater risk of declining fertility. The fundamental manifestation of ovarian aging is not just because of a decrease in the number of oocytes, but also because of a decline in its quality. Moreover, women of advanced maternal age are at a greater risk of developing aneuploidy in embryos. This contributes to their inability to bear a child by increasing both implantation loss and pregnancy failure. (Judy et al., 2012)

In Vitro Fertilization, IVF is one of the forms of assisted reproductive technology that enhances the chances of conception. In IVF, ovaries are stimulated to produce mature oocytes which are retrieved transvaginally under sonographic guidance. Oocyte retrieval is normally an outpatient procedure, performed with adequate analgesia. The sperm and ova are…...

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REFERENCES:

Adewumi, A., Etti, E., Tayo, A., Rabiyu, K., Akindele, R., Ottun, T., & Akinlusi, F. (2012). Factors associated with acceptability of child adoption as a management option for infertility among women in a developing country. International Journal of Women's Health, 5, 365-372. doi: Pubmed

Bauer, U. (2011, Nov). 2009 assisted reproductive technology. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/art/ART2009/PDF/ART_2009_Full.pdf 

Echols, D.W. (2010, Feburary 19). The effects of oklahoma city law on surrogate motherhood and child custody. Retrieved from  http://family-law.lawyers.com/child-custody/blogs/archives/3994-The-Effects-of-Oklahoma-City-Law-on-Surrogate-Motherhood-and-Child-Custody.html 

Goldberg, J.M., Falcone, T., & Attran, M. (2007). In vitro fertilization update. Cleaveland Journal of Medicine, 74(5), 329-338. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.74.5.329

ethical dilemmas surround surrogacy and the donation of egg and/or sperm? Because surrogates are paid, is this a practice that exploits the poor, such as surrogate mothers in ndia? Why or Why not?
Egg donation and surrogacy raises ethical dilemmas on all four basic principles of medical ethics: autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence.

Autonomy -- .

Consent has to be given freely and with full volition of the surrogate mother. Yet, most times, intense pressure is involved aside from the fact that poor women in ndia may capitulate to the need for money and be taken in by the huge sums offered. The emotional and medical pressures are immense, but these women are often grossly misinformed about the situation that they are bound to undergo. Their poverty hampers them from making the clear, informed decisions that they would otherwise need to in order to undergo the procedure. Whilst most egg donors in…...

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International Journal of Health Services, 20, 373 -- 392

What Are the Ethical Concerns Regarding Egg Donation?  http://www.stanford.edu/class/siw198q/websites/reprotech/New%20Ways%20of%20Making%20Babies/eggethic.htm 

Perloe, M. (nd) Eight is Enough: Balancing the risks of advanced fertility treatment. Georgia Reproductive Specialists.  http://www.ivf.com/eightenough.html )

Nwoye, however, is attracted by the external trappings of Christian rhetoric, that promise him peace and a way out of a society in which he cannot compete because of his physical, emotional, and spiritual weaknesses. For Okonkwo, of course, the religion of Christianity is completely antithetical to his principles.
Q8. The end of the novel did surprise me. I expected that there would be a final, bloody clash between the tribesmen and the British. However, the real conflict occurs within Okonkwo's soul, when he is frustrated that his people will not fight with him, as they know they cannot overcome the superior military technology of the British. Okonkwo's suicide, however, once it is clear that his tribesmen will not stand with him, is not surprising, given that it is consistent with his militaristic and inflexible character -- he would rather die than submit. However, the fact that suicide is considered…...

The novel is more than a story about Gustad and his family. It is a story about India's coming of age, the politics and social unrest of the times, and how Indians reacted to it. Gustad is worried about the events surrounding them, while Dilnava is more concerned about her family than in current events. Again, this shows the difference between the characters and their concerns, and it also relates to the larger picture of the state, and who runs it. The women are largely left out of the operations, even though a woman runs the country, while the men are more concerned and involved.

In conclusion, the author uses the son and surrogate son to bring out the parents in depth. Both of these characters are central to the story, although they do not appear in all of it and they are not the protagonist. Tehmul is the "jester" of…...

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References

Mistry, Rohinton. Such a Long Journey. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.

ut if they can manage to terminate the temporary relationship, they will become more emotionally balanced and mature persons (Young).
Why Choose the Peplau Model

oth its interpersonal theory and nursing process have a concrete sequence of use and focus on the therapeutic relationship (Current Nursing, 2012). oth utilize appropriate problem-solving techniques, which aim in common at filling the client's needs. oth use observation and communication as well as recording as basic tools, which are already used in nursing care. The four phases inter-relate and inter-weave the varying components of each phase. The Theory or model is applicable to endeavors, which follow the concepts of client, health, environment and nursing. It proceeds in a logical and systematic manner in viewing and processing nursing situations. Its generalizability rests in its simplicity in the logical progression of the partnership. It has produced testable hypotheses. It can be used in psychiatric patients. It is…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Current Nursing (2012). Theory of interpersonal relation. Current: Current Nursing.

Retrieved on March 30, 2012 from  http://www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/interpersonal_theory.html 

Landry, a, (2009). Hildegard Peplau: interpersonal relations theorist. Suite 101:

Suite 101.net. Retrieved on March 30, 2012 from http://www.alicelandry.suite101.com/hildegard-peplau

person within the Christian worldview. Specifically it will discuss technology, the environment, and the media as it relates to my personal Christian worldview. As noted in this course, understanding a worldview can help a person understand other people and all their roles in today's society. Today's culture is broad, and influenced by a variety of sources, from scientific to religious, and they combine to create a contemporary Christian worldview in others and myself. Personally, my worldview is one of balance between my Christian beliefs and scientific study and analysis, which may be fairly common for a modern Christian worldview.
First, it is necessary to define worldview and what it is. A worldview encompasses every aspect of life, so understanding it is crucial in decision-making and living life to the fullest. It is really a wide-ranging perception of the world around us, formed using a Christian viewpoint. In other words, it…...

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References

Editors. (2009). About us. Retrieved 22 June 2009 from the Evangelical Climate Initiative Web site:  http://christiansandclimate.org/about/ .

Gibson, T.S. (2004). Proposed levels of Christian spiritual maturity. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(4), 295+.

Holy Bible. New King James Version.

Schmeltekopf, D.D. & Vitanza, D.M. (Eds.). (2006). The future of Baptist higher education. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.

Management Technology
Principles of Management and Technology

Multiculturalism and Diversity

"Diversity is desirable for innovation, flexibility, and organizational success."

Diversity can be a valuable asset for any organization. Having people from different backgrounds and cultures offers a broader range of different perspectives and different opinions. Having this as an asset can spawn higher levels of innovation and flexibility because of the depth of perspective -- more people with different ideas can collaborate in a way that ultimately leads to organizational success. Today's most successful organizations embrace diversity however the results of diversity are not always successful. hile many organizations have sought to increase the diversity of their workforces, researchers have found both positive and negative effects of demographic diversity on organizational outcomes (Olsen & Martins, 2012).

New Business Ventures

Discuss the reasons why small businesses are so important to the U.S. economy.

Small business accounts for the bulk of the U.S. economy and is critical to the…...

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Works Cited

Olsen, J., & Martins, L. (2012). Understanding organizational diversity management programs: A theoretical framework and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1168-1187.

SBA. (2012, September). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from Small Business Association:  http://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/FAQ_Sept_2012.pdf

WESLEY J. SMITH'S
TRUTH BOUT SSISTNCE"

Wesley J. Smith's analysis of euthanasia and assisted suicide is logically flawed in several ways. First, rather than discussing the main arguments supporting the idea in principle, Smith attacks the most extreme scenarios imaginable, and presents unethical and completely unconscionable applications of assisted suicide to which even its staunchest proponents object as strongly as do those opposed to it.

Likewise, his concern that the concept of duly appointed surrogates of patients no longer capable of expressing their wishes will send ethicist down the "slippery slope" leading to euthanizing "lzheimer's patients, mentally retarded people and, perhaps, children" is reminiscent of Tom Swift's " Modest Proposal." The only difference is that Swift's ridiculous proposal was intentionally satirical, whereas

Smith's hysterical concern that "an HMO doctor [might recommend] suicide as the best 'treatment'... [because] the doctor could be fired or lose bonus income for providing...too much care but would be…...

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Another central element of the flawed reasoning underlying the initial expectation of a correlation between active listening and happy marriages was illustrated by Howard Markman, a psychologist at the University of Denver, and author of Fighting for your Marriage (1994). According to Markman, when active listening does succeed, it is simply because it often works as a method of "help[ing] couples disrupt the negative patterns that predict divorce." On the other hand, it is not technique commonly used by untroubled couples.

In light of the fact that the initial assumption of the value of active listening in marital therapy, in the first place, was based on flawed reasoning, it hardly supports any specific logical conclusion deriving from the failure of that particular hypothesis.

Similarly, the mere fact that a more emotionally involved and communicative husband is predictive of happier marriages (and marriages that are more likely to be salvaged in marital therapy) hardly suggests that the solution to marital problems is simply for husbands to "give in to" their wives and do whatever their wives say.

Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (MOLST)

Introduction

Medical orders for life-sustaining treatment (MOLST) are standardized medical orders that guide healthcare providers in providing or withholding life-sustaining treatments in the event of a patient's critical illness or incapacity. These orders are designed to ensure that an individual's wishes regarding end-of-life care are respected and followed.

Components of MOLST

MOLST typically include the following components:

Patient's wishes: Clearly stated preferences regarding life-sustaining treatments, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), mechanical ventilation, and artificial nutrition.
Provider's orders: Medical orders based on the patient's wishes, indicating the specific treatments to be provided or withheld.
Medical diagnosis: The underlying medical....