The American Society stratification according to the family income incorporates the individual's origin (nativity) and citizenship status in the country, the size of the household and region. The stratification also groups the American population according to age and the size of the household whether individual or comprised of other family members. According to the 2013 census report, 48,810,868 persons live below the poverty in America. Out of the total America's population, 89,190,000 men and women comprise the working class and those in the middle-class combine to make a total of 122,952,000 individuals (DeNavas-Walt & Proctor, 2013).
In India and Great Britain stratification excludes the various origins and ethnic affiliation of the population. The classification of household by their composition and size in India is not considered when determining the poverty threshold. In both India and the Great Britain, the income of individuals is used to determine where they fall in…...
mlaReferences
DeNavas-Walt, C., & Proctor, B.D. (2013). Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 (Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration). Current Population Reports U.S. (CENSUS BUREAU), September 2014(1), 260-249.
Henslin, J.M. (2014). Essentials of Sociology. United Kingdom: Pearson Education, Limited.
stratification and what evidence is there to suggest that contemporary Australia is or is not stratified?
ocial tratification refers to the division of society into various hierarchical layers based on their socio-economic conditions. ome groups are given more power and prestige than others, whilst lower groups are dominated by the higher (Homes; Hughes, & Julian, *).
ocial stratification is founded on four principles:
It reflects society rather than individual differences and therefore does not work according to meritocracy
(2) It is fixed and transmitted from generation to generation;
(3) It is universal but has different faces in different countries
(4) ocial stratification is not just inequality of power but also reflects variances in beliefs to that differ according to groups. For instance, higher groups are more likely to be politically Conservative and to share a certain religion / religious perspective. (Homes; Hughes, & Julian, *).
ocial stratification is usually categorized into 3 main classes:
1. upper class,
2.…...
mlaSources
ACER e-news (2013) Report shows impact of growing social stratification among Australian schools
Aspin, LJ (1996), Focus on Australian Society, Longman, Melbourne.
Encel, S. (1970). Equality and Authority: A Study of Class, Status and Power
ole of Intergroup Inequality
Darity's Stratification Economics challenges the widely-held assumption that "group-based deficits in personal responsibility and cultural practices are explanatory" with respect to intergroup economic disparity. He cites politicians and economists alike as subscribing to this belief. His response is that "the emergence of economic stratification economics constitutes a systematic and empirically grounded alternative to the conventional wisdom on intergroup disparity." His view is that while the popular opinion is driven largely by anecdotal evidence, that empirical evidence can be used to test concepts and theories relating the economic stratification, and the results of such study would be more useful in terms of setting public policy.
Darity outlines several key concepts that flow from his theory of stratification economics. First, that intergenerational transmission effects are important. Second, the privilege serves to convey material benefits to specific groups of people. Third, that discriminatory privilege is persistent, in particular because privileged groups…...
mlaReferences
Darity, W. (2005). Stratification economics: The role of intergroup inequality. Journal of Economics and Finance. Vol. 29(2) 144-153
Using an example of engineers vs. unskilled laborers at a factory, Tumin asserts that while the unskilled laborers might appear more dispensable, over time their functions are just as vital to the operation of the factory, reducing Davis and Moore's claim to a fantasy world removed from the realities of forward-moving time (Tumin, 1953). The main problem with such a justification, however, is that functional importance is determined by the society after stratification, and the system will necessarily uphold its already present system of stratification and assigned importance values, thus perpetuating the status quo regardless of societal benefit (Tumin, 1953). Tumin goes on to point out other flaws with the functional stratification theory, but the main flaw he sees is its perpetuation of the status quo without real consideration (Tumin, 1953).
The theory of functional stratification is closely linked to that of meritocracy. John Andersen claims that meritocracy, a system…...
mlaReferences
Andersen, J. (1999). "Post-industrial solidarity or meritocracy?" Acta Sociologica, 42 (4), pp. 375-85.
Davis, K. And Moore, W. (1945). "Some principles of stratification." Reprinted in Wealth and poverty in America, Dalton Conley, ed. New York: Blackwell, 2003.
Tumin, M. (1953). "Some principles of straification: A critical analysis." Reprinted in Social Stratification, David Grusky, ed. Boulder: Westview Press, 2001.
Wrong, D. (1959). "The functional theory of stratification: Some neglected considerations." American sociological review, 24, pp. 772-82.
Social power without capital under capitalism does not exist, unlike previous eras where, for example, the medieval church exerted great influence over policy as a class, in greater proportion than the (not inconsiderable) wealth it held. However, today, land, capital, and the ability to make money off of money are the primary means by which influence is leveraged. Having money perpetuates money. This is how rich hold onto their places in the social hierarchy. Money buys education, commodities like the 'right' clothes that signify success, money buys social influence for one's self and one's children, money buys property from which one can make more money, money buys media influence, and quite often the ears of the politically connected. The necessity of technology to do everything from allowing a business run efficiently to applying to college further underlines the ability of the digital divide between rich and poor peoples and nations…...
Imperialism encouraged the exploitation of other countries in order to enrich imperialistic nations such as Great Britain, Germany, and Belgium. This created a cycle of exploitation in many countries ruled as imperial colonies, and the practice continues today in many ways, which adds to their inequity with core nations (Bartle).
Finally, technology has advanced many nations far beyond anything many of the periphery nations can ever hope for. Even the poorest Americans usually have at least a telephone and television, while these are great luxuries in many countries. There is such a great inequity between the wealthiest nations and the poorest that it does not seem hard to understand why so many people resent the wealthiest nations. It seems as if they exploit people and countries to enrich themselves and their decadent lifestyles, and this can add to deep resentment and hatred in some people.
Toss in a strict religion into…...
mlaReferences
Bartle, Phil. "Global Stratification." Sociology Lecture Notes. 2007. 8 Feb. 2007. http://www.scn.org/cmp/modules/soc-glb.htm
Editors. "Inequality." WorldRevolution.org. 2007. 8 Feb. 2007. http://www.worldrevolution.org/guide/inequality
Galbraith, James K. "Global Pay." University of Texas. 14 Nov. 1998. 8 Feb. 2007. http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/papers/utip_03.pdf
Khler, Gernot. "The Global Stratification of Unemployment and Underemployment." Centro Argentino de Estudios Internacionales. 2005. 8 Feb. 2007. http://www.caei.com.ar/es/programas/teoria/t12.pdf
Social Stratification and the Kind of Political System That Society Is Likely to Be
Social stratification is distinguished in the society amongst one of four types: bands; tribes; chiefdoms; or states.
Bands -- are egalitarian simple kin units with power, if any, depending on skill, earned respect and capability. Decision-making is informal and shared by the group. Rank and stratification is homogenous for all particularly since members are related either by kin or by affinity. It is in this way that political, social, economic resources and decisions are shared and/or implemented corporately. An example of bands is foraging societies.
Tribes -- these are egalitarian complex kin units otherwise called 'sodalities' since they are based on common interest rather than on kinship affiliation (as with bands). They are similar to bands in their make-up and in their egalitarian rank and stratification. Headsmen or 'Big Men' become so by virtue of their generosity and…...
Differentiate between race and ethnicity
Race refers to the socially constructed physical, genetic characteristics of a person. Ethnicity refers to the group he or she identifies with in a cultural fashion. For example, a person may be Caucasian racially, but identify in terms of his or her ethnicity as an Italian-American -- versus his or her Irish-American friend who is also classified according in same 'racial' category.
These identifications are not necessarily inevitable: although it seems as though race (like gender) is an easily-identifiable social characteristic, it is important to remember that many years ago Irish and Italian people were not considered truly 'American' or 'white' and only gradually, through a historical assimilation process were these differences erased in the cultural mindset. In Italy, regional conflicts are rife, but not nearly as manifest between Italians in the United States. 'Racial' and 'ethnic' identification is a fluid and ever-changing process, and with greater…...
" But added specialization of electives also means varying levels of legal quality in the basics of law as well as greater specialization at an earlier career juncture for most law students.
One attorney notes that the changing practice and professional emphasis of law on specialization has also created a change in the culture of many law firms. He states that there has been stratification between old and new members of the profession, as much larger portion of law practice is carried on in large organizations. Those at the top of these hierarchical structures feel removed from the day-to-day practice that they increasingly do not understand and those at the bottom "feel a loss of community and autonomy. Everyone finds less warmth and collegiality." Lawyers themselves do not like this, notes Cramton, citing attorneys who complain, "hen we have a firm party, we have to have name tags." Furthermore, the fragmentation…...
mlaWorks Cited
A.B.A. (2005) "Curriculum Survey." American Bar Association Publication. Retrieved 2 Jul 2005 at http://www.abanet.org/legaled/publications/curriculumsurvey/executivesummary.pdfRoger
Cramton, C. (2005) "The Lawyer as a Professional." Texas Legal Ethics Institute Retrieved 2 Jul 2005 at http://www.txethics.org/resources_lawyerprofessional.asp?view=2Cramton
LSAC. "F&Q for minority students." Retrieved 2 Jul 2005 at http://www.lsac.org/
Newton, Frank W. "Crisis in the Legal Profession." Texas Legal Ethics Institute. Retrieved 2 Jul 2005 at http://www.txethics.org/resources_lawyerprofessional.asp?view=1Newton
What it does mean is that the number of illegal immigrants entering the U.S. is less than the number leaving. And according to the Federation for American Immigration Reform, the nations from where the most illegal immigrants came from were Highest to lowest) Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Philippines, India, Ecuador, Brazil, Korea, and China. ("2011 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics")
4. Because we live in a society where we calculate the intrinsic human worth of a person based on the external characteristics that society deems acceptable or not, immigrants are usually considered to be "out-groups" as they do not possess the external characteristics that society approves of. Because they are considered "out-groups" and usually maintain their original language, customs, religion, etc., they are usually relegated to the lower socio-economic level. In this way immigrants add to the issue of inequality by arriving and starting out at the bottom. In the…...
mlaOn the other hand it is very difficult to estimate the numbers of illegal immigrants to come to America. Because they live in the shadows, use a cash economy, and do not usually involve themselves in the census, it is difficult for government statisticians to calculate exactly how many are currently in the U.S. But by using roundabout measures, and some scientific assumptions, the American government does have a pretty good idea of their numbers. According to the same yearbook the estimated number of illegal immigrants actually dropped from 11.6 million in 2010 to 11.5 million in 2011, a decrease of close to one hundred thousand.("2011 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics")
3. In 2011 the United States allowed more than a million immigrants to legally enter the United States from a variety of nations. With this in mind, the greatest number of legal immigrants came from the following ten nations (ranked highest to lowest): Mexico, China, India, Philippines, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Vietnam, Korea, Haiti and Jamaica. While the U.S. may have had a drop in illegal immigration, it doesn't mean that there have been no immigrants entering illegally. What it does mean is that the number of illegal immigrants entering the U.S. is less than the number leaving. And according to the Federation for American Immigration Reform, the nations from where the most illegal immigrants came from were Highest to lowest) Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Philippines, India, Ecuador, Brazil, Korea, and China. ("2011 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics")
4. Because we live in a society where we calculate the intrinsic human worth of a person based on the external characteristics that society deems acceptable or not, immigrants are usually considered to be "out-groups" as they do not possess the external characteristics that society approves of. Because they are considered "out-groups" and usually maintain their original language, customs, religion, etc., they are usually relegated to the lower socio-economic level. In this way immigrants add to the issue of inequality by arriving and starting out at the bottom. In the video where the hosts of the "Smiley and West" radio show are discussing their "Poverty Tour," immigrants are mentioned as one of the largest percentage of people living in poverty. (Smiley and West, 2011) and the PBS news hour video made a point to stress that with the current economy, more Americans than ever are living below the poverty level. (Lehrer, 2010) but if one accepts the Davis and Moore theory on social stratification, the country needs a constant supply of people to fill the lower levels of the strata to replace those who have been here longer move up the levels. (Davis and Moore, 1945) Unfortunately, as the PBS video demonstrated, with the stagnant economy there seems to be little upward mobility at the moment and therefore an increase in immigration could put even more
In a 2003 issue of Monthly Review, Tony Platt writes that the U.S. has the most regressive system of welfare for the poor among developed nations and in recent years it has become even more punitive (Platt pp).
The New Yorker Fact eb site is a site that contains the latest issue of the New Yorker magazine. The essay for October 21, 2005 was titled "Day Stripper: Clothing-optional swimmers get into trouble with the natives" by Mark Singer, discussing nudist in New England.
orks Cited
Birdsall, Nancy. "hy inequality matters: some economic issues."
Ethics and International Affairs. October 01, 2001. Retrieved October 21, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library eb site.
Bradbury, Katharine L. "The growing inequality of family income: changing families and changing wages." New England Economic Review. July 01, 1996. Retrieved October 21, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library eb site.
Malamud, Deborah C. "ho they are - or were: middle-class welfare in the early…...
mlaWorks Cited
Birdsall, Nancy. "Why inequality matters: some economic issues."
Ethics and International Affairs. October 01, 2001. Retrieved October 21, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.
Bradbury, Katharine L. "The growing inequality of family income: changing families and changing wages." New England Economic Review. July 01, 1996. Retrieved October 21, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.
Malamud, Deborah C. "Who they are - or were: middle-class welfare in the early New
ethnicity and stratification is of importance because modern society is culturally diverse, it is important to know what motivates various ethnic groups to strive for success and how social stratification plays a significant role in this process. The opportunity for training and furthering ones level of education is promising for individuals of all ethnicities. Providing there is some form of stratification system within society, it is likely that individuals will view this inequality as a motivational factor to undergo sacrifices and receive additional training for these jobs. This will facilitate individuals in these groups to achieve higher strata in society and be deemed successful. Social stratification is necessary in order to motivate ethnically diverse groups to train for more important jobs. There are three theories of stratification including, the functional theory of stratification, conflict theory and stratification and social interactionism and stratification. All three theories can relate to relationship…...
Age Stratification and Methods of Social Networking
Old Age and Interpersonal Relationships
As the baby boomer generation ages, America becomes increasingly a senior nation. This has caused an increasing degree of scrutiny to be directed at the process of aging, and the effects which it has upon the social fabric of the nation. Only a few decades ago, as Grant McCracken puts it, old people were "expected to remove themselves from the public stage, to relinquish positions of influence and usefulness, to retire their claims to a place at the center of things." (2004) hether they were locked away in nursing homes or the back bedrooms of their own children's homes or quaint little apartments and retirement facilities, the elderly were generally like ideal children seen and not heard or noticed. However, increasingly middle aged and senior individuals are beginning to appear as vibrant actors in society and culture, boosted both by…...
mlaWorks Cited
Mahoney, S. (2003) "Seeking Love" AARP Magazine (online). Accessed at Jun 2004.http://www.aarpmagazine.org/lifestyle/Articles/a2003-09-23-seekinglove.html,25
McCracken, G. (2004) "Plenitude" Accessed at Jun 2004.http://www.cultureby.com/books/plenit/html/Plenitude2p4.htm,25
Navon, A. & Sieger, M. (2000) "Pal Power: If friends are the gifts we give ourselves, it's good to be greedy. Hold on to the ones you've got -- and grab some more."
Time, Nov 13, 2000.
Sampling Plan
Before discussing a sampling plan, there has to be clear and unambiguous definitions of what a sample and sampling are. Despite diversity in the definition of a sample, the best meaning is that a sample could be considered as a subset of a population, with which a researcher would like to use as participants in a given research study (Landreneau & Creek, 2012). According to Deming (1990), sapling is a science, which specifically guides quantitative studies, materials, behavior and the different causes of difference. In other aspects of research such as the qualitative research, sampling could be considered as the art of selecting a part of a population, in a given research area that is a representation of the entire population.
Both the qualitative and quantitative researchers approach their sampling differently. For the quantitative researchers, samples which are selected are those that will give the researcher easy time when trying…...
mlaReferences
Adler, E.S. & Clark, R. (2008). How It Is Done: An Invitation to Social Research. New York: Cengage Learning Publishers.
Babbie, E.R. (2010). The Practice of Social Research. New York: Cengage Learning.
Bartlett, J.E., Kotrlik, J.W. & Higgins, C.C. (2012). Organizational Research: Determining Appropriate Sample Size in Survey Research. Retrieved 28th October, 2012 from http://www.osra.org/itlpj/bartlettkotrlikhiggins.pdf
Beri, (2007). Marketing Research. India: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing.
.. To an active fashion accessory. Most significantly the logo itself growing in size, ballooning from a three quarter inch emblem into a chest-sized marquee."
From the perspective of social stratification and social stratification through branding, today, our main motivation to consume is our desire to be similar to some people and different from others. Consumerism stands rudimentary to social stratification, or vice versus. According to Miller (2013), "Social stratification may be defined as long-standing power, wealth, and status between groups within a single society. These groups are typically separated into classes or castes, but may also extend to ethnic separation." Miller (2013) contends that "placement into a social hierarchy is dependent on an individual's access to valued resources: stratification is a system where groups are treated differently based on their societal roles or social status." Members of society can align with various social status groups or separate themselves from others…...
mlaReferences
McLaren, Warren. (2008). Logo no go for Nau. A peek at branding and consumerism . Available:
www.treehugger.com/culture/logo-no-go-for-nau-a-peek-at-branding-and-consumerism.html. Last accessed 12th May 2013.
Miller, Rene. (2013). What is social stratification. Available:
Last accessed May 12, 2013.http://www.ehow.com/info_8690268_social-stratification.html.
Social class is an incredibly complex concept. Many people assume that it is primarily defined by socioeconomic status. However, while wealth or the lack thereof may play some role in determining social class, it is not the only determinant. Other factors in addition to class can help determine social stratification. In the United States, this concept can often be looked at new money versus old money. If these delineations are preset, is social mobility even possible?
To really understand this issue, it is important to look at the concept of social class and stratification. Social class....
1. The Impact of Social Structure on Career Choices
2. Exploring Social Hierarchies in the Workplace
3. How Social Class Influences Occupational Opportunities
4. Gender and Social Structure in the Workplace
5. The Role of Education in Job Placement and Social Mobility
6. The Intersection of Race and Social Structure in Employment
7. Social Networks and Job Advancement
8. Social Status and Occupational Prestige
9. The Effects of Economic Inequality on Job Opportunities
10. The Evolution of Social Structure and its Impact on the Job Market
11. Power Dynamics and Social Stratification in the Workplace
12. The Stigma of Low-Status Jobs in Society
13. Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Gender Equality in Career....
1. "From the Mailroom to the Boardroom: A Journey Through Social Stratification and Job Opportunities"
This title highlights the hierarchical nature of social structure and job opportunities, suggesting a progression from lower-status jobs to higher-status jobs. It also emphasizes the idea of social mobility, as individuals can potentially move up the ladder through hard work and dedication. The title is concise and descriptive, while also providing a clear framework for the essay.
2. "The Interplay of Class, Status, and Power in the Labor Market: How Social Structure Shapes Job Opportunities"
This title delves deeper into the sociological concepts of class, status, and power,....
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Re-evaluating Priorities in the Face of Adversity: How the Pandemic Has Reshaped Values and Life Goals
The Power of Connection in a Time of Physical Distancing: Examining the Impact of Virtual and Alternative Social Interactions
Societal Implications
The Digital Divide and Social Inequality: How the Pandemic Has Exacerbated Pre-existing Social Stratifications
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