Phoenix, in preference to purchasing locally available products, is reducing on importing raw materials and other products. The company for instance minimized on stylistic packaging glasses. However, it has indulged in using standard models. This consequently promotes and enhances the local economy. Though avoiding products made from fossil fuel, the company has prevented their consumers from chemically associated complications. This is with glass bottles as preferred from plastics.

Phoenix has the interest of organics and therefore reduces on the use of chemicals through adapting the BioGro certification, to prevent pesticide-associated complications. The company only acquires organically proficient products or those that meet the standards of BioGro certification. They also advocate the locals to get BioGro certified. This consequently will enable the company to purchase products from the local industry.

Phoenix's positive impact on the natural ecosystem has been throughout. Committing itself to organics, the company enhances the environment; it participates in tree…...

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References

Allison, J. (2003). Water in the garden. Dorking: Interpet. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin

Furrer, O., Thomas, H., & Goussevskaia, a. (2008). The structure and evolution of the strategic management field: A content analysis of 26 years of strategic management research. International Journal of Management Reviews.

Barbie
Mattel's managers were slow to adapt because they had become complacent. Barbie is a billion-dollar brand (Mattel 2014 Annual eport) and had been able to beat many prior competitors. There was no motivation for the Barbie team to change, because there were no major challengers, and it had been a long time since a viable threat to the brand had emerged. Without incentive, many managers become complacent and then they refuse to change and to innovate. The financial incentives for these managers were likely tied to profitability, and Barbie was still highly profitable. It was only after Bratz knocked Barbie's sales down 30% that the Barbie managers took notice of the threat (Pimentel, 2007).

The cognitive errors that would contribute to this would include feeling that if Barbie had been able to deflect new entrants in the past that it would be able to do so in the future. The reality…...

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References

Mattel 2014 Annual Report. Retrieved December 10, 2015 from http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/MAT/0x0x820303/68C602DD-88F3-47F8-ABB5-46635E8495D8/Mattel_-_Bookmarked_2014_Annual_Report_Final_.PDF

Pimentel, B. (2007). How employee financial incentives can backfire. Insights by Stanford Business. Retrieved December 10, 2015 from  https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/jeffrey-pfeffer-how-employee-financial-incentives-can-backfire

Collaborative Decision Making Through Share Governance
I attended a committee meeting at a local school. The committee was formed in order to come up with a proposal on how they could improve the performance of the school. Those who attended the meeting were supposed to see to it that they come up with a proposal on how the performance of the students could be improved. I was quite keen on how the committee members interacted and the process the committee used to arrive at their decisions.

I observed that the committee used both managerial level and group levels in the decision making process. First of all I observe that there were proposals from the management that were forwarded to the committee members. The management of the school had come up with their own measures that would be taken to ensure that the performance of the school would be improved. This had been…...

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References

MountHolyoke.(2009). Skill Building -- Group Decision Making.Retrieved August 29, 2014 from www.soas.ac.uk/admin/.../file37354.pdf

Chand, S. (2010). 4 Techniques for Group Decision Making Process More Effective. Retrieved August 29, 2014 from  http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/management/4-techniques-for-group-decesion-making-process-more-effective/3506/

Decision Making Model
Decision making is defined as the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives (Wikipedia, 2004). Effective decision making, however, is contingent on an individual or group's ability to select the course of action, which is most likely to result in goal or task accomplishment. In the business world, this is easier said than done since most decisions involve taking into consideration a myriad number of variables such as environmental factors, competitive activities, customer needs, internal goals and organizational constraints. Therefore, most organizations deem it advisable to use decision making support systems or models, which have been developed specifically to assist in the through analysis and evaluation of various alternative courses of action.

One such model is the Force Field Analysis. It is the objective of this paper to describe how the Force Field Analysis model helps weigh the pros and cons of any decision,…...

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References

Ashley, W.C., & Morrison, J.L. (1997, September -- October). Anticipatory Management:

Tools for Better Decision Making. The Futurist. Vol. 31:5, p. 47+ Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004: www.questia.com

Bauer, G.J., Baunchalk, M.S., Ingram, T.N., & Laforge, R.W. (1998). Emerging Trends in Sales Thought and Practice. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

Bounds, G.M., & Stahl, M.J. (1991). Competing Globally through Customer Value: The

Decision Making
Barnes and Noble Inc. is one of the most successful bookstores in the world. The company operates throughout the United States and boasts roomy inviting stores. In addition to books, the company also sells DVDs and music. The company operates both brick and mortar stores and it is also the largest internet bookstore. Furthermore, Barnes & Noble, Inc. is a Fortune 500 company and the largest bookseller in the world. In addition, "The company is a leading content, commerce and technology company that provides customers easy and convenient access to books, magazines, newspapers and other content across its multi-channel distribution platform. As of January 29, 2011, the company operates 705 retail bookstores in regional shopping malls, major strip centers and freestanding locations in 50 states, and 636 college bookstores serving nearly 4 million students and faculty members at colleges and universities across the United States (For Investors)." The purpose…...

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Works Cited

Barnes & Noble Annual Report 2010. Retrieved from;  http://www.barnesandnobleinc.com/documents/bn_annual_report_2010.pdf 

Corporate Governance Guidelines. Retrieved from;  http://www.barnesandnobleinc.com/for_investors/governance/Corporate_Governance_Guidelines/Corporate_Governance_Guidelines.html 

For Investors. Retrieved from;  http://www.barnesandnobleinc.com/for_investors/for_investors.html 

Forman C., Ghose, A., Goldfarb, A. (2009) Between Local and Electronic Markets: How the Benefit of Buying Online Depends on Where You Live. 55(1)

Decision making is a term that can be described as the process of choosing between alternatives and entails identification, development, and selection. Based on academic literature decision making and analysis can be widely divided into two schools of thoughts i.e. analytic and experiential or incremental decision making processes (Sipp & Carayannis, 2013, p.18). The analytic school of thought on decision making and analysis primarily focuses on problem definition and identification, assessment and selection of alternatives. In this school of thought, implementation in the decision making process basically entails simple execution of the cautiously selected alternative. On the contrary, even though experiential or incremental school of thought incorporates the two major steps in decision making just like the other school of thought, it focuses more on the execution of the alternative. This school of thought on decision making also utilize feedback to make necessary adjustments to the selected alternative in order…...

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References

Barnard, M. & Stoll, N. (2010, October). Organizational Change Management: A Rapid Literature Review. Retrieved from Bristol Institute of Public Affairs website:  http://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/cubec/migrated/documents/pr1.pdf 

Choi, M. & Ruona, W.E.A. (2011, March). Individual Readiness for Organizational Change and Its Implications for Human Resource and Organization Development. Human Resource Development Review, 10(1), 46-73.

Manuela, P.V. & Clara, M.F. (n.d.). Resistance to Change: A Literature Review and Empirical Study. Retrieved from University of Valencia website:  http://www.uv.es/~pardoman/resistencias.PDF 

Mykkanen, M. & Vos, M. (2015). The Contribution of Public Relations to Organizational Decision Making: Insights from the Literature. Public Relations Journal, 9(2), 1-17.

Decision-Making Process in Business Environment
The activity of decision-making may be defined as mental processes leading to the choosing of one alternative out of many.

All decision-making processes generate an ultimate choice.

Decision-making output may be a chosen view or action.

Broadly, decision-making represents a process of choosing between numerous alternatives and making a commitment to adopting some particular option for the future (Masood).

The Nature of Decision-Making

Successful decision-making, realizing where one has made the wrong choice, and being quick to respond to one's errors, forms a major component of corporate efficiency.

According to some scholars, decision-making constitutes the most elementary and salient of all the responsibilities of a manager.

The activity of decision-making relates most closely to the activity of planning.

But it also forms part of leadership, organization, and control (icaksana).

Decision-Making Process

Decision-making entails six steps:

a. Problem Identification

• Need for explicitly outlining the issue

• Manager should thoroughly understand the issue

• Manager should carefully regard and assess the…...

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Works Cited

Wicaksana, Seta. Decision-Making. 2013. Web. 8 Sept. 2016.

Chapter 9. Managerial Decision-Making. 2009. Web. 8 Sept. 2016

Masood, Aima. Decision-Making Process. 2013. Web. 8 Sept. 2016.

50). Therefore, the ability of planners in both civilian and military aviation settings will need to ensure this integrated approach to information management to identify opportunities for improvement and what steps will be needed today to ensure their successful outcome in the future.
Conclusion

The research showed that resource management and strategic decision making processes in the civilian and military sectors of the aviation industry have been profoundly affected by innovations in technology that continue to have an enormous impact today. The research also showed that although there is much to be considered in developing effective resource management techniques, the strategic decision process can help organizations of all types identify opportunities for improvement today and take the steps today to help ensure their successful development and implementation in the future. In the final analysis, the body of knowledge in these areas is growing at exponential rates, and the terrible costs in…...

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References

Goodman, W.C. (2000). Transportation by air: Job growth moderates from stellar rates. Monthly Labor Review, 123(3), 34.

Harris, W.C., Goernert, P.N., Hancock, P.A., & Arthur, E.J. (1994). The comparative effectiveness of adaptive automation and operator initiated automation during anticipated and unanticipated taskload increases. In Hollnagel at p. 159.

Hendrick, H.W. & Kleiner, B.M. (2002). Macroergonomics: Theory, methods, and applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hollnagel, E. (2003). Handbook of cognitive task design. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Management
"Critically evaluate the usefulness of rational decision-making for managers when making strategic choices"

Characteristics of strategic decisions

Long-term survival of the organization

Scope of organization activities

esources and competences / Competitive advantage

Then strategy is concerned with the strategic fit to the external environment

Stakeholders' expectations

Power in the organization - The expectations and worth of powerful agents in and around the company

Strategy as ational decision making

Set objectives

Understand problem

Determine options

Evaluate options

Improvement in strategic decision making

Involvement of different stakeholders

Organization should have focus and flexibility

Organization should learn the strategy

eferences

Introduction

Strategic management is the process of determining clear objectives of the company, and evaluation of internal and external environment in order to form a strategy solution, implement it, assess the progression, and make adjustments accordingly. In this report we will discuss the usefulness of rationale decision making for managers while making strategic choices. The roles of global managers and their decision making limits will be highlighted. The discussion related to the…...

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References

Bazer. M 2006, 'Judgement in Managerial decision making', Ed. 6th, New York, Publisher, Wiley.

Bontempo, R., Lobel, S. & Triandis. H 1990, 'Compliance and value internalization in Brazil & the U.S. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology', 20, pp., 200-213

Cooke, S & Slack, N 1991, 'Making Management Decisions', Ed. 2nd, Publisher, Prentice Hall.

David Hunger & Thoman L.Wheelen 2010, 'Strategic Management and business policy' Ed.12th, Saint Peterburg, Florida, Publisher, Prentice Hall.

Components contributing to the library's decision making process include the library per se; its purposes' its structure and organization' its functions and forms/kinds of data; its resources in/for staff/volunteers; its facilities; its equipment.
Management teams and other groups play a key role in strategic decision making," Nancy H. Leonard, Laura Beauvais, and Richard Scholl (2005) relate the importance of involving groups in strategic decision making. "These groups include top management teams (Hambrick and Mason, 1984), boards of directors (Forbes, 1999; Pettigrew, 1992), and planning task forces (Van de Ven, 1980)" (Leonard, Beauvais, and Scholl ¶ 2). To effectively manage work groups and decision-making teams, Leonard, Beauvais, and Scholl stress, managers must understand that underlying psychological cognitive styles and social interaction of an individual impact them and their decision making. hen mangers better understand the concept of group cognitive style, they may be able to create groups with various strengths based…...

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Works Cited

Burrows, Toby. "The 'digital library hammer'?" The Australian Library Journal. Australian Library and Information Association. 2004. HighBeam Research. 1 Mar. 2009  http://www.highbeam.com .

Carpenter, Kenneth E. "A Library Historian Looks at Librarianship." Daedalus 125.4 (1996): 77+. Questia. 1 Mar. 2009  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000447498 .

The Columbia World of Quotations. Columbia University Press. New York. 1996, 2 Jan. 2009. www.bartleby.com/66/.

Dunham, J.. Developing Effective School Management. Routledge. New York.. Questia. 1995. 1 Mar. 2009.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108823897 .

Strategic Framework in BP-Deepwater horizon accident
One of the most eminent names in the oil and gas industry is British Petroleum, considered as the largest provider of oil and gas to its customers for transportation, energy for heating and light and retail services for petrochemical products globally. The financial and operational picture of the company's performance is illustrated in table1 below.

Performance at a glance for 2010

Facts and figures

Sales and other operating revenues

eplacement cost profit

Number of employees

Proved reserves

etail sites

Upstream

efineries (wholly or partly owned)

efining throughput

$297,107 million (year 2010)

($4,519) million (year 2010)

79,700 (at 31 Dec 2010)

18,071 million barrels of oil equivalent

22,100

Active in 29 countries

16

2,426 thousand barrels per day (year 2010)

(BP's Corporate website, 2010)

On 20th April 2010 the company faced a serious challenge when one of its oil rigs started leaking and simply couldn't be stopped. With Deepwater Horizon accident, BP's image suffered a lot and many urged the management to change its future strategy…...

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References

BP's Corporate website, 2010. Annual Report 2010. Retrieved through   on 12th August 2010http://www.bp.com/sectionbodycopy.do?categoryId=9035798&contentId=7066618 

Corner, P. Kinicki, A. And Keats, B. (1994) Integrating organizational and individual information processing perspectives on choice, Organizational Science, vol. 3.

Drucker, P. (1954) The Practice of Management, Harper and Row, New York, 1954.

Gellerman, S. (1989) Managing Ethics from the Top to Down, Sloan Management Review;

Therefore, they use strict evaluation criteria to make choice among different alternatives. Keeping in view the strength of customers' bargaining power, Toyota and other automakers are expending huge amounts on advertisements and promotional campaigns to create awareness about their brands and convince these customers to prefer them over all other brands (Jenny & Scammon, 2010).
5. Internal Environmental Analysis for Toyota Motor Corporation

5.1. The esources Types:

Like other types of business corporations, Toyota also relies on four different organizational resources. These are: financial resources, human resources, informational resources, and physical resources. Financial resources are the money invested by the company's shareholders and the profits left after paying off liabilities. These resources enable the company to run its day-to-day operations, run marketing campaigns, and make strategic investments to keep it innovative and competitive in all aspects. Secondly, the human resources are the intellectual capital that plays a major role in enhancing organizational…...

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References

Bearden, W.O., Ingram, T.N. & LaForge, R.W. (2007). Marketing: Principles and Perspectives, 5th Edition. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill

Blythe, J., & Megicks, P. (2010). Marketing Planning: Strategy, Environment and Context, 3rd Edition. U.K: Prentice Hall

Brassington, F. & Pettitt, S. (2006). Principles of Marketing, 4th Edition. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall

Frederic, M., Agnes, V. & John, M. (2011). Pest Analysis, 2nd Edition. U.K: Gardners Books

Strategic Plan
Amazon.com



Strategic plan

Organization: Amazon.com

Vision:

Amazon.com's vision is to become "Earth's biggest selection and to be Earth's most customer centric company."

Mission of Amazon.com:

The mission on Amazon.com is to create shareholder value over the long-term which is the fundamental measure of our success. We accomplish this mission by:

Investing aggressively to expand and leverage our customer base, brand, and infrastructure as we move to establish an enduring franchise.

Making investment decisions in light of long-term market leadership considerations rather than short-term profitability considerations or short-term Wall Street reactions.

Focusing relentlessly on our customers.

Strategic Initiatives:

Market Penetration in China

Amazon.com entered the Chinese e-commerce market in 2004 by taking over Joyo.com (China IT & Telecom eport, 2007). However, as the GE matrix indicates, Amazon.com is underperforming and has lost its position as market leader (Dean, The Wall Street Journal, 2006). Market penetration in China is a strategic option as identified by business position graph of Amazon.com due to the…...

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References:

Business Wire, 2007 "Amazon.com headlines list of keynot addresses for LinuxWorld San Francisco and next generation Data Center." Business Wire May 16, 2007 [accessed: 23 Jan 2008]

China IT & Telecom Report, 2007 "Joyo.com renamed Joyo Amazon" InterFax News Agency, June 8, 2007 [Accessed: 3 Feb 2008 22:16:28]

Sorce, P., Perotti, V., & Widrick, S. (2005). "Attitude and age differences in online buying," International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 33(2), 122-132

Teather, D, 2007, Challenge Amazon: Amazon is pretty much the undisputed champion of internet book sales in the UK, but might an ambitious new competitor challenge its market dominance?; The BookSeller 4th May 2007 [accessed: 23 January 2008 10:02:48]

Ethics
Employees and business management personal are taught business ethics as a fundamental guideline. It is tasked with assigning a particular meaning and role to business on the whole. Taking ethical decisions entails keeping certain aspects in mind. Written below is a brief argument on the points regarding ethics and a scenario is setup where business ethics are employed.

In layman words, business ethics entails working within reasonable means in a financial environment. Some particular aspects are required to achieve that (Brusseau). The decisions are guided by principles, comprehending the facts, making a valid argument and lastly ethics basically entails discerning between right and wrong (Brusseau). The overall result is secondary to the process at hand. The end result consists of constructing and making valid arguments. Hence, business ethics isn't really brainwashing. It's just fine tuning. The conclusions are formed from transparent values, confirmed facts and viable arguments (Brusseau).

Keeping business ethics in…...

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References"

1)

Brusseau, J. (2011). Business Ethics Workshop (1st ed.). Flat World Knowledge. (Course Book)

2)

Archibald, A. (2007, December 30). Employees' Responsibilities In Business Ethics. Retrieved January 9, 2014, from

Business
eview of Making a Business Decision

Decision making is an unavoidable part of business. Smaller decisions where there is a lower perceived cost associated with making the wrong decision are psychologically easer compared to important decisions where a wrong choice could incur high costs. A recent example of a decision involved selecting an employee for an internal promotion. The position of team leader had become available for one of following the resignation of the incumbent team leader. The position was important for the team, and the department, as the team leader is key in managing the team from a practical perspective and ensuring that targets for the team would be met, as well as playing an important motivational role. The performance of the department was reliant on performance of each team, so the appointment was also important for the department I managed. The decision was important from the perspective of the…...

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Reference

Tschappeler, Roman; Krogerus, Mikael, (2011), The Decision Book: Fifty Models for Strategic Thinking, Profile Books

A paper that focuses on topics like strategic decision making, strategy, leadership, management control systems, entrepreneurship, or organization changes can take two approaches.  You can thoroughly explain one of the concepts, for example describing that strategic decision making is a method of business planning that looks at long-term goals.  The other approach is to do some sort of case study looking specifically at events to determine how one of those topics either impacted or was impacted by a company’s decision-making process.  So, the first thing you need to do is decide what type of paper....

Psychological Safety: A Cornerstone of Organizational Change

Definition of Psychological Safety

Psychological safety refers to a work environment where individuals feel comfortable expressing their ideas, concerns, and mistakes without fear of judgment or reprisal (Edmondson, 2019). It is a state of trust and respect in which individuals feel valued and supported, fostering open communication and collaboration (Johnson et al., 2017).

Importance in Organizational Change

Psychological safety is paramount for successful organizational change, as it creates an environment conducive to adaptability and innovation (Edmondson, 2019). In the face of change, individuals may experience uncertainty and fear, leading to resistance and avoidance. However, psychological safety mitigates....