That assertion has been discredited by authoritative / independent sources subsequent to the American occupation of Iraq, but some members of the Bush Administration - and others who support the administration - still contend that Iraq (prior to the American occupation) was a state sponsor of terrorism.
In another article published by the Council on Foreign Affairs, the writer explains that Saddam Hussein's regime has provided training camps, operating bases, headquarters and other kinds of support to terrorists groups that were fighting against the regimes in Turkey and in Iran, both countries which border Iraq. Also, during the Gulf ar in 1991, it was explained in the Council on Foreign Affairs article, Saddam paid for several terrorist attacks on U.S. facilities, but those failed to be completed.

In the Bill Clinton Administration, there was a time when Saddam Hussein was accused of sponsoring (or planning, or providing support for) a potential…...

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Works Cited

Bergesen, Albert J.; & Lizardo, Omar. "International Terrorism and the World-System."

Sociological Theory 22.1 (2004): 38-52.

Clarke, Richard a. Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror. New York: The Free

Press, 2004.

sponsored Terrorism
Terrorism has a long history on the international stage. It is the use of violence by specific groups looking to change the politics of a country or region. Starting with Guy Fawkes trying to blow up Parliament and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, terrorists tended to be small groups of likeminded individuals, who received non-state support. The 1970s saw the introduction of terrorist groups funded by governments (Gareau, 2004). These state sponsored terrorists, were a covert method of governments to wage war and carry out their interests without international scrutiny. Today, while states are apprehensive of publicly supporting any sort of terrorist activity, it does exist. The Darfur conflict is a modern example of state-sponsored terrorism.

The conflict in Darfur started in 2003; the people of the Darfur region were growing dissatisfied with their political marginalization and chronic economic underdevelopment, along with elements of ethnic tension, which culminated…...

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References:

Gareau, F.H. (2004). State terrorism and the United States: From counterinsurgency to the war on terrorism. Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press.

Jackson, R., Murphy, E., & Poynting, S. (2011).Contemporary state terrorism: Theory and practice. London: Routledge.

At times terrorist succeed and at times they fail. Some times they have larger and long-term goal and some times they have short-term aims. For example, a group hijacking a plane wanted some immediate results like release of the prisoners or financial gain but blowing a plane into a building would definitely mean that terrorists wanted something big out of it. Sometimes terrorists want to just cause panic and fear. They attack to make people realize that they are vulnerable. They just want people to become fearful & terrified to go about their usual and routine activities.
War on Terror

War on Terror' is the phrase that has been used and abused since Americans were attacked on their soil on September 11 in New York's Twin Towers. Today America's foreign policy is defined by the term 'War on Terror'. The attack on twin towers made America vulnerable and they had to…...

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References

The Washington Times. 2006. Defining Terrorism at the U.N. March 23.

The Washington Times. 2005. Defining Terrorism; Conferences Produce Meager Results. December 2,

Palti, L. December 2004. Combating Terrorism While Protecting Human Rights. UN Chronicle. 41 (4): 27+.

Leader, S. April 1997. The Rise of Terrorism. Security Management. 41(4).

Terrorism has a long and violent history and incidents of terrorism have been recorded from at least 2,000 years ago. Acts of terrorism have included political assassinations, violent political revolutions, hijackings, skyjackings, and bombings intended to attract attention, shock, intimidate and instill fear. Before the 911 terror attacks the threat of terrorism, though always a potential danger, was of an episodic nature, and seemed to be under control. The devastating attacks on the orld Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, however, have brought terrorism to the center stage of world politics and exposed the vulnerability of soft civilian targets to a small but determined group of terrorists. The issue of terrorism and home security now dominates the foreign policy of most countries including the United States. The focus on terrorism has also forced people to think deeply about its root causes, which may have historical, cultural, political,…...

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Works Cited

Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. "The Holy Qur'an." Translation in English. Wordsworth Classic of World Literature. UK: Wordsworth Edition Limited: 2000

Chomsky, Noam. "Who are the Global Terrorists?" Z-Net. May 19, 2002. April 22, 2005. http://www.zmag.org/content/ForeignPolicy/chomskyglobeterr.cfm

Cohn, Marjorie. "Understanding, Responding to and Preventing Terrorism." Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) (2002): 25+.

Hoffman, Bruce. "Terrorism." Article in Encyclopedia Encarta. 2005. April 22, 2005. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564344/Terrorism.html

Terrorism
Chapter 10 of Jonathan . White's Terrorism and Homeland Security focuses exclusively on terrorism in Israel and Palestine. However, the author begins the chapter with the Six Day War to immediately discuss the rise of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). Factionalism in Palestinian terrorism, the rise and function of Hezbollah and Hamas, Jewish fundamentalism, and the controversial counterterrorism policies in Israeli domestic and foreign policy comprise the bulk of this chapter. Especially given the paucity of space dedicated to this complex topic, White does a good job addressing both sides of the conflict and does so fairly, accurately, and with a minimum of bias.

eaction

One of the only faults with Chapter 10 is that the author does not have enough space with which to properly engage the reader in the multilayered complexity of the issue. The chapter begins as if in media res, with the 1967 war as opposed with the…...

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References

Barhoum, K. (n.d.). The origin and history of the PLO. Trans-Arab Research Institute. 17 May, 2014. Retrieved online:  http://tari.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10:the-origin-and-history-of-the-plo&catid=1:fact-sheets&Itemid=10 

"Hezbollah: History and Overview." Retrieved online:  http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/hizbollah.html 

White, J.R. (2012). Terrorism and Homeland Security. Wadsworth Cengage.

'...and the "peace" they speak of, when translated correctly, means 'submission' or 'surrender.'" Thus, all nations must "surrender" to Islam.
Given their socio-political agenda and state-sponsored stand on terrorism, it would be difficult to believe that the government response was fair or reasonable in any way. That said, I would have difficulty defining it as terrorism in this particular case. However, ideological violence might fit the bill, given Dr. Schlorff's explanation of the true meaning of "peace" to the militaristic side of Islam. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad says 'the enemies of the nation' are fomenting post-election riots across the country." He is blaming the United States for causing the riots -- a country that, in the Islam mind, has not submitted to Allah and must therefore be forced to do so. Thus, the rioters, an extension of the U.S., must surrender to Allah....

According to Stefanie Olson (2001), the Act provides government with increased electronic surveillance, search and data gathering power. Under the guise of tracking down "potential" terrorists, the expansion of Internet eavesdropping technology provides the government with full viewing rights into any private life they choose. In this way, immigrants who enter the country and conduct their business in a perfectly legal manner are now targeted for such surveys (White, 2008).
Local and National Changes in Law Enforcement - the basic mission of law enforcement and foreign/defense policy in the United States has dramatically changed since the events of 9/11 and the subsequent "War on Terrorism." Since 9/11, policies across the United States and abroad have changed from being reactive to being intensely proactive. There, are, however, several challenges faced by law enforcement and the legal issues of defense and foreign policy regarding this new approach to terrorism (Simonson, 2006).

Even with…...

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REFERENCES

"After 9-11, Security Job Openings Abound," cited in:

 http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/blsecurityjobs.htm 

Bergen, P. (December 5, 2008). "WMD Terrorism Fears are Overblown." CNN

Politics.Com. Cited in:

Law Enforcement Practice, Procedure, Training, and Administration Standards:

Local police departments range in size from those employing fewer than ten officers to those employing over 30,000 officers, as in the case of New York City's

NYPD, the largest local police agency in the country. With absolutely no existing national standardization for police training, state and local police department training ranges from six-month long, live-in police academies such as those of the largest state police agencies and much smaller, independent local police academies with much shorter training programs. At some of the smallest local sheriff departments, officers may still be sworn into their positions by direct Sheriff's appointment, without prior training of any kind. In between those two extremes, police training and certification in different states range from four-week long, self-sponsored community college certification programs to independently run police academy training programs run by municipal police departments themselves.

Just as pre-employment officer training programs…...

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References

Chase, H.W. And Ducat, C.R. (1978) Corwin's the Constitution and What it

Means Today. Princeton: Princeton University Press

German, M. (3/6/05) an FBI Insider's Guide to the 9/11 Commission

Report GlobalSecurity.org; Retrieved February 26, 2007, at  http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/report/2005/guide-iii.htm

Terrorism in elation to International Governance
The 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States highlighted the global threat of terrorism since it changed the ways in which the world views terrorism. Actually, the attacks demonstrated the evolution of the threat of terrorism that has become a major security threat across the globe. Given the global dimension of terrorism, state actors and the international community has become increasingly concerned and developed various ways to deal with the threat of terrorism from a national and international level. Domestic and international law has altered policy towards terrorism, leading to an evolution of counterterrorism efforts. However, the effectiveness of these counterterrorism efforts requires an understanding of what terrorism is, its impact on countries, and international laws. Since terrorism is a global concern, international response may be crucial to resolving such a troubling issue.

Description of the Issue

Terrorism has continued to evolve in recent years to an…...

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References

Bachmann, S. & Gunnerisson, H. (2014). Terrorism and Cyber Attacks as Hybrid Threats: Defining a Comprehensive Approach for Countering 21st Century Threats to Global Peace and Security. The Journal on Terrorism and Security Analysis, 1-37.

Bogdanoski, M. & Petreski, D. (2010). Cyber Terrorism -- Global Security Threat. International Scientific Defense, Security, and Peace Journal, 59-72.

Ervine, P. (2010, November 15). Does Terrorism Pose a Real Threat to Security? Retrieved May 14, 2016, from  http://www.e-ir.info/2010/11/15/does-terrorism-pose-a-real-threat-to-security/ 

Gaibulloev, K., Sandler, T. & Santifort, C. (2011). Assessing the Evolving Threat of Terrorism. Retrieved from Homeland Security Center -- University of Southern California website: http://create.usc.edu/sites/default/files/publications/assessingtheevolvingthreatofterrorism_2.pdf

shift of terrorism to the international level. It defines terrorism, the reasons it is carried out, and the parties involved in terrorist acts. It also discusses the reasons due to which, certain states are covertly sponsoring terrorism to fight against their rival states without starting a conventional full scale war, and saving huge costs. It highlights how the military actions involved in the global war against terrorism are fuelling the terrorist movements and strengthening their numbers.
War and Terrorism

War can be defined as an armed conflict between two states, where both the states' main focus is to impose their own will on the rival state. During the last two centuries, the conventional ways of fighting a war have changed immensely due to technological advancements, but the reasons to initiate and fight a war remains the same. A war is fought in order to occupy and control a piece of foreign…...

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References

Hudson, R.A. (1999) The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Become a Terrorist And Why?. The Library of Congress. Retrieved on February 2nd, 2013 from  http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Soc_Psych_of_Terrorism.pdf 

Payne, J.L. (2008). What Do the Terrorists Want?. The Independent Review, 13. Retrieved from  http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_13_01_2_payne.pdf 

Morgan, M.J. (2004) The Origins of the New Terrorism. Parameters. Retrieved on February 2nd, 2013 from  http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/Articles/04spring/morgan.pdf

Treason, Terrorism and Wartime Crimes
Treason

Treason is the term legally used to describe different acts of unfaithfulness, treachery and betrayal. The English law was the first to make a distinction between high treason and petit (petty) treason in the Statute of Treasons (1350). It described petit treason as an act in which one's lawful superior is murdered by him/her. For instance, if an apprentice murdered his/her master, it was stated as a petit treason. On the other hand, high treason was defined by the English law as any grave threat to the permanence or stability of the state. High treason consisted of "attempts to kill the king, the queen, or the heir apparent or to restrain their liberty; to counterfeit coinage or the royal seal; and to wage war against the kingdom" ("treason," 2012).

Treason is regarded as both a prehistoric misdemeanor and an acknowledged epithet (Eichensehr, 2009). The turncoats, traitors and…...

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References

Eichensehr, K.E. (2009). Treason in the Age of Terrorism: An Explanation and Evaluation of Treason's Return in Democratic States. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 42 (5), 1443+. Retrieved September 20, 2012, from  http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-215409561/treason-in-the-age-of-terrorism-an-explanation-and 

Lawless, M. (2007). Terrorism: An International Crime. International Journal, 63(1), 139+. Retrieved September 21, 2012, from http://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1525193241/terrorism-an-international-crime

McGlynn, S. (2011). War Crimes. In The Encyclopedia of War. Retrieved September 24, 2012, from   terrorism from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. (2012). Questia, Your Online Research Library. Retrieved September 21, 2012, from  http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-terroris/terrorism  treason from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. (2012). Questia, Your Online Research Library. Retrieved September 20, 2012, from  http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-treason/treason http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow678/pdf 

War Crimes. (2012). In BBC. Retrieved September 24, 2012, from  http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/overview/crimes_1.shtml

S. has to be active in supporting the International Law. He argues that our effort should not be to defeat a set of criminals, Osama in Laden, his Al-Qaeda network and a few like-minded groups, but we have to undermine the notion that any action is acceptable for a cause and slaughter of civilian is an acceptable political act.
The fight against terrorism has to be based not on destroying a certain group of terrorists but as a campaign of human rights. Geneva Conventions and international human rights law specifically establish that terrorism is not a legitimate act of war or politics. These rules specify that civilians should never be deliberately killed or abused, regardless of the cause. Mr. ush's refusal to condemn Israel's bombing of civilian targets in an impotent Lebanon may be politically expedient but it says that United States considers it all right to deliberately bomb civilian installations…...

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Bibliography

Reisman, W.M., International Legal Responses to Terrorism, Houston Journal of International Law, Volume 22, Issue 1, 1999

Grebinar, J., Responding to Terrorism: How Must a Democracy Do It? A Comparison of Israeli and American Law, Fordham Urban Law Journal, Volume 31, Issue 1, 2003

Roth, K., Misplaced Priorities: Human Rights and the Campaign against Terrorism, Harvard International Review. Volume 24, Issue 3, 2002

Charters, D.A. (Editor), The Deadly Sin of Terrorism: Its Effect on Democracy and Civil Liberty in Six Countries, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. 1994

Terrorist Groups Are Aligning to Conduct Global Terrorism.
Terrorism used to be a topic limited to only certain sectors of the world, such as the Middle East or South Africa. However, in recent years, it appears that no one is safe in any part of the world. A growing number of countries must take measures to protect citizens and visitors from the threat of terrorism. The Unites States is the latest addition to this list. It has become evident in recent years that terrorism is not a localized event any more, but has become an increasing global problem. It has also become obvious that terrorism requires a global solution as well. Evidence has been mounting that terrorist groups are beginning to connect and form alliances. This gives them greater strength and greater resources. It seems that they are finding common ground and are beginning to coordinate efforts. This will be the…...

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Works Cited

Office of the Secretary Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism (OSOCC) U.S. Department Of State. 1994 April: Patterns Of Global Terrorism, 1993. Department of State Publication 10136. 1994.   Accessed December 2002http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2441.htm .

U.S. State Department (USSD) (1996) State-Sponsored Terrorism. 1995 Patterns of Global Terrorism. April, 1996. USIA Electronic Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, February 1997. Retrieved at Accessed December, 2002.http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/0297/ijge/gj-9.htm.

United Stated Department of State (USDS) (1996a). Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1995. The Year in Review Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. Department of State Publication. Embassy of the United States of America. Dag Hammarskjlds V g 31, SE-115 89 Stockholm. Released April 1996. Retrieved at  

Local Police Response to Terrorism
The Council of State Governments

The council of State Governments is a body of representatives of all states, Territories within the ambit of the U.S. And Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is an organization that provides vital data and statistics towards excellence in running the matters of the state. It seeks to enable the three apex institutions, viz., legislature, judiciary and the executive with intellectual inputs with a national perspective, innovative technological tools grooming effective and quality leadership and maintaining the autonomy of the states at the same time. It provides as a base for resolution of intra and inter-sate conflicts and mutually beneficial action plans.

Terrorism

Terrorism is an illegal act of force or violence to exact on any public domain to put the government under duress and thereby extract social or political mileage and seek objectives for a particular community or group. Terrorism, in the same vein…...

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Bibliography

Chapman, R., Baker, S., Bezdikian, V., Cammarata, P., Cohen, D., Ph.D., Leach, N., Schaprio, A., Scheider, M., Varano, R., Boba, R. (2002). Local Law Enforcement Responds to Terrorism Lessons in Prevention and Preparednes. The Police Foundation, Washington D.C.

Ed. Harris, (2001). (Director of emergency communications, Austin Police Department).Telephone Interview.

Flynn, Edward, (2001). (Chief of Police, Arlington County Police Dept.)Letter.Washington Post.

Gene Voegtlin and Jennifer Boyter. Legislative Alert -- State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Programs Face Cuts. International Association of Chiefs of Police. Retrieved on 23rd September, 2014 from  http://policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=233&issue_id=32004

Terrorism Justified?
When looking at the principles of war theory, the moral distinctions made between state-sponsored warfare and terrorism by stateless nations may not always be justified. The examiner must consider both the jus ad bellum, or justification for going to war, and the jus in bello, or how the war is prosecuted. Some ethicists state that acts of war can only be justified when committed by one nation against another, and that groups within states cannot have that status. Therefore, any means such internal groups use to prosecute a war are by definition, wrong. However, by this standard, the United States exists because of acts of terrorism.

The question becomes, then, to define terrorism and then to evaluate acts of terrorism according to whether they are acts of a just war or not. If groups of people who are politically organized but do not have a nation of their own…...