Stalking may be defined as any sort of unwanted contact a person called the stalker makes on the intended victim, which could directly or indirectly cause one or more of the following criminal actions, which are fear of death, sexual contact which is of criminal nature, assault, kidnapping, injury and damage to property. (Stalking: www.atss-hq.com) Nearly all stalkers are afflicted with some form of mental or emotional problem. A stalker will travel any distance across a town or around the country or even across continents to pursue the victim. A normal person will not continue to pursue a person in the face of rejection. Stalkers can be classified into three major groups, irrespective of how severe the mental disorder is. The three are Simple Obsession, Love Obsession and Other. (Forms of Stalking)
A Simple Obsession stalker would have had a previous intimate relationship with the victim. Many a time the victim…...
mlaReference
'Forms of Stalking" Retrieved from Accessed on 24 November, 2004http://www.esia.net/Forms_of_Stalking.htm
Gay, Jayson. "Tracking an obsession" (8-15 January, 1998) Retrieved from Accessed on 24 November, 2004http://www.bostonphoenix.com/archive/features/98/01/08/TRACKING_AN_OBSESSION.html
"Intimate Violence" (6 January, 2004) Retrieved from Accessed on 24 November, 2004http://faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/300/300lect05.htm
MacLaren, Lorna. (16 November 2004) "The dark world of obsession" Retrieved from Accessed on 24 November, 2004http://www.theherald.co.uk/features/27988.html
While the Zona, et al., study closely examines the victim-suspect relationships, another study conducted by Troy McEwen, Paul E. Mullen, and osemary Purcell (2006) focuses more succinctly on the behavioral disorder as regards stalkers' propensity for violence and physical harm to their victims (p. 2). McEwen, et al., found that the longer the behavior of stalking continued, the greater the potential for physical harm to the victim (p. 2). McEwen, et al., identified the risk factors of the stalker with the greatest propensity for violence as: a prior intimate relationship between the stalker and the victim; the presence of explicit threats; a history of substance abuse; and the absence of psychosis in the perpetrator (p. 2).
Both studies go on in their respective directions, providing a plethora of information that when taken in combination, help to profile stalker propensity for violence. The Zona, et al., study goes into more depth as…...
mlaReference List
McEwen, T., Mullen, P., and Purcell, R., 2007. Identifying Risk Factors in Stalking: A
Review of Current Research, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, pp. 1-9.
Palarea, R., Zona, M., Lane, J., and Langhinrichsen-Rohlings, 1999. The Dangerous
Nature of Intimate Relationship Stalking: Threats, Violence, and Associated Risk Factors. Behavioral Science and the Law, pp. 269-283.
Physicial Mental Health Effects of Being Stalked: Men and Women
Stalking is a common problem and one that results in adverse mental and health effects for both men and women who are stalked. The National Institute of Justice reports that stalking victims "have higher levels of fear and distress, including anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms. Several studies indicate that partner stalking independently contributes to victim fear and distress." (2014, p.1) Stalking victimization is reported to be linked to "a range of fears and significant psychological distress." (National Institute of Justice, 2014, p. 1) Of individuals who were stalked it is reported that 68% were stalked by an ex-partner while 78% were reported to have had "meal scale scores for somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and severe depression that were similar to symptoms reported by psychiatric outpatient populations." (National Institute of Justice, 2014, p. 1) In addition, it is reported…...
mlaA study found that partner stalking victims had significantly higher levels of fear across a variety of dimensions, including physical and sexual assault, ongoing harassment and threats, ongoing coercive control, harm and harassment of friends and family, child threat and interference, economic harm, and public humiliation." (National Institute of Justice, 2014, p. 1) Finally, partner stalking is reported to be linked to "sleep and health problems." (National Institute of Justice, 2014, p. 1) Health problems are likely to be developed or heightened by the "stress and distress from stalking, the cumulative stress and trauma from past violence and abuse and ongoing stalking." (National Institute of Justice, 2014, p. 1) Evidence is reported to exist that the "intensity, frequency, and/or duration of stalking" is associated with an increase in both fear and distress. (National Institute of Justice, 2014, p. 1) Other studies are reported to indicate that "explicit threats are significantly associated with violence from the partner stalker." (National Institute of Justice, 2014, p. 1)
1.1 Social Conditions or Any Other Source of Research Problem
Reports state that there is economic
Stalking Victimization in the United States
Crime Victimization
It wasn't until ebecca Schaeffer was killed by obert John Bardo in 1989 that the word 'stalking' began to take on a new meaning in popular culture, one associated with the pursuit of celebrities by the paparazzi, criminal harassment, and even serial killers (Nicol, 2006, pp. 18-20). A year later California responded by passing the first anti-stalking statute and within another year the other 49 states had followed suit. In 1996 interstate stalking became a federal felony.
The rapid response of federal and state legislatures to the perceived threat of stalking was fueled in part by the growing realization that celebrity stalking represented only a small percentage of stalking victims. The first states to pass anti-stalking legislation witnessed their court dockets begin to fill with stalking cases, leading some to conclude the magnitude of the problem had been underestimated. Nicol (2006, p. 22) proposed that…...
mlaReferences
Baum, Katrina, Catalano, Shannan, Rand, Michael, and Rose, Kristina. (2009). Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Stalking victimization in the United States. Retrieved August 8, 2011 from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/svus.pdf
Boles, Gregory S. (2001). Developing a model approach to confronting the problem of stalking: Establishing a threat management unit. In J.A. Davis (Ed.), Stalking crimes and victim protection: prevention, intervention, threat assessment, and case management (pp. 338-349). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Collins, Melissa J. And Wilkas, Mary Beth. (2001). Stalking trauma and the traumatized victim. In J.A. Davis (Ed.), Stalking crimes and victim protection: prevention, intervention, threat assessment, and case management (pp. 317-332). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Logan, T.K., Cole, Jennifer, Shannon, Lisa, and Walker, Robert. (2006). Partner Stalking: How women respond, cope, and survive. New York: Springer Publishing.
Stalking in the Computer Age
In the last two decades, there has been an increase in knowledge of computers and other provisions of the technology. Notably, with the increase in the knowledge regarding the use of the computers criminals have found an opportunity for the criminal acts (eyns et al., 2012). For example, there is an increase in the number of spammers, and cyber stalkers hence increase in the number of crimes. This following study elucidates the concept of cyberstalking and the ways of avoiding it.
Cyberstalking is a computer crime that involves the use of electronics or internet means to cause harassment (al-Khateeb et al., 2015). Cyberstalker may target an individual, group of people or and enterprise. The harassment may come in a form of emails or instant messaging to a specific person or a group. At some instances, the criminal may decide to attack an organization by posting messages on…...
mlaReferences
al-Khateeb, H., Alhaboby, Z. A., Barnes, J., Brown, A., Brown, R., Cobley, P., ... & Shukla, M. (2015). A Practical Guide to Coping with Cyberstalking.
Reyns, B. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2012). Stalking in the Twilight Zone: Extent of Cyber-stalking Victimization and Offending Among College Students. Deviant Behavior, 33(1), 1-25.
Loftus, M. (2016). The Anti-Social Network: Cyber-stalking Victimization among College Students. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(4), 340-341.
(MACV Dir 381-41) This document is one of the first confidential memorandums associated with the Phoenix Program, which details in 1967 the mostly U.S. involvement in counterinsurgency intelligence and activities and discusses the future training and development of South Vietnam forces to serve the same function, that had been supported by the U.S. In civilian (mostly CIA) and military roles. The document stresses that the U.S. role is to emit a "shotgun" type injury to the infrastructure of the insurgency, while eventually the South Vietnamese agencies (based largely on existing U.S. forces) that will be developed later hold the responsibility of directing a more "riffle shot" like blast to the core of the movement, i.e. To perform appropriate apprehension and/or assassination of key figure leaders.
Since this time and likely in part as a response to the controversial clandestine actions of the past the U.S. has abandoned assassination as a…...
mlaBIBLIOGRAPHY
Andrade, Dale. Ashes to Ashes: The Phoenix Program and the Vietnam War. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990.
Apel, Dora. "Torture Culture: Lynching Photographs and the Images of Abu Ghraib." Art Journal 64, no. 2 (2005): 88.
The Army School of the Americas Serves a Useful Purpose." The Washington Times, 21 September 1999, 20.
Balestrieri, Elizabeth Brownell. "Abu Ghraib Prison Abuse and the Rule of Law." International Journal on World Peace 21, no. 4 (2004): 3.
It is inevitable that behaviors of students inside a college classroom in a way depend on their race or ethnicity, which does not make it very neutral place of learning and social interaction. Studies have shown non-native speaking students struggle depression because they are in a different country and away from family. Scholars argue whether this is the implication of the alienation to students who form the mainstream population or just one of the effects of being drenched in a multicultural society. Additionally, Studies show non-native speaking students are more pessimistic than any other students and are more likely to anticipate possible problems in their ventures. This insinuates that they are more inclined towards avoidance of future maladies, and thus they always tend to play their affairs safe. Non-native students are also more prone to health problems as aftereffects of their depression and pessimism, not to mention persistent recurrences…...
mlaBibliography
Burling, J.G. (2007, April 19). Law Limits Scholl after alarms.
MASS SHOOTINGS at VIRGINIA TECH APRIL 16, 2007. (2007, August).
McMurrary, J. (2008, March 28). Colleges are Watching Troubled Students.
Slamlor, P.V. (2007, September 4). PERILOUS PRIVACY at VIRGINIA TECH.
Criminal Justice
Cyber Bullying and Cyber Stalking
Cyberbullying is a new threat to children where they can be harassed by way of technology such as social media, instant messaging or cell phone texting (Cyberbullying and Cyberstalking, 2012). Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet, email or other electronic communications to stalk, and generally refers to a pattern of threatening or malicious behaviors (State Cyberstalking and Cyberharassment Laws, 2012). Cyberstalking may be considered the most dangerous of the three types of Internet harassment, based on a posing credible threat of harm. Cyberstalking while is typically directed at an individual but can also be harassment directed harassment at a group of individuals or an organization (Cyberbullying and Cyberstalking, 2012). There are people on one side that felt that cyber bullying and cyber stalking are serious crimes which should be punished severely while there are others that feel that since the stalking only takes place…...
mlaReferences
Cyberstalking & Cyberbullying Have Lasting Effects. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.ivanhoe.com/channels/p_channelstory.cfm?storyid=27780
Cyberbullying and Cyberstalking. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.jonesdykstra.com/cybercrime/88-subservices/129-
cyberbullyingcyberstalking
Cyber Bullying: Why you need to speak up! (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.teenink.com/opinion/current_events_politics/article/435029/Cyber -
TV series Lost": (1st episode) Synopsis of program- Stripped of everything 48 survivors scavenge what they can from the plane for survival. Some panic. Some pin their hopes on rescue. A few find inner strength the never new they had. The band of friends, family, enemies and strangers must work together against the cruel weather and harsh terrain. Intense howl of the mysterious creatures stalking the jungle fill them all with fear (Lost web site http://abc.go.com/primetime/lost/about.html )
Modern challenges seem somehow different than those of the previous generations. People seem more and more fragmented and fractured, with families spread across countries, continents and even the globe struggling to remain connected through the only means possible, the electronic super highway, cell phones with no long distance charges, cheap airline tickets and a few other more costly means. Challenges faced by these people and the families they comprise seem to be more and…...
mlaWorks Cited
ABC Lost web site at .
Elvin, John. "Is Television Really a Mirror of Our Lives." Insight on the News 18 Feb. 2003: 16. Questia. 30 Sept. 2004 .
Galston, William A. "Divorce American Style." Public Interest Summer 1996: 12+. Questia. 30 Sept. 2004 .
Reiss, Steven, and James Wiltz. "Why America Loves Reality TV." Psychology Today Sept.-Oct. 2001: 52+. Questia. 30 Sept. 2004 .
firms have much to learn from the history of management thought and pioneering management theorists: An Essay
Management Concepts
Organizational workforce management issues
Management Theories
Current practices
Improvements required
The management concepts starting from early eras of 1950s up to 1990s are discussed in relation to their impact on the business and workforce management. The practices and management concepts evolved over a period of time based on various theories and frame works for effective human resources management. The discussed theories are McGregor's theory of X and Y, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, and Hawthorne's experimentation. The relevance of McGregor's theory is observed relevant for companies following forced staking performance appraisal system (Arslan & Staub 2013).
Management Concepts:
The traditional management concepts are based on the practices that were adopted in early 20th century. The Newton's mechanistic model and Fayol's analytical view were mostly followed in the organizations to manage their workforce. The evolution of management approaches can…...
mlaBibliography:
Akindele, ST & Afolabi, YA 2013, Leadership and Its Place in Organisations: A Theoretical Synthetic Analysis (Note 1), Public Administration Research, Vol. 2, No. 1.
Arslan, A & Staub, S 2013, Theory X and Theory Y Type Leadership Behavior and its Impact on Organizational Performance: Small Business Owners in the ?ishane Lighting and Chandelier District, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 75, pp. 102-111.
Chattopadhayay, R & Ghosh, AK 2012, Performance appraisal based on a forced distribution system: its drawbacks and remedies, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. 61, 8, pp. 881-896.
Cole, GA 2004, Management theory and practice, Cengage Learning EMEA, USA.
Another layer of the proverbial onion is that family members of the above people are involved in politics to some manner or degree. Example of these people would include Hillary Clinton, Beau Biden (son of Joe Biden), ory eid (son of Senate Majority leader Harry eid) and so on. Chelsea Clinton and others would also be potential targets.
As mentioned before, kidnapping is not all that common with United States government officials because the chances of it resulting in anything positive or long-lasting is not all that high. That being said not all kidnappers and assassins are all that mentally balance or logical in their reasoning. For example, John Hinckley (who shot former President of the United States onald eagan during his time in office) was apparently trying to impress Jodie Foster and that is clearly the sign of someone that is off their proverbial rocker. Because of mentally ill…...
mlaReferences
Baum, K., Catalano, S., Rand, M. & Rose, Kr. (2009, January). National Crime
Victimization Survey: Stalking victimization in the United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Retrieved from dfhttp://atapworldwide.org/associations/8976/files/documents/Stalking_in_US_09.p
Bulling, D., Scalora, M. Borum, R. Panuzio, J., and Donica, A. (2008, July). Behavioral science guidelines for assessing insider threat attacks. Public Policy Center,
University of Nebraska. Retrieved from article=1036&context=publicpolicypublicationshttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi ?
Cyberstalking
The rapid changes witnessed over the course of the last two decades has demonstrated how technology and, more specifically, the internet, have expanded the rule of law and the accompanying challenges that lie in enforcing the law. The purpose of this essay is to describe the greatest challenge facing law enforcement agencies in investigating exploitation, cyber stalking and obscenity. This challenge is the mere scope of problems that this platform has created. This essay will also discuss how jurisdictional issues often interfere with the true and honest law enforcement in this area.
Subjectivity as the Leading Challenge
Living in a free society, where free speech is protected by federal law, subjective differences often arise when discussing what is obscene or not. This subjective quality of human behavior is the root of all these issues and should be respected as a problem that must be solved, yet individual liberty and freedom of expression…...
mlaReferences
Kumar, R. (2011). Cyberstalking: Crime and Challenge at the Cyberspace. International Journal of Computing and Business Research, 2 (1), 2011. Retrieved from http://www.researchmanuscripts.com/PapersVol2N1Jan2011/1.pdf
Ramsey, G. (2013). The War on Cybercrime: How Far Can You Go? Corporate Counsel, 16 April 2013. Retrieved from _On_Cybercrime_How_Far_Can_You_Go&slreturn=20130715093530http://www.law.com/corporatecounsel/PubArticleCC.jsp?id=1202596081920&The_War
Shinder, D. (2011). What makes cybercrime laws so difficult to enforce. Tech Repbulic, 26 Jan 2011. Retrieved from cybercrime-laws-so-difficult-to-enforce/http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/what-makes -
Cyber Stalking
Louisiana- Cyber Stalking Laws
Cyber Stalking Laws in Louisiana
According to Veronica ose (2009) Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet or other electronic communication to harass, threaten, or intimidate someone. Though the frequency of incidences is unknown a 1999 federal report, Cyberstalking: A New Challenge for Law Enforcement and Industry, alluded to the fact that this behavior may be a precursor to more harmful behavior. The report also points out that the ease of use and non-confrontational, impersonal, and sometimes anonymous nature of Internet communications may remove disincentives to Cyberstalking. While a potential stalker may be unwilling or unable to confront someone in person or on the telephone, he or she may have little hesitation sending harassing or threatening electronic communications to a victim.
Certain Internet capabilities facilitate Cyberstalking by increasing the capacity to contact potential victims. These include chat rooms, bulletin boards, newsgroups, instant messaging, and other web communication devices.…...
mlaReferences
Rose, V. (2009, February 23). Cyberstalking. OLR research report,2009-R-0117. Retrieved July 21, 2011, from http://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/rpt/2009-R-0117.htm
"Louisiana Cyberstalking Laws" (2010). Louisiana cyberstalking laws, LSA-R.S. 14:40.3. Abuselaws.com. Retrieved July 21, 2011, from http://www.abuselaws.com/abuse-laws/louisiana-cyberstalking-laws.html
Domestic Violence can be defined as the vicious behaviour used by one person in a relationship to control the other. Partners maybe married or in a dating relationship, could be gay, heterosexual or lesbian. According to social scientists, there is a link between domestic violence and stalking. Stalking can be described as continual following or contacting a person in a threatening and annoying way which can make the person feel insecure. Mostly people that become the target of these stalkers are their ex-intimate partners and thus we can observe/establish the connection between domestic violence and stalking, which has recently become a legal construct. (Douglas and Dutton, 2001)
Most stalkers are psychopathic batterers who are introverts with violent behaviour. These are people are also termed as "borderline" or "cyclical" batterers. Both the batterers and stalkers have the Cluster B personality disorder, the characteristics includes being overly dramatic, having attachment trauma, weak ego…...
mlaReferences
Burgess, A., Baker, T., Greening, D., Hartman, C., Burgess, A., Douglas, J., & Halloran, R. (1997). Stalking behaviors within domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 389-403.
Douglas, K., & Dutton, D. (2001). Assessing the link between stalking and domestic violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 519-546.
Dutton, D., van Ginkel, C., & Landolt, M. (1996). Jealousy, intimate abusiveness, and intrusiveness. Journal of Family Violence, 411-423.
NCADV. (n.d.). Facts about Domestic Violence and Stalking. NCADV. Retrieved May 2016, from Violence and Stalking NCADV.pdfhttps://www.ncadv.org/files/Domestic
This collection comprises health-care and social service employees such as visiting nurses, psychiatric evaluators, and probation workers; community employees such as gas and water utility workers, phone and cable TV employees, and letter carriers; retail workers; and taxi drivers (OSHA Fact Sheet, 2002).
The best defense that companies can give is to institute a no tolerance rule in regards to workplace aggression against or by their workers. The company should set up a workplace aggression avoidance course or include the knowledge into an accessible disaster prevention course, employee manual, or handbook of standard operating measures. It is important to make sure that all workers are aware of the rules and recognize that all ascertains of workplace aggression will be examined and dealt with quickly. Additionally, companies can recommend additional shields like:
Providing security training for workers so they understand what behavior is not suitable and what they should do if they…...
mlaReferences
Davidson, Michael. (2010). Federal Workplace Violence Laws. Retrieved October 17, 2010,
from eHow Web site: http://www.ehow.com/list_6116986_federal-workplace-violence-laws.html
Heathfield, Susan M. (2010). Workplace Violence: Violence Can Happen Here. Retrieved October 17, 2010, from About Web site:
http://humanresources.about.com/od/healthsafetyandwellness/a/workviolence_3.htm
One of Edgar Allan Poe’s most enduring themes was the inescapability of death and the “Masque of the Red Death” is a great example of that theme and of the mystery elements in Poe’s gothic fiction. Some titles for an essay about it could be:
1. The psychology behind internet stalking: exploring the motivations and behaviors of individuals who engage in online stalking
2. The legal implications of internet stalking: examining the laws and regulations surrounding online harassment and cyberstalking
3. The impact of internet stalking on mental health: exploring the emotional and psychological consequences of being a victim of online stalking
4. The role of social media in facilitating internet stalking: analyzing how social media platforms can be used as tools for stalking and harassment
5. The effectiveness of current preventative measures against internet stalking: evaluating the strategies and tools available for individuals to protect themselves from online....
The Perils of Digital Identity: Exploring the Complexities of Internet Stalking
Introduction
In the labyrinthine realm of the Internet, the boundaries between anonymity and intimacy blur, giving rise to a menacing phenomenon known as internet stalking. This insidious practice, characterized by persistent online harassment, threats, and surveillance, has emerged as a pervasive threat to individuals' safety and well-being. This essay delves into the complex and thought-provoking issues surrounding internet stalking, examining its legal, ethical, and psychological implications.
Legal Dimensions
Internet stalking, often referred to as cyberstalking, poses significant legal challenges. Defining and prosecuting this crime can be complex due to the elusive nature of....
1. The role of power dynamics in sexual violence: How do issues of power and control contribute to acts of sexual violence?
2. The intersectionality of sexual violence: How do factors such as race, gender, sexuality, and socioeconomic status intersect to shape experiences of sexual violence?
3. The impact of rape culture on attitudes towards sexual violence: How does the normalization of sexual violence in society contribute to victim blaming and perpetuate rape culture?
4. Addressing the stigma and shame surrounding sexual violence: How can we work to destigmatize survivors' experiences and create a supportive and understanding environment for them to come forward?
5.....
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