(2011). Anxiety characteristics of competitive windsurfers:
relationships with age, gender, and performance outcomes. Journal of Sport Behavior. Retrieved September 4, 2011 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6401/is_3_34/ai_n58009371/

his article attempts to understand performance anxiety around what the authors of the article consider to be an 'extreme' sport. Windsurfing is considered a typical extreme sport because of its unconventional nature and the fact that it tends to take place outside of conventional competitive venues like gyms and enclosed sports venues. Rather than experiencing intense anxiety, windsurfers tended to show less performance anxiety, perhaps because they also rated higher in extroversion and emotional resiliency than athletes in more conventional sports. he descriptive study involved seventy-nine participants: 35 were male and 19 were female; 25 were regional-level competitors and all male. he Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was used to assess athlete anxiety and self-confidence levels along with the Sport Competition Anxiety est. Findings indicated moderate stress anxiety,…...

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This article attempts to understand performance anxiety around what the authors of the article consider to be an 'extreme' sport. Windsurfing is considered a typical extreme sport because of its unconventional nature and the fact that it tends to take place outside of conventional competitive venues like gyms and enclosed sports venues. Rather than experiencing intense anxiety, windsurfers tended to show less performance anxiety, perhaps because they also rated higher in extroversion and emotional resiliency than athletes in more conventional sports. The descriptive study involved seventy-nine participants: 35 were male and 19 were female; 25 were regional-level competitors and all male. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was used to assess athlete anxiety and self-confidence levels along with the Sport Competition Anxiety Test. Findings indicated moderate stress anxiety, and the older participants had lower levels of stress anxiety. In contrast to other sports such as gymnastics, there was no difference between male and female windsurfer pre-competitive stress levels.

Sturm, Jennifer E. (2011). A comparison of athlete and student identity for Division I and Division III athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior. FindArticles.com. 04 Sep, 2011.  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6401/is_3_34/ai_n58009372/ 

The literature indicates a strong tendency for college athletes to strongly tie their identity to their role as athletes. This study attempts to understand the different degrees of athlete identification between Division I and III athletes. Previous longitudinal studies on male Division I basketball players indicated that players' self-identification as an athlete was much stronger than their identification as a student. The study used employed a 2 x 2 (Divisional Status x Gender x Class Level) non-experimental factorial design with two dependent measures: athlete identity and student identity. Divisional Status variables consisted of Division I and Division III status and male (N=121) and female (N=67) status. All participants were on a varsity team at the time of data collection (Freshmen = 63, Sophomores = 49, Juniors = 49, Seniors = 27). All students came from either a one Division I or one Division III school in the Midwest. The Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) was used to assess athlete self-identification. The findings of the study confounded the original hypothesis -- both groups had an equal level of student and athlete self-identification, although females as a whole had weaker self-identification as athletes and stronger self-identification as students.

Specific Strategy

1. Lose weight through improved diet.

Specific strategy -- Identify the foods that are responsible for my unwanted body weight; eliminate those foods entirely on a permanent basis to establish a lifelong diet capable of allowing me to maintain my ideal weight for decades.

2. Establish optimal physical fitness training routine.

Specific strategy -- Establish a consistency to my fitness workouts that will enable me to meet my goal; permanently eliminate those barriers to consistency that have sabotaged those efforts previously.

3. Stop smoking.

End the repetitive cycle of smoking cessation followed by relapse and subsequent attempts focusing on the number of cigarettes smoked per day or per month. Stop making excuses for "comfort" and habitual smoking by never allowing smoking to be enjoyable ever again. Allow only the (smoking) equivalent of a maintenance dose of nicotine when absolutely necessary and only under circumstances that eliminate any possible enjoyment. Gradually reduce the number of…...

Monthly Interventions

Complete 4 workouts during Weeks 3 and 4, each. Establish a routine that lends itself to long-term maintenance of the 4-week plan over a much longer term (i.e. For life).

Begin to live a fitness lifestyle that does not require constant short-term effort to maintain.

Goal #3 -- Stop smoking permanently

Daily Interventions

Create a list of specific situations in which smoking will no longer be permitted at all (i.e. wakeup cigarette, smoking with other people under any circumstances, smoking after meals, and smoking in any situation that is either enjoyable or comfortable). Decide what specific method will be used to make smoking purely "maintenance dose"-related (i.e. standing on one leg, smoking in the cold, smoking only with one palm on the floor, etc.) Inform friends of methodology to avoid any misinterpretation of intentions.

Weekly Interventions

Identify any lapses in the rules established in Week 1 and take definitive steps to remove those barriers. Among…...

Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership
Effective leaders manage the majority of successful organizations or teams, athletic or otherwise. A leader may be an expert, a supervisor, a respected person, someone who controls aversive power or someone that has the capacity to dispense rewards (Ryan, 1982). A leader may possess have one or more of these characteristics, depending on the individual.

In addition to leadership characteristics, leaders may also differ in their leadership styles (p. 32). For example, a directive or possessive style of leadership means that the leader takes complete charge of the team, closely monitoring athlete behavior and performance. A permissive style of coach may leave much of the responsibility to the athletes and spend more time on the critical issues.

Chelladurai (1993) proposed a normative model of decision styles (autocratic, participative, and delegating) in coaching (Butler, 1996). A casual observer of the dynamics on a typical competitive sport team would conclude…...

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Works Cited

Butler, Richard J. Sports Psychology in Action. Arnol, 1996.

Challadurai, P. Leadership in sports organizations. Canadian Journal of Applied Sciences, 5, 226-231. 1980.

Chelladurai, P. Discrepancy behavior and satisfaction of athletes in varying sports. Journal of sport psychology, 6, 27-41, 1984.

Chelladurai, P. Managing Organizations for Sport and Physical Activity: A Systems Perspective. Holcomb Hathaway, 2001.

Attributions in Sports Psychology
hat is attribution theory? It is a "cognitive approach to motivation that focuses on how individuals interpret the causes of success and failure," according to an article in the Australian Psychologist (Grove, et al., 1995, 92). In that regard, studies that Grove and colleague reference show that high achieving athletes tend to use internal attributions more readily after success than failure, which is reasonable considering that a successful baseball pitcher knows when he has his best "stuff" and when he wins a game, the attribution is rightly aimed at his skill. hen that same pitcher loses, he can chalk it up to the fact that he faced outstanding hitters. And an athlete with less ability tends to use internal attributions "…more after failure than success" (Grove, 92). He might say, "I just didn't come up with the right pitches at the right time." This paper delves into…...

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Works Cited

Grove, J.R., and Prapavessis, H. (1995). The Effect of Skill Level and Sport Outcomes on Dimensional Aspects of Causal Attributions. Australian Psychologist, 30(2), 92-95.

Rees, T., Ingledew, D.K., and Hardy, L. (2005). Attribution in sport psychology: seeking

Congruence between theory, research, and practice. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,

Vol. 6, 189-204.

Introduction The involvement of students in sporting activities in their respective school is a crucial element of their education, either in private or public-school settings. Encouraging sporting activities in schools is backed on educational basis by educational results and educational philosophy. Several educational leaders are of the opinion that students who take part actively in school sporting activities enjoy better psychomotor, cognitive and affective development (Zaichkowsky, 2006). The rapidly developing concept of sport psychology is loaded with benefits for schools, especially regarding the provision of much-needed expertise for increasing the likelihood of exercise and sport bringing about positive experiences for the school children. Importantly, sport psychology applies research and theory to advise and teach coaches, athletes and even parents with the aim of engendering optimal sport performance and participation (Zaichkowsky, 2006; Anshel, 2011).
Generally, three commonly intersecting sectors form the basis on which sport psychology is built on, and these can be…...

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References

Anshel, M. H. (2011). Sport psychology: From theory to practice. Pearson Higher Ed.

Gill, D., Williams, L., & Reifsteck, E. (2017). Psychological dynamics of sport and exercise. Human Kinetics.

Gonzalez, S. P., Smith Machin, A. L., & Cogan, K. D. (2014). “Diversity in sport”. In J. L. Van Raalte & B. W. Brewer (Eds.), Exploring sport and exercise psychology (3rd ed., pp. 427–450).

Hays, K. F., & Baltzell, A. (2016). Clinical sport psychology. In J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, D. K. Freedheim, M. M. Domenech Rodríguez, J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, ... M. M. Domenech Rodríguez (Eds.) , APA handbook of clinical psychology: Roots and branches (pp. 337-350). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14772-017

Institute of Medicine, (2013). Sports-related concussions in youth: improving the science, changing the culture. National Academies Press.

Kreher, J., & Schwartz, J. (2012). Overtraining syndrome: A practical guide. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 4, 128–138.

Zaichkowsky, L. (2006). Sport psychology: A primer for educators. The Journal of Education, 187(1), 1-8.

PSYCHOLOGY FINAL PROJECT 7Psychology Final Project: The Treatment of Phobias Using Classical ConditioningThe Treatment of Phobias Using Classical ConditioningIntroductionThere are a wide range of ideas and concepts in psychology that have been widely explored in the past. Most of these have practical implications and application in real-life settings. As a matter of fact, thanks to psychology, we now have better understanding of not only ourselves but also of other people, i.e. with regard to what informs certain behaviors and decisions, etc. In this text, I concern myself with phobias. This is a topic that I would like to learn more about owing to the fact that phobias happen to be one of the most misunderstood and least explored anxiety disorders. In addition to defining phobias and their presenting features, this text will look into how classical conditioning could be used in the treatment of the said anxiety disorder.DiscussionWhat are phobias?From…...

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References

American Psychological Association – APA (2022). What are Anxiety Disorders?  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders 

Brazier, Y. (2020). Everything you need to know about phobias. Medical News Today.  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249347#types 

Beard, T. (2021). What Is Classical Conditioning? WebMD.  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-classical-conditioning

The research suggests that sport psychology is useful to athletes because it provides them with the tools needed to fully exploit their physical talents by controlling their mental processes. The research found that here are several techniques associated with sports psychology. These techniques include MPSE, thought stopping, mental rehearsal (imagery) self-talk, visuo-motor behavior rehearsal (VMBR) and establishing goals. All of these techniques can be used to assist the athlete in focusing on the goal that they are attempting to accomplish.
orks Cited

Arvinen-Barrow M., Penny G.,Hemmings B., Corr S. (2010) UK chartered physiotherapists' personal experiences in using psychological interventions with injured athletes: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 11 (2010) 58 -- 66

"Careers in Sports Psychology." Retrieved February 16, 2010 from: http://www.wcupa.edu/_Academics/sch_cas.psy/Career_Paths/Sports/Career07.htm

De Petrillo, L.A., Kaufman, K.A. Glass, C.R. And Arnkoff D.B. (2009) Mindfulness for Long-Distance Runners: An Open Trial Using Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE). Journal of Clinical…...

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Works Cited

Arvinen-Barrow M., Penny G.,Hemmings B., Corr S. (2010) UK chartered physiotherapists' personal experiences in using psychological interventions with injured athletes: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 11 (2010) 58 -- 66

"Careers in Sports Psychology." Retrieved February 16, 2010 from:  http://www.wcupa.edu/_Academics/sch_cas.psy/Career_Paths/Sports/Career07.htm 

De Petrillo, L.A., Kaufman, K.A. Glass, C.R. And Arnkoff D.B. (2009) Mindfulness for Long-Distance Runners: An Open Trial Using Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE). Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 2009, 4, 357-376

Dreyer, D. (2004). ChiRunning: A revolutionary approach to effortless, injury-free running. Retrieved February 16, 2009 from: http://www.chirunning.com .

These are the topics covered on this site.
Introduction Education

Brief History Employment

Important Terms Learning More

Subfields Outlook

A Typical Day Summary

Pros and Cons Acknowledgments

The Association for the Advancement of Applied Sports Psychology, on the other hand, is a regularly updated website for professionals in this field. It covers a number of different types of information, including an overview of what is Applied Sports Psychology and the different areas of specialization within the field, common questions and answers, and terminology.

Another area covered is learning about certified consultants and how to find one. There is also a list of suggested consultants' websites, and they are still up and running when linking to them. Since this is an organization for Sports Psychologists, the emphasis is on the conferences and services that the organization provides for members. What is missing here that was helpful on the previous website was more information about attaining a degree in…...

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References

Association for the Advancement of Applied Sports Psychology. Website retrieved June 12, 2007. http://www.aaasponline.org/asp/index.php

Careers in Sports Psychology. Website retrieved June 12, 2007 http://www.wcupa.edu/_academics/sch_cas.psy/Career_Paths/Sports/Career07.htm

career of an athletic trainer, including the background necessary for the career, the necessary education, and job opportunities for athletic trainers. Athletic trainers form a necessary backbone of most professional sports organizations, and many private organizations. A professional athletic trainer can make the difference between a life-changing injury, or returning to the game. Athletic trainers are an essential and integral part of modern sports medicine, and as sports and athletics increase in importance in our society, they will continue to play an important part in our healthy lives.
Athletic trainers have been around for centuries, but today, most trainers are certified, and not only work with sports clubs or educational facilities, they can work in gyms and fitness centers, and even corporate workout centers.

Certified athletic trainers (ATCs) are medical experts in preventing, recognizing, managing and rehabilitating injuries that result from physical activity. Athletic trainers can help you avoid unnecessary medical…...

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Works Cited

Author not Available. "Athletic Trainer." NortheastAHEC.org. 2003. 25 Sept. 2003.  http://www.neahec.org/hc/HealthCareerPgs/AthleticTrainer.html 

Editors. "What Does a Certified Athletic Trainer Do?" NATA.org. 2003. 25 Sept. 2003.  http://www.nata.org/downloads/documents/306CareerInfoBrochure.htm 

Hibberts, Rob. "How to Start Your Career." Cerro Coso Community College. 1998. 25 Sept. 2003. http://athletics.cerrocoso.edu/sportsmedicine/how_to_start_your_career.htm

Kornspan, Alan S., et al. "Career Opportunities in Sport and Exercise Among College Students." College Student Journal 36.3 (2002): 367+.

y that time, several guards had become sadistic and the behavior of the prisoners provided clear indications of psychological breakdown. Interviews with study participants suggested that merely the perception of their respective roles influenced their behavior. More importantly, the groupthink that prevailed within the group of prison guards overcame any individual personal reluctance they may have had to treat their prisoners so harshly (Macionis 2003). The Significance of the Phenomenon of Groupthink on Individual ehavior:
Like deference to authority, groupthink is a natural human tendency that likely evolved as a necessary component of human social relationships that were essential to the early success of our species (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). In modern context, however, groupthink represents tremendous destructive potential because in the extreme, it involves the complete suspension of individual judgment and perception. In benign situations groupthink is evident in popular culture, such as in the cycle of fashion trends,…...

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Bibliography

Branden, Nathaniel (1999). The Psychology of Self-Esteem.

New York: Bantam.

Gerrig, R, Zimbardo, P. (2005). Psychology and Life. 17th Edition.

New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Shame and Doubt, according to Erickson, children develop a sense of self-control as they control their bodily functions. This makes them feel confident and able to handle problems independently. But Tom's mother would not relinquish her control over his bodily functions at this time. Her forcing him to void on her schedule and not his, gave him a sense of shame and the feeling that he was not in control of his world. He therefore felt inadequate and doubtful of his ability to cope with anything. As she continued to control him by denying him food, love and choices of clothing, he became increasingly angry at the world, frustrated at the impression that his body and whole life was under the control of someone other than himself. This created anger and depression.
It is a wonder that Tom was as normal as he was during his teen years. He was…...

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Works Cited

Association for Humanistic Psychology. Website:  http://ahpweb.org/aboutahp/aboutahp.html .

Berger, Kathleen S. The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence, Sixth Edition. New York: Worth Publishers. 2002.

Thompson, Ross a. "Child development." Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557692_2/Development_Child.html.

Thorpe, G.L., Olson, S.L. (1997) Behavior Therapy: Concepts, Procedures, and Applications, Second Edition (Paperback). New York: Allyn & Bacon.

As emotionally intelligent employees are reportedly more content, conscientious and committed in the workplace, businesses and organizations are repeatedly advised to recruit and retain these individuals. Abraham (2006), nevertheless, reports that the strongest findings emerging from her study was.".. The effect of job control on emotional intelligence." She contends that emotionally intelligent employees will not just naturally thrive in their workplace; that the work environment needs to provide independence in decision making for employees to succeed.

Aims and Objectives

Aim

To explore concepts encapsulated in and related to EQ testing, through intensive research and appropriate assessment of collected data.

esearch for this project proposes to increase understanding of EQ testing, as well as, complementary components.

Each objective presented in this proposal reflects an area of interest which will be expounded upon. As Objective 5, however, mirrors a primary consideration, plans are to include numerous samplings of related studies.

1.2 Objective

Define EQ and expand on its role…...

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References

Abraham, Rebecca. "The Role of Job Control as a Moderator of Emotional Dissonance and Emotional Intelligence -- Outcome Relationships.(Statistical Data Included)," the Journal of Psychology, March 1, 2000.

Bar-on, Reuven Ph.D (2005). "The World's First Scientific Measure of Emotional Intelligence."(2006). PEN Psychodiagnostics [26 September 2006].  http://www.eqiq.nl/eqivol.htm .

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008598359

Before You Start Your Fruit and Fibre Diet You Should Speak to This Man. (2005, February 9). Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales), p. 12.

Psychology of Gender in usiness
Traditional gender roles have defined the business lives as well as the home lives of families and breadwinners for numerous generations. Certain expectations were put in place at what seems to be the dawn of time. The evolution of these decided obligations went on to shape the traditional family and the roster of the traditional workplace. Expansions and millenniums of progression in this historical framework then gave way to what the modern world still often considers gender specific job roles. Though, without question, this segregative and selective approach to the business world is surely archaic. Nevertheless, over the last decade or so there has been a revolution that is gaining steam in the business community. The idea of equality is becoming more and more popular among businesses and government agencies. Such powerful and influential entities have finally realized that the furthering and promotion of gender specific…...

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Bibliography

Adams, S.M., Gupta, A., Haughton, D.M., & Leeth, J.D. (2007). Gender Differences in CEO Compensation: Evidence from the U.S.A. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 22 (3), 208-224.

Altbach, P.G., Reisberg, L., & Rumbley, L.E. (2009). Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution. UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education. Paris, France.

Blau, F.D., & Kahn, L.M. (2000). Gender Differences in Pay. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 (4), 75-99.

Bowling, N.A., & Beehr, T.A. (2006). Workplace Harassment from the Victim's Perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (5), 998-1012.

Third, certain circumstances are more likely to prompt self-objectification than others. These experiments confirmed that trying on a swimsuit is one of these circumstances. This circumstance appears to lead to a sense of being on display even though no actual observers were present. Data from the manipulation check suggested that wearing the swimsuit reduced the person's to feeling that they were nothing more than their body. Trying on swimwear led females to feel embarrassment and repulsion, while this identical circumstance led men to experience bashful and ridiculous thoughts. Shame has been thought to a failure to obtain moral standards. The researchers interpreted the increased shame felt by women as representing the increased cultural strains put on women to adhere to physical beauty standards.

Inducing state self-objectification also reduced math performance only for women, which was consistent with the prediction, that self objectification consume mental assets. The performance decrement established here was…...

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References

Fredrickson, Barbara L. (1998). That swimsuit Becomes You: Sex Differences in Self-

Objectification, Restrained Eating, and Math Performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), pg. 269-284.

Of course! Here are some potential essay topics related to the placebo effect that you could consider:

1. The history and origins of the placebo effect: Exploring how the concept of the placebo effect has evolved over time and its cultural and scientific roots.

2. The psychology of the placebo effect: Analyzing the psychological mechanisms behind the placebo effect and how factors such as expectation, conditioning, and belief play a role.

3. The ethics of placebo treatments: Discussing the ethical implications of using placebos in medical practice and research, including issues of informed consent and deception.

4. The neurological basis of the placebo effect:....

1. The role of sports medicine professionals in preventing and treating sports-related injuries
2. The effectiveness of various rehabilitation techniques in sports medicine
3. The impact of nutrition and hydration on athletic performance and recovery
4. The use of technology and advanced imaging in diagnosing and treating sports injuries
5. The psychological aspects of recovering from a sports injury and returning to play
6. The growing field of sports performance enhancement and its implications for athletes and sports medicine professionals
7. The importance of proper biomechanics and movement patterns in preventing injuries in sports
8. The role of sports medicine in promoting overall health and wellness in....

I. Athletic Injuries and Rehabilitation

The Role of Sports Medicine in Preventing and Treating Athletic Injuries
Advancements in Surgical Techniques for Rotator Cuff Repair
Rehabilitation Protocols for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries
The Impact of Concussions on Long-Term Cognitive Function

II. Sports Nutrition and Performance

The Role of Macronutrients in Enhancing Athletic Performance
Supplements and Ergogenic Aids in Sports: Benefits and Risks
Hydration Strategies for Athletes in Extreme Environments
Nutritional Considerations for Female Athletes

III. Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics

The Effects of Interval Training on Cardiovascular Fitness
The Biomechanics of Running: Injuries and Performance Optimization
The Impact of Muscle Morphology on Athletic....

Factors Contributing to Third-Place Finish in Athletic Competition

Coming third in an athletic competition can be a frustrating experience, especially after investing significant time and effort in preparation. While there may not be a single definitive reason for falling short of victory, several factors can contribute to a third-place finish.

1. Physical Limitations

Insufficient physical conditioning can hinder performance. Inadequate training, fitness levels, or nutrition can result in fatigue, muscle weakness, and decreased endurance, affecting speed, agility, and power output. Optimizing physical attributes through tailored training and nutrition plans is crucial for success.

2. Technical Deficiencies

Proper technique is paramount in athletic performance. Insufficient skill....