Tips for Teaching or Working with a Child that has Childhood Apraxia of Speech

According to Gretz (2005), research into effective methods for providing treatment to children with Apraxia is inadequate but in the professional literature a variety of techniques illustrated, including POMPT method, Integral Stimulation, Adapted Cueing, Touch Cue, Melodic Intonation Therapy, ate Control Therapy, etc., even though these therapeutic methods varies to some extent, they have shared characteristics that consists of principles of motor learning such as a high degree of practice and repetition, correction and feedback, slowed rate, and a focus on targeted motor placement and productions; heightened sensory input for control of the movement sequences and sensory cueing such as visual, tactile, and kinaesthetic cueing; touch cueing; verbal cueing; use of rhythm and melody; and focus on speech movements vs. individual sounds.

In the treatment of CAS, it is generally understood that repeated practice of sounds and words…...

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References

Apraxia. (n. d.). Retrieved March 15, 2009, from Wikipedia:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apraxia .

Chamberlain, C. & Strode, R. (2004). Making it Fun: Practicing Speech at Home. First Apraxia- KIDS Parent Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Childhood Apraxia of Speech. (2007). Retrieved on March 15, 2009 from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association: http://www.asha.org/docs/html/PS2007-00277.html.

Gretz. S. (2005). Using Sigh Languagewith Children who have Apraxia of Speech.. Retrieved on March 15, 2009 from Apraxia-kids:  http://www.Apraxia-kids.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=chKMI0PIIsE&b=788447&ct=464165 .

Ease up a range of motion, and foster muscle control. They are said to be used before or together with actual speech production treatment. The evaluation found that these methods and procedures are questionable in matters concerning the implied cause of developmental speech sound disorders, the neurophysiologic differences between the limbs and oral musculature, the development of new theories of movement and movement control, and the sparseness of research on these methods and procedure (Ruscello).
Neuromuscular Treatments

A review of the theoretical foundation for these treatments revealed limited empirical support to validate its use (Clark, 2003). It also showed that clinicians did not have sufficient foundational knowledge to judge the reliability of these treatment strategies. The treatment strategies consisted of strength training to alleviate dysarthria and/or dysphagia. Their theoretical foundations included active exercises, passive exercises, and physical modalities. The techniques address neuromuscular impairments in the limb muscles. They were to be…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ashley, J., et al. (2006). Speech, language, and swallowing disorders in the older adult.

Vol 22, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine: NYU Langone Medical Center. Retrieved on December 2, 2012 fro http://www.med.myu.edu/pmr/residency/resources.atrokeandbraininjury/swallowingdisorders.pdf

Clark, H.M. (2003). Neuromuscular treatments for speech and swallowing: a tutorial.

Vol 12 # 4, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology: PubMed. Retrieved on December 4, 2012 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658992

educationists and teachers in the classroom today is identifying and dealing with children who have a speech, language or communication impairment, which negatively impacts on learning.. Many children find it difficult to understand how conversation works or don't make use of language at all. There are different terms used to describe specific speech and language difficulties, including "phonological difficulties, articulation difficulties, verbal dyspraxia, dysarthria, semantic pragmatic disorder, Asperger Syndrome and selective mutism." (Speech Impairments)
These specific speech and language difficulties can impact severely on the development and natural psychological and social growth of the child. Furthermore, it can also lead to further and more complicated problems - as will be discussed in this paper. "Children with a variety of speech and language impediments are increasing at risk as their language abilities fall behind those of their peers." (Children and Mental Health)

Emphasis must also be placed on recognizing the speech or…...

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Bibliography

Bradford, J. Using multisensory teaching methods. Retrieved February 6, 2005, from Dyslexia magazine Com. Web site:  http://www.dyslexia-parent.com/mag30.html 

Bredenkamp, S. (1990) Protecting Children from Inappropriate Practices. ERIC Digest. Retrieved December 21, 2000 from ERIC Digest. Web site:  http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/children.htm 

Children and Mental Health. Retrieved February 6, 2005, from Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General Web Site:  http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter3/sec1.html 

DeBord, K. (1997) Developmentally appropriate 4-h experiences for the 5- to 8-year-old. Retrieved December 20, 2004, from NC State University. Web site:  http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/fcs/human/pubs/develop_appropriate.html

Speech
Understanding Ototoxicity

Characteristics

The disease stems from toxic reactions to structures of the ear, including the cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals and otoliths. Drug-induced damage to these structures of the auditory and balance system can result in hearing loss, tinnitus, disequilibrium or dizziness (yback 2007).

Etiology

The propensity of specific classes of drugs to cause ototoxicity has been well established and over 100 classes of drugs have been associated with ototoxicity. Hearing loss can be temporary but is usually irreversible with most agents. Generally, antibiotic-induced ototoxicity is bilaterally symmetrical, but it can be asymmetrical. The usual time of onset is often unpredictable, and marked hearing loss can occur even after a single dose (Ishiyama 2006). Additionally, hearing loss may not manifest until several weeks or months after completion of antibiotic or anti-neoplastic therapy (Dille 2003). Vestibular injury is also a notable adverse effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics and may appear early on with positional nystagmus. If…...

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References

Campbell KC, Durrant J. (1993) Audiologic monitoring for ototoxicity. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 26(5): 903-14.

Dille M., et al. (2010). Ototoxicity risk assessment combining distoration product otoacoustic emissions with a cisplatin dose model. J. Of the Accoustical Society of America. 128(3): 1163-1174.

Fausti S., et al. (2009). Auditory and vestibular dysfunction associated with blast-related traumatic brain injury. Journal of Rehab Research and Development. 46(6): 797-810.

Grant KW, et al. (1998). Auditory-visual speech recognition by hearing-impaired subjects: consonant recognition, sentence recognition and auditory-visual integration. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 103(5): 2677-2690.

Delayed Speech: Identification and Treatment
One common question parents ask is if and when they should be concerned when a child manifests delayed speech. For an infant, delayed speech is of concern when the baby "isn't using gestures, such as pointing or waving bye-bye by 12 months; prefers gestures over vocalizations to communicate by 18 months; has trouble imitating sounds by 18 months; [and] has difficulty understanding simple verbal requests" (Delayed speech or language development, 2012, Kid's Health: 1). In an older child, a lack of developmentally-appropriate speech becomes worrisome when the child does not engage in spontaneous speech; repeats words or phrases without apparent understanding; cannot follow simply instructions; and has difficulty being understood by members outside of the family (Delayed speech or language development, 2012, Kid's Health: 1).

Early intervention for children who exhibit language delays has a significantly higher success rate than later interventions. "First, there is evidence that…...

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References

Esch, B.E., Carr, J.E., & Grow, L.L. (2009). Evaluation of an enhanced stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure to increase early vocalizations of children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42(2), 225-41.

Delayed speech or language development. (2012). Kid's Health. Retrieved:

 http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/behavior/not_talk.html# 

Kelley, M.E., Shillingsburg, M.A., Castro, M.J., Addison, L.R., & LaRue, Robert H., Jr.

Technology Speech Science
Speech Quality Tests: An Analysis and eview of the Literature

The speech measurement technology to be evaluated in this research is a speech quality test. According to the research, a speech quality test is "a routine procedure for examining one or more empirically restrictive quality features of perceived speech with the aim of making a quantitative statement on those features" (). Essentially, people are constantly using undirected speech in ordinary conversations in order to exchange information through spoken sentences. Yet, when speech becomes directed by some third party or director, the speaker's speech may end up being modified by these directions. Here, the research suggests that "by using specific directives, the experimenter can, in directed communications, adjust the influence of each quality feature" (). A speech quality test can ascertain how biased perception may end up being in the case of directed speech. There are four primary types of…...

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References

Springer Science Media. (2011). Speech Quality Measurement Methods. Web.  http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDsQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fcda%2Fcontent%2Fdocument%2Fcda_downloaddocument%2F9783642184628-c2.pdf%3FSGWID%3D0-0-45-1132963-p174099663&ei=FoN6U6PWOpOwoQSK-YCYCQ&usg=AFQjCNFpupv9bFCayRPt7dUNuB3u52LPeQ&sig2=0YtNG6fsnBc4royONWXuLg&bvm=bv.67229260,d.cGU 

Stan, A., Yamagishi, J., King, S., & Aylett, M. (2011). The Romanian speech synthesis (RSS) corpus: Building a high quality HMM-based speech synthesis system using a high sampling rate. Speech Communication, 53(3), 442-450.

Valentini-Botinhao, C., Yamagishi, J., & King, S. (2011, May). Evaluation of objective measures for intelligibility prediction of HMM-based synthetic speech in noise. In Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2011 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 5112-5115). IEEE.

Speech Language Pathologist (SLP) traditionally responsible providing services students communication disorders, time a "pull-" session classroom. With enhanced emphasis inclusion role appears changing.
What role should an SLP take in the classroom? Should SLPs also be trained in teaching methods? How can a teacher help integrate the SLP in the classroom?

Using a speech language pathologist (SLP) merely a specialist who 'pulls out' students from the regular classroom for resource room assistance does not fully utilize the skills a SLPs can provide. A good SLP does not merely instruct a student in the mechanics of speech: he or she must also deal with the physiological and psychological challenges students face when speaking in public. Having a SLP therapist as a regular presence within the mainstream classroom setting provides a resource for students when they are speaking aloud in public. Students must also learn to communicate in a manner that is more…...

disorder Down's syndrome and the certain ways these individuals are treated in the society. Certain characteristics like their learning ability and their ability to live in the society is emphasized in the paper. Laws and regulations for children with these disorders are also hinted upon. Lastly, the inclusion of these children in the integrated teaching program is discussed.
Down syndrome is a disorder that has been named after John Langdon Down, who was a British physician and he explained this syndrome in the year 1886. Earlier in the 19th century, this condition was clinically described by Jean Etienne Dominique Esquirol in the year 1838 and then by Edouard Seguin in 1844. Dr., Jerome Lejeune identified this syndrome as a chromosome 21 trisomy. This disorder can be diagnosed after as well as before birth through prenatal screening procedures. If such pregnancies are identified, they are often terminated.

According to the CDC estimates,…...

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References

Buckley, S. (1995). Teaching children with Down syndrome to read and write. Down syndrome: Living and learning in the community (pp. 158-169). New York: Wiley-Liss.

Cheung, Y.B., Law, C.K., Chan, B., Liu, K.Y., YIP, P.S. (2006): Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts in a population-based study of Chinese people: risk attributable to hopelessness, depression, and social factors. J. Affect. Disord.

Cicchetti, D., & Beeghly, M. (Eds.). (1990). Children with Down syndrome: A developmental perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Crawford, P.A. (1995). Early literacy: Emerging perspectives. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 10(1), 71-86.

Speech Pathologists, like other social scientists, maintain a lexicon specific to their profession. The job of a Speech Pathologist is to treat physical and/or cognitive deficits/disorders resulting in difficulty with verbal communication. Many such professionals work with young children and must regularly explain why certain children lack the ability to convey thoughts and information through speech. Speech therapists often must treat patients that have trouble with articulation, intonation, rate, and intensity.
Based upon the nature and severity of the disorder, common treatments might include instructive or repetitive practice and drilling and the use of audio-visual aids.

Articulation, for instance, is the process by which sounds, syllables, and words are formed when one's tongue, jaw, teeth, lips, and palate alter the air stream coming from the vocal folds. This is important in the field of speech pathology because a spoken message may be lost due to improper articulation. Articulation is best demonstrated; if…...

This may consist of arising and seating in chairs securely. Following the progressive characteristics of this illness, all people gradually lose their capability simply to move and will need to advance and use a wheelchair.
eferences

Burbank, P.M. (2006). Vulnerable older adults: Health care needs and interventions. New York, NY: Springer Pub.

Donaldson, I.M., & Marsden, C.D. (2011). Marsden's book of movement disorders. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Egerton, T., Williams, D. & Iansek, . (2009). Comparison of gait in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease and healthy older adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Fabio, ., Zampieri, C., Tuite, P. (2006). Gaze-shift strategies during functional activity in progressive supranuclear palsy. eceived: 20 July 2006 / Accepted: 26 September 2006 / Published online: 8 November 2006. Springer-Verlag 2006.

Fabio, ., Zampieri, C., Tuite, P. (2008). Gaze Control and Foot Kinematics During Stair Climbing: Characteristics Leading to Fall isk in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Ghosh B., Carpenter . & owe…...

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References

Burbank, P.M. (2006). Vulnerable older adults: Health care needs and interventions. New York, NY: Springer Pub.

Donaldson, I.M., & Marsden, C.D. (2011). Marsden's book of movement disorders. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Egerton, T., Williams, D. & Iansek, R. (2009). Comparison of gait in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease and healthy older adults. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Fabio, R., Zampieri, C., Tuite, P. (2006). Gaze-shift strategies during functional activity in progressive supranuclear palsy. Received: 20 July 2006 / Accepted: 26 September 2006 / Published online: 8 November 2006. Springer-Verlag 2006.

Swallowing Difficulty and Speech Difficulty on Quality of Life in Patients with PEG Tubes vs. Those on NGT Feeding Systems
Stroke can effect neurological functioning and can have an effect on the patient's ability to talk and swallow. This condition can lead to severe malnutrition A decision is often made to feed the patient using a tube feeding method. Many studies have been performed to measure the clinical outcomes of these procedures, but few have focused on the effects of the patient's quality of life after receiving these interventions. This study will measure the effects of having a PEG tube inserted on the patient's quality of life as it relates to their ability to communicate and swallow. Two research questions will be answered: "Does a PEG procedure have an effect on the patient's ability to communicate their wishes and improve there satisfaction with the quality of their life in regards…...

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Works Cited

Finucane Thomas E. MD., Colleen Christmas, MD., and Kathy Travis. (1999) Tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia. A review of the evidence. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)October 13 (282) [HIDDEN]

James A, Kapur K, Hawthorne AB.(1998) Long-term outcome of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding in patients with dysphagic stroke. Age Ageing (27):671-676.

Taylor, Paula, MD. (2001) Annals of Long-Term CareDecision Making in Long-Term Care: Feeding Tubes. Annals of Long-Term Care: Clinical Care and Aging. 9 (11) p. 21-26

realm of psychological disorder through the use of a character assessment. The character in question is fictional and the data used to evaluate the psychological profile derives from a movie. Melvin Udall, the main character in the movie "As Good as It Gets" serves as the character used in this assessment. Ultimately, I find and explore specific links to Melvin's condition in the movie to that of one suffering from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
In order to discuss the relationships previously mentioned, I needed to perform several steps in order to logically conclude that Melvin represents someone suffering from OCD symptoms. In order to accomplish this task, I first watched the film and examined many of the traits that Melvin demonstrated. Next, I used a set of ten questions which provided a baseline assessment formula. These questions are each answered separately within the body of this essay. This character assessment…...

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References

Atkins, L. (2009). A radical treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. The Guardian, 14 Dec 2009. Retrieved from   gamma-knifehttp://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/dec/15/obsessive-complusive-disorder -

Brooks, J.L. (1998) As Good As It Gets. Jack Nicholson, Helen Hunt, Greg Kinnear. Tristar Pictures.

Bouchard, C. Rheaume, J. Landouceru, R. (1998). Responsibility and perfectionism in OCD. Behavior Research Therapy 37 (1999). 239-248. Retrieved from   s/Assigned%20Readings/Experimental%20Psychopathology/Bouchard99.pdfhttp://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/Homepage/Class/Psy394Q/Research%20Design%20Clas 

Eddy, M.F., & Walbroehl, G.S. (1998, April 1). Recognition and treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder. American Family Physician, p. 1623-1632.  http://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/0401/p1623.html

Speech Problems and Psychological Damage From Cleft Lips and Cleft Palates
Cleft lips and cleft palates are among the most common of birth defects and if left untreated can lead to serious speech problems as well as psychological damage that can result both from those speech and communication problems as well as from the ostracism that a child with a facial deformity must endure.

However, while the consequences of cleft lips and palates can be severe and long-lasting, these can be averted by medical intervention, especially if it is done as early as possible. This paper explores the various options for surgical and medical management of cleft lips and palates and the ways in which these interventions can help children with these particular birth defects.

We should begin this discussion of treatment of cleft lips and palates by establishing what exactly is meant in medical terms by these two terms. A cleft palate…...

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References

Bebout, L., & Arthur, B. (1992). Cross-cultural attitudes toward speech disorders. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 35, 45-52.

Bernthal, J.E., & Bankson, N.W. (1993). Articulation and phonological disorders (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Broen, P.A., Strange, W., Doyle, S.S., & Heller, J.H. (1983). Perception and production of approximant consonants by normal and articulation- delayed preschool children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 26, 601-608.

Catts, H.W. (1993). The relationship between speech-language impairments and reading disabilities. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 948-958.

Thus, the deficit must be due to an "inefficient mapping of acoustic information into phonetic features at a central (postcochlear) conversion stage. Accordingly, these findings provide new routes by which researchers should examine and practitioners should diagnose and treat SLI (Ziegler, et.al., 2005).
7. Conclusion

We live in a day and age of rapid technological development. In the area of cognition, our knowledge of how brain works and how language functions and is processed has seen rapid advancement in just the past three decades. Given the information that we have uncovered here, there is hope for a more rapid diagnosis and a more effective treatment of students with SLI's. With more understanding of the role of input and noise, perhaps, our teachers whom area affected greatly by his or her students' performance, would understand how to properly handle such students and provide a classroom environmentally set up so as to be…...

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References

Binder, J. (200). The new neuroanatomy of speech perception. Oxford Journal, 123(12), 2371-2372. Retrieved from Oxford University Press.

Kuhl, Patricia K, Ph.D. (2004) "Speech Perception." Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group, Inc.

Lane, D. (2008, June 18). Speech Perception. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site:  http://cnx.org/content/m11175/2.9/ 

Merzenich, M., Jenkins, W., Johnston, P., Schreiner, C., Miller, S., and Tallal, P. Temporal Processing De-cits of Language-Learning Im-paired Children Ameliorated by Training, Science vol. 271, January 5-1996, p.77-80.

The 'pull out' model of teaching students with speech issues can be useful because it lets the SLP focus on every child's specific needs and challenges in an individualized fashion. But ultimately all learning takes place in context. Integrating the SLP into the curriculum allows the SLP to have new opportunities to reinforce different concepts for the child in a real-world situation. The SLP has greater opportunities to work with content where speech exercises are not the focus; with group settings; and with speaking aloud to a crowd in a formal setting. By using exercises where speech is not the primary focus of the child, but the SLP is still there to provide encouragement and support in the areas of the child's difficulty, great progress can be made in the child's general education and way of relating to others.

The SLP must never assume the role of a teacher, but in…...

Language development refers to the process by which infants develop their language skills.  Understanding how speech and language develop, as well as understanding speech milestones, can help people assess whether a person’s language development is on-time or is experiencing delays. 

Language Development Essay Topics / Essay Titles

1. The Importance of Hearing Tests in Assessing Language Delays
2. Is There a Difference in Language Acquisition for First and Second Languages?
3. Missing Milestones: Is It Always a Sign of Language Delays?
4. Speech Disorders and Language Disorders: Similarities and Differences
5. Dyslexia as a Language Disorder
6. Structural Speech Challenges
7. Speech Therapy as a Component in....

Looking at the specifics of your question, we saw that your instructor gave you a great beginning to an outline and that you need specific types of resources for your paper on speech or language impairment. We can help you locate scholarly sources on speech or language impairment and also show you how to expand your instructor’s questions to frame an outline for the paper. You may want to focus on speech or language disorders, or, if you choose to write about both, make sure that you differentiate between them.  Language disorders....

I. Introduction
A. Background information on stuttering
B. Thesis statement: Stuttering is a speech disorder that affects individuals by disrupting the flow and rhythm of speech, leading to potential social and emotional challenges.

II. Causes and Types of Stuttering
A. Developmental stuttering
1. Risk factors and causes
2. Onset age and prevalence
B. Neurogenic stuttering
1. Causes related to neurological conditions or brain injuries
2. Differences from developmental stuttering

III. Symptoms and Impact of Stuttering
A. Vocal symptoms
B. Non-vocal symptoms
C. Emotional and psychological impact
D. Social consequences and challenges

IV. Diagnosis and Assessment of Stuttering
A. Evaluating the presence of stuttering....