Solitary Confinement Effects on Prisoners
There were two prison systems that were developed in the 1800s in the United States. These two prison systems were: the Auburn system and the Pennsylvania system. In the Auburn prison system the prisons had to do the labor together but they had to stay quiet, whereas, in the Pennsylvanian system the prisons had to face isolation from not only the society but also their fellow criminals. The idea behind the formation of the Pennsylvanian prison system was that it would give all those prisoners the privacy and time to think about their acts and the crimes that they had committed and in this way they would realize and be remorseful or penitent about their actions, this is how the term penitentiary was derived (ogers, 1993).

The criminals and convicts who spent their time in the prisons that worked according to the Pennsylvanian prison system suffered from…...

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References

Arrigo, B.A and Bullock, J.L. (2007). The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Should Change Supermax Units: Reviewing What We Know and Recommending What Should Change. International Journal of Offender Criminology Therapy and Comparative Criminology.

Cockburn, A. (2001, July 15). Commentary: Insane in the SHU box. Los Angeles Times, p. M5. Committee to End the Marion Lockdown. (1992). From Alcatraz to Marion to Florence: Control unit prisons in the United States. Retrieved November 18, 2006, from www.unix.oit.umass.edu/~kastor/ceml.html

Grassian, S. (1983). Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(11), 1450-1454.

Human Rights Watch. (1997). Human rights watch world report. New York: Author. Human Rights Watch. (2000). Out of sight: Super-maximum security confinement in the United States. Retrieved from www.hrw.org/reports/2000/supermax/

Solitary Confinement for Prison Infractions
In this article, the subject of solitary confinement as a punishment for breaking prison laws and its moral effect is discussed and a decision taken whether it should be continued or not.

Background of Solitary Confinement

The country with the highest number of prisoners in the world is the United States of America with 's over 2 million people in various federal, state and locally owned incarceration facilities, a number which represents an almost 400% rise compared to the population in the 70's. numbers. The 2014 U.S. National esearch Council report showed that in the year 2012, America was home to over 25% of the world's prisoners and 1% of Americans were in jail. A common prison tradition that has received a lot of attention and criticism lately is the segregation of specific inmates into separate cells in order to protect the other prisoners or to carry out…...

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References

(n.d.). American Friends Service Committee - Quaker values in action. Solitary confinement facts - American Friends Service Committee. Retrieved December 9, 2016, from  http://www.afsc.org/resource/solitary-confinement-facts 

Gangi. (2015). Corrections Officers - Corrections One. The role of solitary confinement, and why it's necessary. Retrieved December 11, 2016, from  http://www.correctionsone.com/treatment/articles/9487054-The-role-of-solitary-confinement-and-why-its-necessary 

(n.d.). Home - Journalist's Resource Journalist's Resource. Solitary confinement in prisons: Key data and research findings - Journalist's Resource Journalist's Resource. Retrieved December 8, 2016, from  http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/solitary-confinement-prisons-key-data-research-findings 

Igne-Bianchi, J. (n.d.). The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University. In the Hole: Is Solitary Confinement Justifiable? - Team Kenan at the Kenan Institute for Ethics. Retrieved December 9, 2016, from  http://kenan.ethics.duke.edu/teamkenan/encompass/current-issue/e14-in-the-hole-is-solitary-confinement-justifiable/

Confinement
There is little argument, at least in general, that people that commit wrongful acts and crimes should be punished for what they have done. One of the common methods used to punish people for committed crimes is confinement in jail and/or prison. However, there are many people that suggest or assert that confinement has wide-ranging and long-lasting effects on the people that are subjected to it. They assert that this happens to the point that the method is counterproductive and just makes a bad situation worse in terms of whether the person will recidivate, how/when they will transition back to life outside of prison and mental health concerns in general. hile people that do wrong should obviously be punished to some degree, the possible and perceived effects on confinement should give people pause before they act like they know what the best answer and methods happen to be.

Analysis

To drive…...

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Works Cited

Gawande, Atul. "Is Long-Term Solitary Confinement Torture?."The New Yorker, 2009,  http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/03/30/hellhole .

Kerman, Piper. Orange Is The New Black. New York, Spiegel & Grau, 2010,.

Travis, Jeremy et al. The Growth Of Incarceration In The United States: Exploring Causes And Consequences. National Academies Press, 2014,.

Although international comparison of SC is difficult, the medical implications of the procedure are questionable, a nd, therefore, SC is a method that is best avoided.
Research Method

Two random samples of prisoners on remand on solitary confinement and non-SC were selectively studied. Age was between 18 to 60, and both genders were included. The SC group consisted of 133 participants. The non-SC group consisted of 95 participants.

Using a parallel study design, participants in both groups were interviewed by psychiatrist after imprisonment and given cognitive assessment day after interview. The assessments were longitudinal repeated assessments.

The interview employed the following aspects: Present State Examination, 10th edn (PSE-10).; Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales (HAS & HDS); assessment of usage of drugs; Sociodemographic interview; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS); General Health Questionnaire; and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)

Medical as well as criminal files of each subject were examined.

A three-way analysis of variance was used to…...

Corcoran State Prison: Prison Culture and Effect on Inmates
The prisons in the U.S. have a long history of offering correction services and rehabilitation for the people convicted of various crimes within the society. There have been increased incarceration of inmates over the last few decades with prisons getting more populated than before hence the introduction of the privately run correction facilities to help handle the large number of people within the prison walls at any given time. However, the inclusion of the private prisons have not helped matters much neither have they improved the rehabilitation process or the living standards of the inmates in comparison to the state owned correction facilities. There have continued to thrive the prison cultures and in effect influenced the way the prisoners relate to each other and even relate to the correctional officers. This prison culture will be the focus of this paper and the…...

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References

Bureau of Justice Statistics (2011). Prison and Jail Deaths in Custody, 2000-2009 - Statistical Tables. Retrieved August 21, 2014 from  http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pjdc0009st.pdf 

California State Prison, Corcoran, (2013). California State Prison, Corcoran - Mission Statement. Retrieved August 21, 2014 from  http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/COR.html 

David R. Shaw, (2009). California State Prison, Corcoran Warden Derral Adams One-Year Audit. Retrieved August 21, 2014 from  http://www.oig.ca.gov/media/reports/ARCHIVE/BOA/Audits/Warden%20Derrel%20Adams%20One-Year%20Audit,%20Corcoran%20State%20Prison.pdf 

Paige J., (2013). Court experts cite 'serious' healthcare risks at Corcoran prison. Retrieved August 21, 2014 from http://prisons.einnews.com/article/161057067/jrpGKHrWmZXOXTKc

Jack Henry Abbott
Jack Henry Abbot's In the Belly of the Beast is an unusual literary document. The book is comprised of letters sent originally to the novelist and chauvinist Norman Mailer, in an effort to give Mailer some corroborative detail for his non-fiction book about death-row inmate Gary Gilmore; Mailer, who described Abbott as a "phenomenon" for his articulate prose, then led a push to have Abbott paroled from prison. It is clear that Mailer hoped to do what Jean-Paul Sartre had done in France some four decades before, on behalf of the writer and convicted criminal Jean Genet: yet Mailer's attempt at a public role would backfire badly, when Abbott killed a restaurant worker in lower Manhattan on the day before the New York Times published its favorable review of In the Belly of the Beast. I would like to examine Abbott's work, and Mailer's advocacy of Abbott, to…...

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Works Cited

Abbott, Jack Henry. In the Belly of the Beast: Letters from Prison. New York: Vintage, 1981.

Bloom, Harold. "Introduction." In Bloom, Harold (editor), Norman Mailer: Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House, 2003.

Goffman, Erving. Asylum: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. New York: Anchor, 1961.

Goffman, Erving. The Goffman Reader. Edited by Lemert, Charles and Branaman, Ann. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1997.

Capital Punishment
Solitary confinement represents one among the best means of keeping modern-day prisoners from communication and conflict, but has the most injurious effects on their health. Individuals imprisoned in conditions of solitary confinement demonstrate more psychotic behavior compared to normal prisoners; this includes higher rate of suicides (Thesis Statement). After a prisoner loses his/her mental capacity of understanding the reason for his/her imprisonment or punishment, subjecting him/her to solitary confinement is pointless. If one loses one's ability of understanding punishment, the consequences associated with one's actions become irrelevant and have no value. Thus, solitary confinement is crueler than capital punishment.

Lately, the subject of whether or not solitary confinement constitutes greater torture for prisoners than capital punishment (or death penalty), is gaining popularity (Writer Thoughts). The debate has reached a juncture where the favored option is capital punishment.

Solitary Confinement/Capital Punishment Background

During the early part of the 19th century, the concept of…...

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References

Berke, Jeremy. "Famous U.S. Judge Admits There's a Punishment That's Just as Bad as the Death Penalty -- If Not Worse." Business Insider. N.p., 19 Jan. 2016. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. .

Biggs, Brooke. "Solitary Confinement: A Brief History." Mother Jones. N.p., 2 Mar. 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. .

"Introduction to the Death Penalty." Death Penalty Information Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2016. .

Keim, Brandon. "The Horrible Psychology of Solitary Confinement." Wired. N.p., 10 July 2013. Web. 2 Mar. 2016. .

Maximum security prisons have grown in recent decades and have implemented methods some may deem inhumane. A 2016 article discusses prison conditions in maximum security prisons and addresses specifically the topic of preservation of human dignity and disease prevention. The author mentions the Dudley Lee v. Minister of Correctional Services case that held "that prison authorities have a duty of care to prevent prisoners from being infected with HIV-related illnesses such as TB" (Torriente, Tadion, & Hsu, 2016). The applicant was sent to a maximum security prison in South Africa where he eventually was diagnosed three years later with TB. Another instance of the government and its failure to acknowledge the need to safeguard a prisoner's health is the . v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex-parte Glen Fielding. Here the case discusses of a prisoner in the United Kingdom asking for condoms and being denied unless given…...

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References

Engel, P. (2013). Here's What Life Is Like Inside Russia's Toughest Prison.Business Insider. Retrieved 16 April 2016, from  http://www.businessinsider.com/inside-russias-black-dolphin-prison-2013-10?op=1 

Torriente, A., Tadion, A., & Hsu, L. (2016). Opening the Door to Zero New HIV Infections in Closed Settings. Health and Human Rights Journal. Retrieved 16 April 2016, from  http://www.hhrjournal.org/2016/02/opening-the-door-to-zero-new-hiv-infections-in-closed-settings/ 

Vasiliades, E. (2005). Solitary Confinement and International Human Rights: Why the U.S. Prison System Fails Global Standards. American University International Law Review, 21(1). Retrieved from  http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=auilr

Pelican Bay State Prison: War Zone
How does the video you selected support a social structure theory?

One social structure theory relates and highlights all the happenings in this video. Social disorganization theory appears to dominate the entire movie. This concept represents social change, lack of social agreement, and social conflict as the main causes of criminal activity and deviance; it is carefully associated with the environmental theory of criminology. Poverty is regarded to be the minimum stage or point in our social society. On the poverty stage, there are high levels of lack of employment, drug use and addiction, criminal activity and people without abilities to discover efficient and permanent employment. It does not imply that this does not exist in the higher stages of our society: they exist although the magnitudes are significantly lower. Absence of education is attributed to learners who fail to be successful in the school system.…...

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References

Decker, S.H., Alarid, L.F., & Katz, C.M. (2013). Controversies in criminal justice: Contemporary readings. Los Angeles: Roxbury Pub. Co.

Stanley, E.A., & Smith, N. (2011). Captive genders: Trans embodiment and the prison industrial complex. Oakland, CA: AK Press.

Walsh, A., & Hemmens, C. (2011). Introduction to criminology: A text/reader. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE

Incarcerated Mentally Ill Patients
It may sound unbelievable, but on any given day, scholars estimate that almost 70,000 inmates in U.S. prisons are psychotic; and up to 300,000 suffer from mental disorders like depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders. In fact, the U.S. penal system holds three times more people with mental illness than the nation's entire psychiatric hospitals (Kanapaux, 2004). Indeed one of the most telling trends, say some sociologists, is to incarcerate the mentally ill in order to remove them from society. This is sometimes the only alternative because public mental health hospitals have neither the space nor the funding to treat this special population. In fact, the very nature of incarceration tends to have a more traumatic effect on the individual, causing additional damage to their fragile psyche. omen, it appears, are especially vulnerable. These women have often been victimized during an abusive childhood and succession of relationships. Indeed,…...

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Works Cited

Majority of Mentall Ill Inmates Don't Get Treatment. (2010, April 7). Retrieved October 2011, from Physorg.com: http://www.physorg.com/news189882907.html

ACLU. (2007, January 30). Solitary Confinment Called Inappropriate for Mentally Ill. Retrieved October 2011, from ACLU.org:  http://www.aclu.org/prisoners-rights/solitary-confinement-called-inappropriate-mentally-ill-prisoners-indiana 

American Psychatric Assocaition. (2000). Psychiatric Services in Jails and Prisons. Washington, DC: American Psychatric Press.

American Psychiatric Association. (2006, December). The Use of Restraint and Seculusion in Correctional Mental Health Care. Retrieved October 2011, from Pysch.org:  http://www.psych.org/lib_archives/archives/200605.pdf

Title: Transforming the Future: The Need for Prison eform
Prison reform has become an increasingly important topic in discussions about justice, rehabilitation, and human rights. The current state of the prison system in many countries is characterized by overcrowding, poor living conditions, and high rates of recidivism. Many argue that these conditions are not only inhumane but also ineffective in terms of promoting rehabilitation and reducing crime.

The primary goal of prison reform is to create a correctional system that focuses on rehabilitation rather than punishment. This means providing inmates with access to education, vocational training, mental health services, and other resources that can help them successfully reintegrate into society upon release. By addressing the underlying issues that may have led individuals to commit crimes in the first place, prison reform seeks to break the cycle of criminal behavior and reduce rates of recidivism.

In addition to focusing on rehabilitation, prison reform also…...

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References

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). \"Prison Conditions.\"

Annie E. Casey Foundation. \"Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI).\"

Bronson, Jennifer, and Marcus Berzofsky. \"Drug Use, Dependence, and Abuse Among State Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2007-2009.\" Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2017.

Council of State Governments Justice Center. \"Reentry Matters: Strategies and Successes of Second Chance Act Grantees Across the United States.\"

Davis, Lois M., et al. \"How Effective Is Correctional Education, and Where Do We Go from Here? The Results of a Comprehensive Evaluation.\" RAND Corporation, 2014.

James, Doris J., and Lauren E. Glaze. \"Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates.\" National Institute of Justice, 2006.

Unfortunately, Philoctetes' talents led him down the path of war (Lloyd-Jones, 1994). He was a witness and participant to bloodshed, plunder and rape. Eventually, he became so disgusted with himself that he decided to punish himself for his sins by allowing a poisonous snake to bite him. As a result, he was shipped off to the isolated island of Lemnos, where he was physically isolated from the rest of the world for nine years. During this time, all he could do was think about his life and his crimes, which was sort of a self-punishment for his sinful existence.

I think that this type of physical isolation can be very damaging to a person. Today, many prisoners are kept in solitary confinement for days, completely cut off from all social activities and human contact. Isolation in prison means 23 hours a day in a concrete cell no larger than a bathroom.…...

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Bibliography

Kaufmann, Walter. (1992). Tragedy and Philosophy. Princeton University Press.

T.C. Brickhouse and N.D. Smith (1989). Socrates on Trial. Waterhouse Press.

Lloyd-Jones, H. (1994). Sophocles II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

MIND. (2007). Not Alone? Retrieved from the Internet at  http://www.mind.org.uk/About%2BMind/Mind%2Bweek/isolationsummary.htm .

And employers cannot by law attempt to intimidate or fire workers for their pro-union activities. Another action the correctional officers could have taken would have been to bring their Congressman or Congresswoman into the matter to put pressure on Duffy through the Illinois governor's office or through federal Civil Rights legislation. Clearly Duffy was in violation of civil rights under the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Answer to Question Five: Two months in solitary confinement is far too harsh for a person violating a minor institutional rule. In fact it is outrageously cruel. It violates all five of the Supreme Court's tests for whether an act is a violation of the Eighth Amendment. This kind of power is that of a demented, vicious warden, who uses severe, inhumane tactics because he has some crazed vindictive nature against inmates. He is in the wrong job because he expects prisoners (who…...

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Works Cited

Library Index. (2008). Prisoners' Rights Under Law -- Eighth Amendment. Retrieved April 15,

2013, from  http://www.libraryindex.com .

National Labor Relations Board. (2010). Employer/Union Rights and Obligations. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from http://nlrb.gov.

Letter of Transmittal
To the Head,

Department of Jails

There are often heavy psychological pressures on inmates as they are dislocated from the society. The type of interactions that happen in a prison setting also create psychological pressures and the incarceration also results in acute psychological stress. Prison life of inmates is most often associated with reduced physical activity as they are often subjected to a solitary life style without much scope for physic activity. There are also reduced opportunities for mental activities due to lack of resources as is the norm in prisons. Physical problems such as diabetes mellitus, heart diseases and other chronic disabilities have been established to have greater chance of setting on individuals who are sedentary.

This study recommends the ways and means to reduce physical and mental ill health of inmates due to the above mentioned reasons and conditions as recommendations of a training program for the inmates that…...

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References

Battaglia, C., di Cagno, A., Fiorilli, G., Giombini, A., Fagnani, F., & Borrione, P. et al. (2013). Benefits of Selected Physical Exercise Programs in Detention: A Randomized Controlled Study. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 10(11), 5683-5696.  http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10115683 

CASHIN, A., POTTER, E., & BUTLER, T. (2008). The relationship between exercise and hopelessness in prison. Journal Of Psychiatric And Mental Health Nursing, 15(1), 66-71.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01207.x 

Ciuhodaru, T., Iorga, M., & Romedea, S. (2013). Non-lethal Self-harm among Inmates. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 78, 320-324.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.303 

Kaba, F., Lewis, A., Glowa-Kollisch, S., Hadler, J., Lee, D., & Alper, H. et al. (2014). Solitary Confinement and Risk of Self-Harm Among Jail Inmates. Am J Public Health, 104(3), 442-447.  http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301742

MENTAL HEALTH WITHIN CIMINAL JUSTICEAbstractTo a large extent, prisons and jails continue to be relied upon by the criminal justice system as an ideal mechanism for locking away offenders in efforts to deter, punish, reform, and ensure victims/aggrieved are restored in some way. This is what this particular system is designed for, and thus far, it has been effective in ensuring that the safety and wellbeing of law abiding citizens of this great nation are secured. The problem arises when this same system is used as a substitute for mental health institutions i.e. by taking offenders who need mental health services through it. A review of available literature clearly demonstrates that there is no doubt whatsoever that the U.S. criminal justice system does not handle persons suffering from mental illness in an appropriate or ideal manner. Various studies conducted in the past have demonstrated that conditions in correctional facilities…...

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ReferencesChristiansen, M.J. & Levi, R. (2019). International Practices of Criminal Justice: Social and Legal Perspectives. Routledge. Joyce, P. (2013). Criminal Justice: An Introduction. Routledge. Montross, C. (2020). We Must Change How Our Criminal Justice System Treats People with Mental Illness.   M., Mautz, C., Burke, E.G., Proescholdbell, S., Marshall, S.W. & Naumann, R.B. (2021). Impact of a Prison Therapeutic Diversion Unit on Mental and Behavioral Health Outcomes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 61(5), 619-627. Scully, S. (2021). Criminal Justice Reform Means Reforming the Mental Health System.  https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/March-2021/Criminal-Justice-Reform-Means-Reforming-the-Mental-Health-System Waldron, R.J., Quarles, C.L. & McElreath, D.H. (2017). The Criminal Justice System: An Introduction. CRC Press. Walker, S. (2010). Sense and Nonsense about Crime, Drugs and Communities. Cengage Learning. Wilson, A.B., Draine, J., Hadley, T., Metraux, S. & Evans, A. (2011). Examining the impact of mental illness and substance use on recidivism in a county jail. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34(4), 264-268. https://time.com/5876045/we-must-change-how-our-criminal-justice-system-treats-people-with-mental-illness/ Remch,

Title: The Evolution of Correctional Institutions: A Historical Perspective

Introduction:

Provide a brief overview of the history of corrections, highlighting significant eras and developments.
Discuss the changing philosophies and practices of punishment and rehabilitation.
Introduce the concept of the historical perspective and its relevance to understanding contemporary corrections.

Body:

1. The Early Days: Retribution and Punishment:

Explore the historical roots of retribution and punishment as dominant themes in corrections.
Examine the use of corporal punishment, solitary confinement, and other harsh methods.
Discuss the impact of these practices on inmates and the overall effectiveness of corrections.

2. The Rise of Rehabilitation and Reform:

Trace the....

Solitary confinement should be abolished in Canada for several reasons:

1. Mental Health Impacts: Extended periods of isolation can have severe psychological effects on individuals, leading to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and even suicidal ideation. Studies have shown that solitary confinement can exacerbate existing mental health conditions or even create new ones.

2. Lack of Rehabilitation: Placing inmates in solitary confinement isolates them from the programming and support services that are necessary for rehabilitation and successful reintegration into society. Without access to these resources, individuals are less likely to address the root causes of their behavior and are more likely to....

The Need to Abolish Solitary Confinement in Canada

Solitary confinement, a form of isolation where an individual is confined to a small cell for 22-24 hours a day with minimal human contact, is a cruel, inhumane, and ineffective practice that has been condemned by numerous human rights organizations and mental health experts. In Canada, the use of solitary confinement has disproportionately impacted Indigenous Peoples, who make up over 30% of the federal prison population despite representing only 4.9% of the Canadian population.

Psychological and Physical Harm

Solitary confinement has severe detrimental effects on physical and mental health. Prolonged isolation can lead to psychological....

Recent Supreme Court decisions have had a significant impact on the criminal justice system in the United States. Some key ways these decisions have influenced the system include:

1. Limits on police power: The Supreme Court has issued rulings that place limits on police power, such as requiring warrants for certain types of searches and seizures or restricting the use of certain interrogation techniques.

2. Sentencing reform: The Court has made decisions that impact sentencing practices, such as ruling that mandatory minimum sentences are unconstitutional or limiting the use of juvenile life without parole sentences.

3. Reform of the bail system: The Court....