During the 1850s, Truth moved to Battle Creek, Michigan. At the outset of the American Civil ar, Truth collected supplies for black volunteer regiments; in 1864, she traveled to ashington, D.C., where she worked to integrate streetcars (she was received at the hite House by President Abraham Lincoln) (Sojourner Truth 4). Also in 1864, Truth accepted an appointment to the National Freedmen's Relief Association with responsibilities for counseling former slaves, particularly concerning resettlement issues; in fact, as late as the 1870s, Truth encouraged the migration of freedmen to Kansas and Missouri. Finally, in 1875, Truth retired to her home in Battle Creek, where she lived until her death in 1883 (Sojourner Truth 5).

Impact of Sojourner Truth's Life on American Society. In his book, Speaking Truth to Power: Essays on Race, Resistance, and Radicalism, Manning Marable (1996) reports that, "Part of the historic strengths of the Black Freedom Movement were the…...

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Works Cited

David, Linda and Erlene Stetson. Glorying in Tribulation: The Lifework of Sojourner Truth. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1994.

Fitch, Suzanne Pullon and Roseann M. Mandziuk. Sojourner Truth as Orator: Wit, Story, and Song. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997.

Mandziuk, Roseann M. (2003). "Commemorating Sojourner Truth: Negotiating the Politics of Race and Gender in the Spaces of Public Memory." Western Journal of Communication, 67(3):271.

Marable, Manning. Speaking Truth to Power: Essays on Race, Resistance, and Radicalism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996.

Black Women Activism
Women have for a long time been fighting for equality in a patriarchal society. Their every move has been countered by the masculine need to maintain a status quo and led to a revolution given the name "Feminist Movement'. The freedom and understanding women have today is due to the courageous efforts women showed in the past. Discriminated on the base of their gender women has to fight for their very existence in terms of individuality. Yet, in a racist America 'white' women were in a much better position than were the African-American women who had to fight the feminist war on two levels -- the first against the males the second against the racists who saw the color if their skin as a demeaning factor. That women got equality was a great feat considering the barriers they had to face, but that black women emerged in society…...

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Sources

Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, a Symbol (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996), 201.

Jacqueline Bernard, Journey Toward Freedom: The Story of Sojourner Truth [1967], (New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1990), 126.

Ida B. Wells-Barnett, 1909. Speech, National Negro Conference.

Primary Source

As for Frederick Douglass, he was nothing short of brilliant. His speeches were powerful and his writing was extraordinarily skillful, especially given the fact that he was born a slave and taught himself much of what he knew. His narrative is polished and at times understated, which actually adds power to what he says. Because when a reader goes through the Narrative from the Life of Frederick Douglass that reader knows ahead of time he or she is reading something written by a famous African-American who was a slave. The power in the narrative is established in terms of culture and history. But add to that the power of the writing, and Frederick's work takes on an even more dramatic tone.

He explains in relatively calm narrative that he has seen an overseer named "Mr. Plummer...cut and slash the women's heads..." And how he knew that his master Anthony to "take…...

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Works Cited

Douglass, Frederick. Narrative From the Life of Frederick Douglass. University of Virginia

Library, Electronic Text Center. Retrieved 11 March, 2007, at  http://etext.virginia.edu .

Truth, Sojourner. Ain't I a Woman? Retrieved 11 March, 2007, from Women Writers,  http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/truth.htm .

She slices through this logic with a great deal of humor and insight, and it is because of this humor and insight that the crowd leapt to its feet when she was done, and why we still talk about her today. Her ability to survive the trauma in her life and view it with total honesty, deep perspective, and sharp wit earned her the respect of her own generation and those to come.
"John Brown's Final Speech" is entirely different in topic and tone, but it too addresses the injustices of society. Like Sojourner Truth, John Brown points out the great hypocrisy of white society -- if he had gone the lengths he did for the sake of rich white people, he would have been deemed a hero. But since he was fighting for the rights of the slaves, those standards did not apply.

The most important point of John Brown's…...

Weld and Truth: Speaking Their Minds Angelina Grimke Weld and Sojourner Truth were two 19th century women who spoke up for abolition. Weld was a white Southerner; Truth was a runaway slave who became an itinerant preacher. Both women supported women’s rights and an end to slavery. One was white and from a wealthy family, another was black and poor—but both shared the same spirit and ideas, and both had seen slavery up close and personally. While Truth experienced it, Weld witnessed it, and the experiences of each transformed them and informed their speeches—Weld’s speech in Philadelphia in 1838 and Sojourner’s speech in 1851 in Akron at the Women’s Rights Convention.
The fact that both of them were women was an obstacle enough in 19th century America. It was still a man’s world—but the women population was coming together to fight some of the evils of the day that they perceived and…...

In fact, Cady Stanton had a significant problem with the role of women as wives, because, once a Jacksonian woman wed, she lost her individual identity: women could not own property, testify against their husbands, sue in their own names, or even be held accountable for crimes committed in their husbands' presences. (Cady Stanton, p.). Most significantly, women have no legal rights regarding their children, despite the fact that women are the ones responsible for rearing and raising children.
Of course, not all women had the same perspective as Cady Stanton, because not all women came from the same position as Cady Stanton. Mary Paul did not voice concerns about suffrage or other esoteric aspects of equality. On the contrary, her letters detailed a very hardscrabble existence. She worked extensive hours for very small amounts of pay. In fact, she was concerned about receiving the pay that she was promised,…...

Racial identity plays a strong role in the definition of self; Lorde recognized the importance of racial identity even in the struggle for gender equality. Her argument implicitly supports Jones' assertion that racial equality is "prior" to the cause of gender equality for African-American women. The implicit argument is that feminism could not be a united force because white women did not have the ability through their institutionalized advantages to cogently appreciate the tribulations of African-American women. As a result, there could never have been unity in the first place. In understanding this key point, the justification for African-American unity and the subjugation of the black feminist movement appears to be a more appealing strategy.
A final poignant comparison and relationship between the greater struggle for racial equality and black feminism rests in the internal conflict within African-American culture. One of the greatest ironies of the Civil Rights movement is…...

Obstacle omen Face in Pursuit of Equality
hen it comes to overcoming obstacles, two essays, "Ain't I a oman" and "atching Oprah infrey" from Behind the Veil," clearly show that women are encountering hindrances in chase of impartiality all over the world. However, although both essays touch on the same type of injustice which is gender inequality, they each have different themes. For instance, one delves into a country where the sexes are thoroughly kept apart from each other, where topics like sex and race are just about banned for even discussing them openly and where a severe enigma of public morality is imposed by police that are religious. However, the other touches on a period that goes back over a hundred of years where women of color were treated as cattle. Basically bought and sold by a society ran by men. Although these essays are worlds apart, they are yet…...

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Works Cited

Cooley, Thomas. The Norton Sampler. New York: Eighth Edition, 2013.

Jacoby, Jeff. Jeff Jacoby: Watching Oprah from behind the veil. 2 March 2013.   3 May 2014.http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/opinion/24iht-edjacoby.1.16446161.html?_r=0 .

omen in American History
The contribution woman have made to the United States over the years is profoundly important, and probably not recognized to the degree that it should be recognized. This paper reviews and critiques the contributions of women from five periods in history: from 1865 to 1876; from 1877 to 1920; from 1921 to 1945; from 1946 to 1976; and from 1976 to the present day.

omen in America -- 1865 to 1876 -- Sojourner Truth

One of the brightest lights in the movement to free the slaves was Sojourner Truth, likely the best-known person in the abolitionist movement. She was actually very active in the movement to free the slaves before and during the Civil ar, and she helped organize and lead the Underground Railroad movement. The Underground Railroad shepherded runaway slaves away from Southern slave states and up into New York State, Pennsylvania, isconsin, Minnesota and other states that…...

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Works Cited

Baker, Sara Josephine. (2007). Sara Josephine Baker: Physician and Public Health Worker.

Harvard Square Library / Notable American Unitarians. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from  http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/baker.html .

Encyclopedia Britannica. (2006). Hull House. Retrieved June 12, 2011, from  http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275272/Hull-House .

Jewish Virtual Library. (2006). Golda Meir. Retrieved June 13, 2011, from  http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/meir.html .

Nursing & omen's Roles Pre-and-Post Civil ar
The student focusing on 19th century history in the United States in most cases studies the Civil ar and the causes that led to the war. But there are a number of very important aspects to 19th century American history that relate to women's roles, including nursing and volunteering to help the war wounded and others in need of care. This paper delves into the role nurses played in the Civil ar (both Caucasian and Black nurses), the way in which the Civil ar changed the woman's work roles, the role women (both Black and Caucasian) played before, during, and after the war, and the terrible injustices thrust on women of color in a number of instances throughout the 19th century.

The oman's role in America prior to the Civil ar

"A woman's work is never done," is an old maxim but it has never become…...

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Works Cited

Brockett, Linus Pierpont, and Vaughan, Mary C. (1867). Woman's Work in the Civil War: A

Record of Heroism, Patriotism and Patience. Chicago, IL: Zeigler, McCurdy & Co.

Child, Lydia. (1837). The Family Nurse [or] Companion of the American Frugal Housewife.

Bedford, MA: Applewood Books (originally published by Charles Hendee in Boston).

Another distinction central to the Black feminist's thoughts is the alienation she suffers due to the omission of her presence in history. This omission is not only found in traditional examples of history, but also in Eurocentric feminist views of history. The following quotation from Lorde in her letter to Daly shows the frustration and lack of understanding about the reason such an omission is propagated even among those of her same sex. "…why doesn't Mary deal with Afreket as an example? hy are her goddess-images only white, western-european, judeo-christian…here are the warrior-goddesses of the Vodun, the Dohomeian Amazons and the warrior-women of Dan…Mary has made a conscious decision to narrow her scope and to deal only with the ecology of western-european women (Lorde, 1979, p. 94)." The exclusion of African goddesses from Daly's text, which described the historical roots of women's power, is only a slight example of the…...

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Works Cited

1. Carby, H. (1982) "White Woman Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood" in Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in 70s Britain. London: Hutchinson.

2. hooks, b. (1981) Aint I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Boston: South End Press.

3. hooks, b. (1990) Yearning: Race, Gender and Cultural Politics. Boston: South End Press.

4. Lourde, A. (1981) "An Open Letter to Mary Daly" in Moraga C. And Azadula G. This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Colour. Watertown: Persephone Press.

Black FeministIntroductionThe black feminist roots can be traced to 1864 when slavery had not yet been abolished, and Sojourner Truth began selling pictures mounted to a paper card to fund her activism. After being enslaved, being in a position to own and sell her image for profit was revolutionary. According to Peterson (2019), Truth often commented that she used to be sold for other peoples benefit, but now she sold herself for her own. Her activism was mainly centered on the abolishment of slavery and securing the rights of women since she was convinced race and gender were inseparable. Truths activism is an early representation of the early black tradition. While the vision may differ in the different collectives of feminists in the cause of time, the foundational principles that exist are black womens experiences of racism, classism, and sexism; their distinct view of the world from that of white…...

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ReferencesCrenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics. University Of Chicago Legal Forum: V, 1(8). Retrieved 23 June 2022, from   C. (2022). How Black Feminists Defined Abortion Rights. The New Yorker. Retrieved 23 June 2022, from  https://www.newyorker.com/news/essay/how-black-feminists-defined-abortion-rights .Peterson, M. (2019). The Revolutionary Practice of Black Feminisms. National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved 23 June 2022, from  https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/revolutionary-practice-black-feminisms .Reed, A. (2019). The Combahee River Collective Statement [Ebook]. The University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 24 June 2022, from  https://americanstudies.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Keyword%20Coalition_Readings.pdf .Taylor, U. (1998). The Historical Evolution of Black Feminist Theory and Praxis. Journal Of Black Studies, 29(2), 234-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479802900206Webster, S. (2022). A Qualitative Study of the Evolution and Erasure of Black Feminism in Historic and Contemporary Sociopolitical Movements, And Black Men’s Resistance to Black Feminism. Mcnair Scholars Research Journal, 10(15). Retrieved 23 June 2022, from  https://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=mcnair  .https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf .Nast,

racialized slavery change in the early-19th century south? How and/or why were non-Slave holders invested in slavery? On what grounds did antebellum southerners defend slavery?
Slavery was not always a racialized category in the Americas. Many Americans emigrated to the U.S. As indentured servants: these were whites who worked without pay in exchange for learning a trade or their passage overseas. However, gradually, the plantation economy of the south fostered a system in which African-Americans toiled in bondage. It was simply more economically sustainable to employ slaves to harvest cash crops like tobacco and cotton, particularly after the invention of the cotton gin. 'hiteness' became associated with privilege and power, and even poorer whites in the south were above African-American slaves in terms of their social status. Slavery was thus always an ideological as well as an economic and political issue.

Of course, the economics of slavery cannot be overlooked. Southern…...

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Work Cited

Major Problems in American History: Volume 1: to 1877. (3d Ed.) . Cengage, 2011.

personal recitation of faith and the struggles that come with it. The latter of those two starts on page nine of the book. One thing that jumps out is when the narrator presents to her father that she is a Christian. His reaction is so visceral and borderline violent so as to be appalling. He simply tries to scare his daughter but his reaction is jarring nonetheless. Her feelings about the matter are quite notable as well given that she conflates both his influence on her as it pertains to counteracting the Christian faith and that of Satan doing the same. There is then a shift back to the historical support or persecution (usually the latter) of Christians. Indeed, Christians (and Jews for that matter) have been persecuted a great deal over the years. There were other times where one might say that Christians were doing the persecuting (e.g.…...

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References

Madigan, S. (1998). Mystics, visionaries, and prophets. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

Racism and the American Ideals
Racial divisions in 19th century American culture excluded African-Americans and Native Americans from the American ideals of liberty and inclusion on a fundamental level. The pushing off the land (and slaughtering) of the Native American tribes by the U.S. government was an exercise in Manifest Destiny (O'Sullivan 5), which later came to be expressed in terms of New Expansionism once the borders of the frontier were at their natural limits. And as for African-Americans -- they may have been freed by Lincoln in order to help the North win the war against the South, but inclusion was never really on the table: Jim Crow laws sprang up in the South and racism continued to be expressed in terms of segregation and mob violence. Liberty was for the ASPs (hite Anglo-Saxon Protestants), the ruling elite of the political, economical and social establishment. No amount of noble sounding…...

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Works Cited

Crevecœur, J. Hector St. John de. Autobiography. Gutenberg. Web. 26 Feb 2016.

Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life. Web. 26 Feb 2016.

Franklin, Ben. "Remarks concerning the Savages of North America." Web. 26 Feb

2016.

To tackle a three-page essay on the meaning of freedom for enslaved people in the United States, it is very important to keep in mind that there was no single idea of freedom.  The condition of slaves varied tremendously throughout the United States.  Some slaves lived near urban areas and had relatively high amounts of personal autonomy as well as exposure to free people of color, while other slaves were in isolation on plantations and may not ever encounter free people or color or even regularly encounter slaves held captive on other plantations.  In addition, men, women,....