The sediments that are deposited in the stream cover up these areas, sometimes even entombing young fish and eggs." (DEP, 2008)
The lack of vegetation also does not act as a sieve to capture the soil. Muddy water also created an environment where the water temperature increases killing any micro organisms that feed at the river bed. Faster movement of water also creates deeper channels and creates wider rivers during storms. (Sotir, 1998) Excessive run off and soil are creating downstream flooding conditions that have been unprecedented when compared to the past. Homes and businesses have been significantly impacted by the new problem as insurance rates and the cost of maintaining a house or business is also on the rise.

irds and animals that depend on the river's ecosystem are also impacted by the new stream flow and quality of water. Excessive silting of rivers might cause flooding in traditional nesting…...

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Bibliography

Brown, L.R. (2007). Rebuilding Valuable Soil. USA Today, 136(2750), 15.

DEP. (2008). Soil Erosion. Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Land and Water Quality.

Kaiser, J. (2004). Wounding Earth's Fragile Skin. Science, 304(5677), 1616-1618.

Kumar, K., Pant, D., Panda, Y.S., & Satyal, G.S. (2002). Runoff and soil loss from steep slopes treated with low cost bioengineering measures. Environmentalist, 22(2), 133.

Rainfall Simulation Studies to Estimate Soil Erosion as Influenced by Rainfall Intensity and Slope in Four Distinct Soils
(1) To investigate the effect of slope angle and rainfall intensities on soil erosion under controlled conditions using four (4) distinct soil types; (2) To compare this data with that for a cropped plot; and (3) To highlight an approach at estimating erosion risk and nutrient loss.

Soil erosion or the wearing away of soil due to the effects of water, wind, tillage and other factors. Rain erosion is the wearing away of soil and this is known as 'splash erosion'. If the rainfall has sufficient intensity then the kinetic energy of raindrops as they hit the bare soil detaches and moves soil particles. Considerable amounts of soil may be moved by rainsplash however, the soil is stated to be "redistributed back over the surface of the soil" although there will be a small…...

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Nearing, Mark A. (2000) Evaluating Soil Erosion Models Using Measured Plot Data: Accounting for Variability in the Data. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 25, 1035-1043. Retrieved from: http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/7023/1/IND43978943.pdf

Todisco, F. Mannocchi, F. Vergni, L and Vinci, A. (2009) Plot Scale Measurements of Rainfall Erosion Losses in Central Italy. The Role of Hydrology in Water Resources Management (Proceedigns of a Symposium held on the Island of Capri, Italy, October 2008) IAHS Publ 327, 2009. Retreived from:  http://www.iahs.info/redbooks/a327/iahs_327_0324.pdf 

Herweg, K. And Ostrowski, MW (1997) The Influence of Errors on Erosion Process Analysis. Soil Conservation Research Programme Ethiopia. Research Report 33. Retrieved from:  http://www.ihwb.tu-darmstadt.de/media/fachgebiet_ihwb/literatur/lit_ostrowski/paper30_ost.pdf

ainfall Simulation Studies to Estimate Soil Erosion as Influenced by ainfall Intensity and Slope in Four Distinct Soils
Conservation of soil and other natural resources is critically important for all stakeholders in today's society. The work of Dumanski (2009) reports that soil conservation importance along with the control and mitigation of land degradation are more highly recognized now than at any time in the past." The significance of this study is first, the additional knowledge that will be applied to the already existing base of knowledge on soil conservation practices. This study specifically examines the estimation of foil erosion rates based on (1) rainfall intensity; and (2) slope in four distinct soils. This study has three primary objectives: (1) The first objective is to conduct a study of soil conservation in the Caribbean through investigating the effect of slope angle and rainfall intensities on soil erosion under controlled conditions using four…...

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References

Jun, W. et al. (2005) he effects of land use on runoff and soil nutrient losses in a gully catchment of the hilly areas: implications for erosion control. Journal of Geographic Sciences. Volume 15, Number 4, 396-04, DOI: 10.1007/BF02892146. Retrieved from: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m3043x7x62423181/

Dumanski, Julian (2009) Emerging Global Trends Provide New Opportunities in Soil and Water Conservation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. Jan/Feb 2009. Vol. 64, No.1. Retrieved from:  http://www.jswconline.org/content/64/1/11A.extract 

Day, Mick (2010) Challenges to Sustainability in the Caribbean karst. Geologia Croatica. Retrieved from:

Ustun, Berk (2008) The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Services. Vol XXXVII, Part B7. Beijing 2008. Retrieved from:  http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVII/congress/7_pdf/10_ThS-18/26.pdf

Sugar and leaf litter appeared to have an inhibitory effect, except in the area of root mass. These results were similar to those obtained by Levy & Taylor (2003). Their study also found an inhibitory effect in treatments with municipal wastes and pulp mill wastes. Similar to the results of this study, their tests found that horse and mink manure resulted in the greatest improvement in plant growth. However, Muenchang and associates (2006) found the sugar mill by-products improved the nitrogen fixing ability of plants by encouraging the development of certain bacteria on the roots.
There are many field trials that are similar to those conducted in this study. Tuber yield and size were not affected significantly by the application of straw mulch on potatoes (Doring, et al., 2005). However, La Mondia and associates (1999) found that straw applied to potatoes increased yield in tubers exposed to certain potato pathogens.…...

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References

Doring, T., Brandt, M., Heb, J., Finckh, M., & Saucke, H. (2005). Effects of straw mulch on soil nitrate dynamics, weeds, yield and soil erosion in organically grown potatoes. Field Crop Research, 238-249.

Hameeda, B., Harini, G., Rupela, P. & Reddy, G. (2006). Effect of composts or vermicomposts on sorghum growth and micorrhizal colonization. African Journal of Biotechnology. 6 (1), 9-12.

Kim, K., Nemec, S., & Musson, G. (1997). Control of Phytophtora root and crown rot of bell pepper with composts and soil amendments in greenhouse. Applied Soil Ecology. 5, 169- 179.

La Mondia, J., Gent, M., Ferrandino, F., & Elmer, W. (1999). Effect of compost amendment or straw mulch on potato early dying disease. Plant Disease. 83: 361-366.

These human actions that alter the living and nutrient conditions of soil organism include the repetitive tillage or burning of vegetation, soil erosion, overusing the land without replenishing it with humus or plant compost, clearing of forests. What can be done to solve this problem is to replenish the land with humus or plant compost, give the land rest after excessive use, planting of trees to reduce soil erosion etc. The soil organic matter is linked to the atmosphere; hydrosphere, biosphere and climate change in that the carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere of the earth.
The following are the strategy that I feel should be taken to restore the regions of Udaipur in India. In this area it is evident that the unnecessary human activities of over grazing, slash and burn farming, and activities causing soil erosion have…...

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Soil is a very important resource in the earth and care should be taken to preserve and maintain its quality. If this is not done, soil will not be able to support the future generations and this means they will be low food production in the world leading to famine to both human beings and animals

Curry and Good. Using Soil Fauna to Improve Soil Health: New York: Stork and Eggleton, 1992

Hudson N

Streambank Erosion and Restoration
Streambank erosion is one of the important and often neglected environmental problems. If not properly maintained the river and the stream banks can be easily eroded by the sheer force of the flowing water during the heavy raining season. The precarious situation, which results as a consequence of erosion, cannot be taken lightly. It is these stream and rivers, which replenish the water needs of the people. Conservation of this vital natural source is an important task and the responsibility lies with man. Let us now briefly analyze the problem of Streambank erosion and the remedial solution.

Factors causing Erosion

Stream bank erosion is a common natural phenomenon, which occurs during the heavy flow of water. While erosion to a certain extent is natural and cannot be avoided what is disconcerting is the uncontrolled erosion. This has a disastrous effect on the water quality, soil fertility and the overall…...

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Bibliography

1) Designed by "Washington County Soil and Water Conservation District" (SWCD)

"Protecting Streambanks From Erosion," Accessed on 25th November, 2002

 http://www.oacd.org/fs04ster.htm 

2) Cullen Gunn, "Streambank Erosion," Accessed on 25th November, 2002 http://www.netc.net.au/enviro/fguide/sbank.html

Clay and materials similar are more readily subject to the environmental and atmospheric meteorological conditions that can impact the sustainability of a clay-based foundation.
Another problem that can cause problems for a foundation subject to weak soil characteristics is "subsidence" (Shabha, Kuhwald, 1995). According to Shabha & Kuhwald (1995), "Subsidence can be defined as a downward movement or a soil on which buildings stand from causes unconnected with loading from the building. Examples are underground mining, clay shrinkage (especially due to the action of tree roots) and erosion due to water passing through the subsoil, but excluding the compaction of made-up ground or infill

." (Shabha, Kuhwald, 1995)

Subsidence is in part a natural process but yet is also in part a man-made process. Throughout millennia, the process of water creating soil erosion has changed the landscape of particles that comprise the rocky granular landscape, such as silica and including clay. The…...

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References

Bombardieri, M. 1999, Charles May Require Soil Surveys to Curb Cracking Foundations: [FINAL Edition], Washington, DC, United States.

Drazga, B. 1998, "Homeowners fight swelling soil Multimillion-dollar problem endangers foundations of Colorado homes," The Denver Business Journal, vol. 49, no. 34, pp. 33.B-33.B.

Gallagher, K., Brown, R. & Johnson, C. 1998, "Fission track analysis and it's applications to geological problems," Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 26, pp. 519-519.

Haywood, P. 2005, Cracks appear in village building, McClatchy - Tribune Information Services.

Rural poverty is a concerning matter in many areas mainly because farmers there have had access to limited education concerning attitudes they need to employ in order to be successful in their field of work. Conserving soil is not only beneficial for the environment, as it also plays an important role in helping individuals in rural areas. "Reducing land degradation is more likely to be achieved by supporting NGOs that focus on agriculture and the environment, promoting nonfarm activities, and controlling population growth or facilitating emigration from the highlands, thus reducing soil erosion and nutrient depletion" (Nkonya x).

In many cases cultural values are extremely important in influencing locals to take on a more respectful attitude toward the environment. By being provided with education emphasizing nature's dependence on them concomitantly with their dependence on nature, individuals are probable to acknowledge that it would be in their best interest to fight in…...

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Works cited:

Huckle and Sterling, Stephen R., "Education for sustainability," (Earthscan, 1996)

Leopold, Aldo, "The Land Ethic"

Nkonya, Ephraim, "Strategies for Sustainable Land Management and Poverty Reduction in Uganda," (International Food Policy Res Inst, 01.07.2004)

Paehlke, Robert C., "Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia," (Routledge, 03.04.2013)

Strip Mining Project
Strip mining has long attracted the attention that "fracking" is now due to the proven or at least theoretical environmental impacts and issues that can or definitely arise when the practice is engaged in. Not unlike similar industries like timber, anything that destroys or alters wetlands/marshes, anything that leads to increase erosion and so forth is hotly contested and debated. Even basic things like irrigation of crops can raise a proverbial stink if the water is denied to people or states that happen to be downstream and they feel they need/deserve it so as to provide drinking water, their own crop irrigation or other environmental concerns. While strip mining, especially that which relates to energy like lignite and lithium, is here to stay and largely cannot be stopped, the real and tangible impacts it can and does have need to be taken seriously before the lignite-harvesting project mentioned…...

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References

EIA. (2014, June 23). Coal. EIA Energy Kids. Retrieved June 23, 2014, from  http://www.eia.gov/KIDS/ENERGY.CFM?PAGE=COAL_HOME-BASICS 

WSGS. (2014, June 23). Wyoming State Geological Survey. Wyoming State Geological

Survey. Retrieved June 23, 2014, from  http://www.wsgs.uwyo.edu/Research/Energy/Coal/Diagrams.aspx 

WVC. (2014, June 23). 2013. Coal Facts. Retrieved June 23, 2014, from  http://www.wvcoal.com/coal-facts-2013.html

lowland Maya decimation is much more than at any time before, and there are currently several studies that concentrate on the period from roughly A.D. 750 to A.D.1050. Previously, researchers have had a tendency to sum up clarifications of the decimation from individual locales and areas to the marshes in totality. Later methodologies push the extraordinary differences of changes that took place over the swamps amid the Terminal Classic and Early Post classic periods. Along these lines, there is presently a general agreement on the view that Maya culture and civilization in general did not fall, albeit numerous zones did experience significant change
Present scenarios are the result of the long haul elements of human-environment interplay. The fact of the matter is that, we have a long-term viewpoint, keeping in mind the end goal to best comprehend continual changes in ambient environs we observe in present times

. Analysis of changes…...

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References

Aimers, James J. "What Maya Collapse-Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands." Springer Science+Business Media (2007): 330-337.

Oldfield, F., ed. 1998. Past global changes (PAGES): Status reportand implementation plan. IGBP Report 45. Stockholm: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

Dunning, Nicholas, et al. Arising from the Bajos: The Evolution of a Neotropical Landscape and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2002.

Chase, A.F., and Chase, D.Z. (1992). El norte y el sur: pol?'tica, dominios y evolucio'n cultural maya.Mayab 8: 134 -- 149

clarion call for the people and leaders of El Paso to better focus (or at least start focusing) on the subject of soil erosion, water runoff and sedimentary issues relating the land and material around the roads and bridges of our town. While some may treat this subject as relatively or completely unimportant, this could not be further from the truth. As shown by what can happen with things like flash floods, landslides and so forth, the proper management of waste and rain water runoff is very important and should be handled in an evidence-based way rather than a cobbling together of a budget line item here and there. While a lot of the calls for more infrastructure funding and better infrastructure management are over the top, this is not one of those messages and not one of those subjects that should be easily dismissed or set aside.
Analysis

The potentially…...

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References

Haiyan, L., Liang, L., Mingyi, L., & Xiaoran, Z. (2013). Effects of pH, Temperature,

Dissolved Oxygen, and Flow Rate on Phosphorus Release Processes at the Sediment and Water Interface in Storm Sewer. Journal of Analytical Methods In

Chemistry, 1-7. doi:10.1155/2013/104316

Karlsson, K., & Viklander, M. (2008). Trace Metal Composition in Water and Sediment

Tehran's geography makes air pollution worse: the Alborz Mountains at its north side trap the increasing volume of pollutants and lead these to remain and hover over Tehran when the wind is not strong enough to blow them away. Furthermore, Tehran's high altitude makes fuel combustion inefficient and adds to the problem. Its altitude is between 3, 300 and 5,000 feet and it is in this space that the pollutants are trapped since the destruction of orchards and other vegetation especially in northern Tehran in the past decades by rapid development and human activity pressures. These natural and man-made factors together have made Tehran one of the most polluted cities in the world. Air pollution reached critical level in December 1999 when high levels of carbon monoxide and other pollutants filled Tehran for many weeks. Deaths, diseases and skin conditions are attributed to extreme air pollution. Records say that…...

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Bibliography

Energy Information Administration. (2002). Iran: Environmental Issues.  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/iranenv.html 

2005). Iran. Country Analysis Briefs.

" (Coates, et al., 2003) Solutions that are know to be effective are "co-management approaches in the fishery sector which are already in use and highly effective on a local basis.
There are 1200 known species of fish and it is thought that there are as many as 1700 living in the Mekong River Basin. High diversity is present due to plant groups and other aquatic animal groups. The Mekong's ecosystem is one of complexity with variations in climate, geology, terrain and water flow." (Coates, et al. 2003) the results of these variations are a rich habitat that is said to 'rival that found on tropical coral reefs. The pictures below show the impact of the flooding of the Mekong.

Figure 2.0 Figure 2.1

Source: (Coates, et al., 2003)

III. Cultural Significance of the River

Diversity is important for the following reasons:

Direct Use Value: biodiversity is used directly as food and good produced from natural…...

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Works Cited

Coates D. et al. (2003) Biodiversity and Fisheries in the Mekong River Basin Mekong River Commission, Mekong Development Series No.2, 2003 June

Coates, D. (2001) Biodiversity and Fisheries Management Opportunities in the Mekong River Basin "Blue millennium-managing global fisheries for biodiversity. GEF-IDRC 3-7 July 2001. World Fisheries Trust, Victoria, Canada CD Rom.

Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin Online available at http://www.mrcmekong.org/pdf/95%20Agreement.pdf

Mekong River Basin

20). This observation suggests that the addition of gypsum for erosion-control and soil-stabilization purposes may be more effective during some phases of the soils' evolution compared to others. In this regard, the Australian Soil Health Knowledge Bank adds that, "Soil slaking or dispersion is evident in soils with a high content of fine sand and/or silt (loamy soil) and low organic matter levels, with crusting and hardsetting most common in soils with 10 to 35% clay" (Soil stability, 2011, para. 3). In addition, the crusting and hardsetting processes can in turn affect the infiltration rate that determines a soil's composition, and infiltration rates are highly affected by the concentrations of saline that exist near the surface (Cochrane et al., 2005).
Although soils with high concentrations of saline may be responsive to gypsum applications, the gypsum will likely be required to be reapplied from time to time in order to remain…...

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References

Cochrane, B.H., Reichart, J.M., Eltz, F.L. & Norton, L.D. (2005). Controlling soil erosion and runoff with polycrylamide and phosphogypsum on subtropical soil. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 48(1), 149-154.

Orme, A.R. (2001). The physical geography of North America. New York: Oxford University

Press.

James, R. (2009). High soil salinity problems and how to correct them. Lawn Care Academy.

From the point-of-view of the variation and flexibility of the species such cultivated woody crops rank as no more than cornfields. While the tree farms are conveniently be stretched on the private lands, national forests those are considered priceless reservoirs of most of the biological diversity of the nation cannot expand so easily. The commercial logging is considered as the greatest danger for survival of the national forest system. The timber sales are growingly concealed beneath the post fire recovery and fire prevention missions, forest health initiatives and restoration programs. (Endangered Forests: Endangered Freedoms)
Wetlands disappearing

Declining wetlands and reservoir construction are having spectacular influences on a global scale. (the Importance of Wetlands and the Impacts of eservoir Development) the data of USF & WS reveals that the United States added 2.3 million acres in ponds and inland mudflats during the period of mid 1950s and mid1970s. The country added about…...

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References

Acid Rain -- a Contemporary World Problem. Retrieved at Accessed on 3 February, 2005http://www.geocities.com/narilily/acidrain.html.

Acid Rain: Do you need to start wearing a rain hat? Retrieved at   Accessed on 3 February, 2005http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/acidrain.html .

Barney, Gerald O. The Whole World in Our Hands. SF Chronicle. 31 December, 2000. Retrieved at Accessed on 3 February, 2005http://www.mindfully.org/Sustainability/in-Our-Hands.htm.

Bryant, Peter J. Biodiversity and Conservation: A Hypertext Book. Retrieved at Accessed on 3 February, 2005http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/lec05/b65lec05.htm.

Title: The Impact of Heavy Rain: Examining the Environmental, Social, and Economic Consequences

I. Introduction
a. Definition of heavy rain and its increasing frequency
b. Thesis statement: Heavy rain has profound environmental, social, and economic consequences, demanding attention and action.

II. Environmental Consequences of Heavy Rain
a. Flooding:
- Causes and characteristics of flooding during heavy rain
- Environmental impacts, including habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity
- Socioeconomic effects, such as damage to infrastructure and displacement of communities
b. Soil Erosion:
- Causes and extent of soil erosion due to heavy rain
- Environmental impacts, including loss of fertile topsoil and....

Ecological Impacts of the Dust Bowl

The Devastating Effects of Dust Storms on Plant and Animal Life
Soil Erosion and the Loss of Agricultural Productivity
The Long-Term Ecological Legacy of the Dust Bowl

Economic Impacts of the Dust Bowl

The Collapse of the Agricultural Economy in the Great Plains
The Migration of Farm Workers and the Rise of Migrant Labor Camps
The Government Response to the Economic Crisis and its Lasting Impact

Social and Cultural Impacts of the Dust Bowl

The Psychological and Emotional Toll of Living Through the Dust Storms
The Rise of Dust Bowl Literature and Art
The Cultural Legacy....

Long-Term Implications of Climate Change on Global Food Security

Introduction

Climate change poses significant long-term threats to global food security, threatening the availability, accessibility, and affordability of food for billions of people worldwide. This essay explores the potential long-term implications of climate change on global food security, examining its impacts on crop yields, agricultural practices, and global food systems.

Impacts on Crop Yields

Climate change directly affects crop yields through changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Rising temperatures and a shift towards more variable precipitation patterns lead to reduced crop yields, especially in regions already experiencing....

Outlining and Measuring Pollution in Different Environments

Identifying and Categorizing Pollutants

The first step in effectively outlining pollution is to identify and categorize the potential contaminants present in an environment. This can be done through a combination of:

Environmental sampling: Collecting samples of air, water, soil, and other environmental media to analyze for specific pollutants.
Literature review: Consulting scientific literature and databases to identify known or suspected pollutants in the area.
Stakeholder engagement: Gathering input from local industries, residents, and environmental groups to identify potential sources and types of pollution.

Outlining Pollution Sources and Pathways

Once pollutants have been identified, it is crucial to....