Other samples of primary groups in my life include such important social groups as my club soccer team, whom I play with three times a week, and several academic related organizations I am involved in.
Secondary groups, on the other hand, are essentially the opposite of primary groups. Although members of a secondary groups do interact with one another, they tend to do so on a less personal level than the members of a primary group. Further, the relationships of the members of a secondary group are more typically temporary, as opposed to long lasting. Usually secondary groups are created to serve a specific purpose or function and the individual members' roles are interchangeable instead of fixed. An example of a secondary group in my life is my summer job, which is essentially a temporary group put together to complete the given tasks. Although we get along and interact at…...

Companies practically make it mandatory for these people to employ a "nicer than natural" attitude and thus influence them to feel estranged from their emotions. Even with the fact that flight attendants manage to avoid being stressed as a result of their coping mechanism, their thinking can turn in an occupational hazard. Employing such attitudes can lead to serious problems as flight attendants feel detached from their jobs and basically come to express no actual interest in the well-being of passengers.
* Hochschild's theory concerning emotions can be applied to Goffman's understanding of people's attitudes when interacting with others. People communicate through emotions and depending on how they see other people they feel more or less inclined to express intense sentiments. An 'actor' thus shares information with his or her audiences depending on the information that his or her audiences provide him or her with. Hochschild goes in depth with…...

Sociology and Racism
Sociologists recognize that social stratification is a cultural universal, an aspect present in every society. In many societies, these social hierarchies are based on factors like class, gender or kinship. In the United States and most advanced industrialized capitalist countries, for example, being wealthy can significantly improve a person's life chances.

In a society as diverse as the United States, racial and ethnic categories are another key factor in determining social hierarchy and one's life chances. In the 2000 Census, respondents were given a choice of 15 racial groups to choose from. Additionally, respondents were given the option of choosing two or more races when appropriate.

For many people, these racial categories are a crucial determinant of identity.

In addition to how people are grouped by race, sociologists are also interested in the social meanings and significances that people attach to race.

For sociologists, race should be studied beyond physical characteristics like…...

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Works Cited

Herrnstein, Richard. The Bell Curve. New York: Free Press, 1994.

Nisbett, Richard. "Race, Genetics and IQ." The Black-White Test Score Gap. Christopher Jencks, ed. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.

Olzak, Susan. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.

Shibutani, Tamotsu and Kwan, Kian M. Ethnic Stratification. New York: MacMillan, 1965.

Sociological Perspective The sociological perspective is a perspective on how human activity and behavior relates to society. By looking at the relationship between individuals and social structures, the sociological perspective emerges as one that identifies functions, conflicts and interactions within society and among people. In other words, the sociological perspective allows researchers to see how people and society relate to one another, what connects them, what drives them, and what shapes their evolution.
There are many different ways in which researchers can study people and society. The methods used by sociologist to study society include survey research, interviews, participant observation, and secondary/historical analysis. Survey research is conducted when a researcher constructs a set of questions with a list of options to choose from when answering the question. For example, a question might provide a participant with a choice of five different answers to choose from. The sociologist will survey a sample of…...

Crime
For many years, sociologists, criminologists, and other scientists have been examining crime and what deviant behavior to help understand and gain control on society and prevent potential victims and fairly treat offenders who do commit crimes. However, many experts like Emile Durkheim feel there is a lot to be considered besides what is deemed as wrong. Durkheim, a French sociology expert from the late 1800s, who felt that deviance was a typical part of a society in order for it to function normally because it sets the moral margins of a society that lets people know what is and what is not tolerated (Henry, Lanier 1-80). Theories and conflicts of crimes and the assumptions and contrasting arguments of what influences and provokes deviance within a given culture have caused people to develop different views and beliefs.

People, like Stuart Henry and Mark Lanier, who examine crime and the subsets of…...

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Work Cited

Walsh. "Introduction and Overview of Crime and Criminology." Sagepub.

(2008): 1-19. Web. 7 May 2011 .

"Criminological Theory: Past to Present." Essential readings (2002): n.

However, many as he notes, are trying "to live 'better' lives within the framework of their own and society's weaknesses" (Duneier 158). Thus, just like other viable members of any society, these people are doing what they can to make ends meet and still live decent and fulfilled lives. They fill the definition of many growing and changing societies; they are just doing it in the microcosm of Greenwich Village, instead of in the boardrooms of high-powered firms. It is unmistakable that some of these vendors could certainly fit into that environment, but simply choose not to.
Third, this microcosm of society has formed its own hierarchy, which stretches from Hasan, who functions as a sort of unofficial leader, down through the ranks of magazine and book vendors and "support" people who help move, store, and place merchandise, and even hold desirable spots on the sidewalks for some of the…...

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References

Duneier, Mitchell. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001.

O'Hehir, Andrew. "Sidewalk." Salon.com. 16 Dec. 1999. 1 Dec. 2004.  http://www.salon.com/books/review/1999/12/16/duneier/

William Graham Sumner was a sociologist during the 19th century who conducted extensive studies on the sociology of society and human interaction. In his study of the dynamics of society, Sumner focuses on the function of social norms for the society. In his discourse, he posits that social norms and traditions that have influenced societies for a long time are the main reason why there is an impediment in the introduction and implementation of social changes or reforms. Moreover, Sumner explains how social reform is an essential part of society's development, and also because changes are an integral part of humankind's natural right to liberty: "The truth is that the social order is fixed by laws of nature precisely analogous to those of the physical order... The evils of society are to a great extent the result of the dogmatism and self-interest of statesmen... Instead of studying the natural laws…...

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Bibliography

Sumner, W. (1914). The Challenge of Facts. Available at: Internet Modern History Sourcebook Web site:  http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html .

Sociologists do not see war as something humanity is genetically programmed to do, but the result of social forces. Why do they believe this? What is the evidence? If war is not caused by biology, what are some of the social forces that sociologists argue have contributed to it? Illustrate your points with concrete examples from the readings.
According to Howard Zinn, there is no evidence that human beings are innately predisposed to war, biologically or sociologically. War is generated by the actions of governments, not individuals. Zinn justifies his contention by the fact that citizens must be urged through propaganda and monetary rewards to die for the state. This shows that all wars are innately unnatural and totalitarian, given that the state demands that citizens act against their personal interests, such as living to see their children grow up, to die for an abstract concept such as 'national security.' If…...

rise of business and the new age of industrial capitalism forced Americans to think about, criticize, and justify the new order -- especially the vast disparities of wealth and power it created. This assignment asks you to consider the nature and meaning of wealth, poverty and inequality in the Gilded Age making use of the perspectives of four people who occupied very different places in the social and intellectual spectrum of late nineteenth-?century America:, the sociologist William Graham Sumner, the writer enry
George, a Massachusetts textile worker named Thomas O'Donnell, and the steel tycoon

Andrew Carnegie.

For Andrew Carnegie, wealth was a good thing. In his "Gospel of Wealth," Carnegies talks about the problem of "our age" which is the proper administration of wealth. e has his own philosophy of how wealth has come to be unequally distributed with the huge gap existing between those who have little and those who are…...

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Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Major Problems, pp. 20-?22.

Thomas O'Donnell Testimony before a U.S. Senate Committee, 1885 U.S. Congress,

Capital (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1885

11-13). These frames also explain how people see situations differently. For instance, two individuals might frame the same activity as volunteering or work. Without frames, society would consist of numerous unrelated interactions. No one would know how to relate to each other. However, Goffman emphasizes that framing can be inhibited by the social organization, which takes the primary role with framing of experiences in everyday social situations. Experiences are organized by each person into frameworks, keys and keyings, and designs and fabrications. The meaning behind an event can be changed by the key from what it actually seems to be into something else. For example, a person might say something may be perceived as an objective statement or keyed as a pun or joke.
ecently, Deborah Tannen is observing how framing works in different settings, where people are not sure of the meaning behind the words. She gives the following…...

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References

Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor

____ (1961). Asylums. NY: Doubleday

____ (1963) Behavior in Public Places. NY: Free Press

____(1967) Interaction Ritual, Chicago: Aldine.

, 2012). When considering housing for this group it is important to make sure that you do not isolate someone sharing their spiritual or religious beliefs. A social worker who does not keep up with the understanding of the individuals with whom they work could be inadvertently setting up a disaster for such an elderly individual. It is always important to discover, praise, and attend to new developments and changes regarding all aspects of the clients with which the social worker involved.
eferences

Christensen, H. (2001). What cognitive changes can be expected with normal ageing?

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 768 -- 775.

Escobar-Bravo, M.A., Puga-Gonzalez, D., & Martin-Baranera, M. (2012). Protective effects of social networks on disability among older adults in Spain. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(1), 109-116.

Hodge, D.., Horvath, V.E., Larkin, H., & Curl, a.L. (2012). Older adults' spiritual needs in health care settings: A qualitative meta-synthesis. esearch…...

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References

Christensen, H. (2001). What cognitive changes can be expected with normal ageing?

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 768 -- 775.

Escobar-Bravo, M.A., Puga-Gonzalez, D., & Martin-Baranera, M. (2012). Protective effects of social networks on disability among older adults in Spain. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(1), 109-116.

Hodge, D.R., Horvath, V.E., Larkin, H., & Curl, a.L. (2012). Older adults' spiritual needs in health care settings: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Research on Aging, 34(2), 131-155.

sociological debate between scientific knowledge and religious knowledge has been occurring for most of the last few centuries (Anesi, 2003a). While the concept of "knowledge" is broad, and the definitions for "knowledge" even more broad (Meja & Stehr, 2000), this paper will only examine the concepts of religious and scientific knowledge, and the debate among modern sociologists between the two. This paper will present a definition of religious knowledge, present sociologists on both sides of the debate, and will examine how religious knowledge is used in Western society. This paper will attempt to show, based on the sociological views discussed, that the use of religious knowledge in today's world is warranted, in some cases.
As stated, the concept of a working definition of "knowledge" is difficult. In the broadest sense, "knowledge" can be thought of as awareness and understanding of facts, truths, or information (Gettier, 1963). According to modern sociology,…...

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References

Alvin P. (1981) The reformed objection to natural theology. Christian Scholar's Review, 11: 187-198.

Alvin P. (1982) On reformed epistemology. The Reformed Journal, 32, January, pp. 13-17.

Anesi, G. (2003a) On the Application of Scientific Knowledge. Dept. Of Humanities, University of Chicago. Online. Retrieved Oct 20, 2004 from the University of Chicago. Web site: http://home.uchicago.edu/~anesi/science.html.

Anesi, G. (2003b) In Pursuit: Knowledge, Confidence, and Deceit in Descartes and Shakespeare. Dept. Of Humanities, University of Chicago. Online. Retrieved Oct 20, 2004 from the University of Chicago. Web site: http://home.uchicago.edu/~anesi/knowledge.html.

organizational resources are by definition scarce, it is important for sociologists conducting research on the issues of racism and prejudice to employ research techniques with proven efficacy. This paper provides a review of the relevant literature concerning optimal methods for sociological research into the areas of racism and prejudice. A discussion concerning the types of research method that would be the most appropriate for such studies on racism and prejudice, including qualitative or quantitative research, the use interviews, surveys, field research, case study, secondary analysis, or participant observation is followed by an examination concerning how sociologists explain the causes of prejudice. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues are presented in the paper's conclusion.
eview and Discussion

To date, sociologists have used a wide range of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to study racism and prejudice (Dion, 2002). For instance, according to one sociologist, "We have…...

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References

Dion, K. (2002, February). The social psychology of perceived prejudice and discrimination.

Canadian Psychology, 43(1), 1-5.

Farley, J.E. (2005). Majority -- minority relations, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Grinnell, R.M. Jr. & Unrau, Y.A. (2005). Social work research and evaluation: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. New York: Oxford University Press.

For example, Tocqueville was able to explain 18th century European aristocrat behavior by looking at social consequences. Like Tocqueville, Marx believed that they could explain individual actions by looking at subconscious class interests. Frey has demonstrated that people will accept individually negative outcomes, if they have positive group benefits.
Nietzsche believed that, while conscious of class interests, individual actions and beliefs should be viewed from an individual perspective, since they are motivated by the positive consequences to the individual actor. In discussing his theory of bounded rationality, Simon seemed to combine elements from the different theorist, by showing how social actions include cognitive dimensions.

3. How does the author distinguish human actions from other forms of human behavior?

Again, the author does not make it clear how he feels human actions and other forms of human behavior are different. Instead, he explains how various theorists have attempted to differentiate human action from…...

Charles Horton Cooley is a great sociologist who has contributed significantly to the field of sociology. He was born in Michigan State where he studied and work. He was a professor in the University of Michigan and lived near the university with his wife and three children. Looking glass self was one of his greatest works. The paper evaluates some of the sociologist major papers in the field of sociology and economics. The contributions to the conflicts theory and functionalism theory will also be evaluated in the paper. Charles Horton Cooley died in 1929 in the same state he was born of cancer.
Charles Horton Cooley born in 1864 was the forth born in a family of six siblings. His mother was Mary Elizabeth and his father was Thomas Cooley. The family lived in Ann Arbor in Michigan State. He attended the University of Michigan in 1887 where after graduating he…...

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References

Ju, Biung-ghi. 2010. "Individual Powers and Social Consent: An Axiomatic Approach." Social Choice and Welfare 34(4):571-596

Landon, Charles E. 1960. "Technological Progress in Transportation on the Mississippi River System." The Journal of Business (Pre-1986) 33(1):43-43

Westley, Bruce. 1976. "Setting the Political Agenda what Makes it Change?" Journal of Communication (Pre-1986) 26(2):43

Outline for Essay: How Historic Events Led to the Emergence of Sociology

I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a compelling statement or anecdote that highlights the profound impact of historic events on the development of human societies.
B. Thesis statement: State the main argument that historic events have played a crucial role in shaping the emergence and evolution of sociology.

II. The Enlightenment and the Roots of Sociology
A. Describe the intellectual and social context of the Enlightenment in Europe during the 18th century.
B. Explain how the Enlightenment thinkers' emphasis on reason, scientific inquiry, and human progress laid the groundwork for....

Globalization has had significant impacts on social structures and norms according to sociological perspectives. Some ways in which globalization has influenced social structures and norms include:

1. Increased interconnectedness: Globalization has led to greater interconnectedness between societies, cultures, and individuals around the world. This has resulted in the blurring of traditional boundaries and the creation of new social networks that transcend national borders.

2. Cultural diffusion: Globalization has facilitated the spread of cultural practices, beliefs, and values across different societies. This has led to the hybridization of cultures and the emergence of new cultural norms that are influenced by multiple sources.

3. Economic....

Impact of Globalization on Social Structures and Norms: A Sociological Perspective

Globalization, characterized by the heightened interconnectedness and interdependence of societies, has had a profound impact on social structures and norms. Sociological perspectives offer illuminating insights into these transformations:

Functionalist Perspective:

Globalization has fostered increased specialization and division of labor across regions, leading to functional differentiation and a more complex social structure.
It has strengthened interdependence and created transnational networks, fostering cooperation and the emergence of global institutions.
However, globalization can also exacerbate social inequality by creating a divide between those who benefit from the flow of capital and technology and those....

Friedrich Engels' Influence on the Development of Socialist Thought

Friedrich Engels, a German philosopher, sociologist, and political economist, played a pivotal role in the development of socialist thought alongside his close collaborator, Karl Marx. Engels' ideas, particularly his contributions to historical materialism, class struggle, and internationalism, left an enduring mark on the socialist movement and continue to shape socialist thought today.

Historical Materialism

Engels collaborated with Marx in formulating the theory of historical materialism, which holds that the mode of production - the way in which a society produces its goods and services - is the primary determinant of its social, political, and....