Sociological perspective means a way of looking at religion that focuses on the human particularly social aspects of religious belief and practice. There are two characteristics that differentiate it from non-scientific approaches to religion, which are its empirical nature of the approach and the objective inclination that it takes. Sociologists always attempt so much to base their interpretations on empirical evidence. They tend to confirm their explanations and images of social reality through either experimental or experienced evidence. The objectivity is in the sense that they are not trying to assess, accept or reject the religious beliefs' content as indicated by some analysis. Within sociological perspective there is no religion that tends to be superior to the other. Definitely the perspectives do not presume religious merit over non-religious approaches.
There are various ways in which sociological perspective impacts on the way we study religion. The sociological perspective aspects on religion are…...

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Reference

Aldridge, Alan, (2004). Defining Religion. (Sociology Review, 14 (2) pp.8-9)

Boudon, Raymond, (2003). Beyond Rational Choice Theory. (Annual Review of Sociology, pp.1-21)

Class .M 1995, Ordered Universes: Approaches to the Anthropology of Religion, West Vita Press.

Stark, Rodney and Bainbridge, William Sims (1987). A theory of religion. (Rutgers University Press, )

Sociological
There are three main sociological perspectives based on which health care will be discussed in this paper. These perspectives include functionalism, conflict and symbolic interactions. These are the three perspectives that can give a better insight into the healthcare.

Functionalism

Functionalism is when various units of the society come together and form a single unit in order to perform various functions. Functionalism is defined as the theory of mind in terms of contemporary philosophy. The theory was developed as an important alternative to the identity theory of mind as well as behaviorism. One of the main facts highlighted by the theory is that all functional roles are the founders of the mental states of an individual as belief, pain as well as desires. These mental states are the causal relations of the other mental states that include sensory inputs and behavioral outputs. Functionalism can thereby be defined as the theoretical leveling between…...

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References

Buechner, J. (2008). Godel, Putnam, and Functionalism: A New Reading of Representation and Reality, Bradford Bks. MIT Press.

Charon, J.M. (2009). Symbolic Interactionism: An Introduction, An Interpretation, An Integration. Edition 10. Prentice Hall.

Denzin, N.K. (2012). Studies in Symbolic Interaction: Volume 39 of Studies in Symbolic Interaction Series. Emerald Group Publishing.

Harris, E., and Joseph, J. (2003). Social Theory: Conflict, Cohesion and Consent. Edinburgh University Press.

Sociological Perspectives in Babel
Babel, a hyperlink cinema masterpiece, is a 2006 film by Mexican director Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu and tells the story of four families through four different perspectives. Though these families appear to be unrelated through business or other social arrangement, it is a single object, a .270 Winchester M70 rifle, which unites their stories. Through this object, and the families presented, an analytical approach may be taken to explore the different sociological perspectives presented in the film.

The story is presented in a series of related events that take place in various parts of the world including Mexico, Morocco, and Japan. As it is revealed at the end of the film, it is the rifle given to a Moroccan hunting guide that links the four families through a series of tragic events. While on a hunting trip, Yasujiro Wataya of Japan gave the rifle to his guide, who in…...

Sociological Perspective of W.E.B. Du Bois: Conflict Theory
William Edward Burghardt "W E.B." Du Bois (February 23, 1868 -- August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, author and editor. Born in western Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a tolerant community and experienced little racism as a child. Unlike Booker T. Washington, who believed that unskilled blacks should focus on economic self-betterment, and Marcus Garvey, who advocated a "back to Africa" movement, Du Bois demanded that African-Americans should achieve not only economic parity with whites in the United States but full and immediate civil and political equality as well. Also, he introduced the concept of the "talented tenth," a black elite whose duty it was to better the lives of less fortunate African-Americans (Zuberi, 2004). Hence, his sociological view derived from Karl Marx's Conflict Theory.

The life and work of W.E.B. Du Bois

The life and work of W.E.B.…...

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References

Bernasconi, R. (2009). Our duty to conserve W.E.B. Du Bois's philosophy of history in context. South Atlantic Quarterly, 108(3), 519-540.

Kivisto, P. (2004). The social theory of W.E.B. Du Bois. Choice, 42(3), 571-571. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/225779642?accountid=458 

Paynter, R., & Glassberg, D. (2010). Conflict and consensus in Great Barrington: remembering W.E.B. Du Bois. Museum International, 62(1/2), 57-60. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0033.2010.01719.x

Zuberi, T. (2004) W.E.B. Du Bois's Sociology: The Philadelphia negro and social science. The Annals of The American Academy of Political And Social Science, 595,146-156.

In Murray's case, this awareness enabled her to turn her life around by focusing on school so that she could earn more money and remove herself from her troubled past.
The ultimate justification for analyzing Murray's autobiography through the lens of conflict theory is, of course, found in the work's ending. Not only is the author a successful writer with a best seller (and all of its financial rewards) to her claim, she has also been able to capitalize off of a made for television movie based on her story and her eventual graduation from Harvard. Although she lost both of her parents in the process, her economic triumph can be further validated by the fact that she owns her own company, and is a business woman who is encouraging other people to realize their goals and overcome their obstacles. Murray, in essences, has come from being on the receiving…...

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Works Cited

Durkheim, David. The Rules of Sociological Method. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1938 Print.

Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, The Communist Manifesto. New York: Penguin Group. 1998. Print

Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,   Web.http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm 

Murray, Liz. Breaking Night. New York: Hyperion. Print Sears, Alan. A Good Book, In Theory: A Guide to Theoretical Thinking. North York: Higher Education University of Toronto Press. Print.

"
Social reaction manifests the behavior of an individual, how he reacts with the situation and how he will behave with it. The first reaction is acceptable as long as it is light and tolerable but if you do harm to someone that is not acceptable it is a behavior that is unbearable and punishment should follow to the deviant individual. There are two deviance based on ecker that can be found on the online source, http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/becker.htm:

Primary deviance is the first "step," and this primary act may be either intentional or unintentional (ecker 1963). The second "step" on the way to secondary deviance and a career in crime involves the acceptance of the deviant label (ecker 1963). ecker (1963) describes how certain rule-breakers come to accept the label of "deviant" as their master status.

It is said that there are two steps in deviant behavior, first is the instinct of how you…...

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Bibliography

Greek, C. (2003), "Criminological Theory: Becker"[Online] Available at:  http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/becker.htm 

Kendall, D. (1998) "Social Problems in a Diverse Society. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Long, R. (2005), "Deviance" [Online] Available at:  http://www.delmar.edu/socsci/rlong/intro/deviance.htm 

Orcutt, J. (2002) "The Labeling Tradition" [Online] Available at http://syg2010-03.sp04.fsu.edu/Theory/Labeling.htm

Objectivity in Sociological Perspectives
The United States of America is a melting pot of a wide range of beliefs, cultures, and traditions. Some say that the history of this nation will show an even wider variety not only of cultures, but of subcultures, cultures that arise in opposition or nonconformance with the main cultures. As human understanding of how we work in groups increases, some have theorized that there is really no such thing as a counterculture. The basic premise of this argument is that countercultures can't exist where all of us in the United States for example, technically share one culture. The norms, values, and beliefs shared by our culture even if they differ from others, are still part of just that, a larger culture that encompasses all, even those who are traditionally classified to be part of a counterculture.

My goal is to understand if this interpretation of cultures vs.…...

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Works Cited

Electronic Journal of Sociology (2002), ISSN: 1198-3655, Elements of Trust: The Cultural Dimension of Internet Diffusion Revisited, Thomas Volken, University of Zurich Switzerland.

Education and Race
Sociological perspective on Education with Regards to Race

Race relations in the United States have seemingly gotten better over the past five decades due to the efforts of civil rights legislation and a public that is more attuned to the issue. However, there remain pockets in where problems still occur and inequities still remain. One of these problem areas is the higher education system. It is difficult to pinpoint a single reason why minorities continue to be underrepresented at colleges and universities, and especially as graduates, but the gap exists and will continue to exist until equitable solutions are determined. This paper looks at race and education from a sociological perspective paying close attention to the theories of symbolic interactionism, social conflict and structural functionalism to try and determine the root causes of the issue.

Background (from Articles)

Desegregation began for American education with the "landmark" Brown vs. Board of Education…...

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Works Cited

Lark, Taj'Ullah Sky. "The Desegregation of Higher Education, Race conscious Admissions Policies and the Federal Constitution: Before Brown vs. Board and Beyond." The Journal of Pan African Studies (Online) 5.5 (2012). Web.

Ledford, Danielle. "Is Race Neutrality a Fallacy? A Comparison of the U.S. And French Models of Affirmative Action in Higher Education." Texas International Law Journal 46.2 (2011): 355-388.

Lo, Celia C. "An Application of Social Conflict Theory to Arrestees' Use of Cocaine and Opiates." Journal of Drug Issues 33.1 (2003): 237-250. Print.

Pichette, Eugene F., Michael T. Garrett, John F. Kosciulek, and David A. Rosenthal. "Cultural Identification of American Indians and Its Impact on Rehabilitation Services." The Journal of Rehabilitation 65.3 (1999): 3-21. Print.

Sociological Perspectives on the Mass Media
Most of us go about our everyday lives thinking that we are masters -- or mistresses -- of our own lives, making decisions by ourselves and for ourselves, the embodiment of autonomy. We do not like to think of ourselves as being under the control of the major social (and cultural) institutions of our society. And yet, of course, we are in no way independent of these institutions: Family structure, religious traditions, political structures, economic trends, the mass media all sculpt our lives. In this paper I will use three important sociological theories -- functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism -- to analyze the ways in which the mass media affect the individual in society as well as the other important institutions that in concert construct our social reality.

Functionalism -- or "structural functionalism," to distinguish it from the functionalist school of philosophy -- is a…...

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References

Charon, J. (2009). Symbolic interactionism: An introduction, an interpretation, an integration

(10th ed.) New York: Prentice-Hall.

Holmwood, J. (2005). Functionalism and its Critics in Harrington, A. (Ed.) Modern social

theory: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 87 -- 109.

Thus, in lower income black families, the stresses of poverty, unemployment, and lack of education may translate to divorce and disillusion. Because unemployment is higher among blacks, it makes them a sub-group in our nation, which they have been as a culture almost since they came to this country. This ads to their strong beliefs and values and makes them susceptible to the Functionalist Perspective when it comes to divorce.
Finally, the Internationalist Perspective blends cultures, beliefs, and society into one global perspective. It also blends nationalities into one "human" unit, and it can have a great affect on societies. It can bring them closer together, but it can also push them further apart. This perspective recognizes that all cultures have some commonalities and values, and that so, all cultures should be able to get along together. While this seems to be a viable solution to world problems, it is…...

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References

Grimes, Michael D. Class in Twentieth-Century American Sociology: An Analysis of Theories and Measurement Strategies. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991.

Guttmann, Joseph. Divorce in Psychosocial Perspective: Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993.

Lamanna, Mary Ann and Reidman, Agnes. "Chapter Two." Marriages and Families: Making Choices in a Diverse Society, 8th edition. California: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 2003. 22-51. http://64.78.63.75/samples/sociology/06SO205LamannaRiedmannM&F9Ch2.pdf

Weathersbee, Tonyaa. "Higher Black Unemployment in Era of Tax Cuts." BlackAmericaWeb.com. 18 Aug. 2004. 14 July 2005.  http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/economy817

Elaine confronts Gail for it, but later has no choice but to give them to Gail as payment for helping Jerry and George coordinate an unrelated scheme with an NBC executive. The issue culminates in Elaine's eventual admission that she actually enjoys the fact that other people notice her shoes and talk about them with envy. When Jerry asks her to give Gail the shoes, Elaine responds, "No, but these were the only really cool ones like this! Don't you see how everybody likes 'em and how everybody talks about 'em?" That issue comes up again in another episode (the Scofflaw") when an ex- boyfriend (Jake) of Elaine's refuses to tell Kramer where he bought the frames for his glasses. Kramer admires them and asks, "... where did you get those eyeglass frames?"
Jake responds, "I can't tell you that." When Kramer then asks, "So you don't know where you…...

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REFERENCES

Gerrig, R.J., Zimbardo, R.G. (2005)

Psychology and Life 18th Ed.

New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Henslin, J.M. (2002) Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Macionis, J.J. (2003) Sociology 9th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. http://www.seinology.com

Crime Theories and Sociology
Crime theories and sociological perspective

Crime is an overt omission or action through which a person breaks the law, hence the action is punishable and the person may be convicted in the court of law for the said action. It is the subject of great debate in sociology and criminology that what constitutes crime. Since deviation from law has to be considered as crime, the nature and context of deviation becomes important while investigating crime. The investigation regarding crime assumes much importance since defining crime leads to setting up policing arrangements and budgetary allocations for crime prevention and mitigation. Moral and legal boundaries of a society are established by the definitions of crime. Crime is different from sin; hence this paper investigates the sociological perspective of crime and further presents theories regarding crime with respect to modern day.

The sociological perspective

Crime and criminal behavior is linked with the societal…...

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Works cited

Guarino-Ghezzi, Susan, and A. Javier Trevino. Understanding Crime: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Anderson, 2010.

Maguire, M., Morgan, R., & Reiner, R. (2012). The Oxford handbook of criminology. Oxford University Press.

Walklate, S. (2007). Understanding criminology: Current theoretical debates. Open University Press.

Healthcare Economics and Perspective of Sociology
Health economics is a term that is relatively difficult to define since it incorporates a wide range of theories, concepts, and topics. However, this term can be described as study of the supply and demand of health care resources and the effect of these resources on a population. One of the concepts in health economics is scarcity, which means limited quantity of health resources with regards to inputs. As a result, scarcity implies that every society must make significant decisions about production, consumption, and distribution of product and services to ensure allocative and production efficiency (Santerre & Neun, 2010, p.4). PPC (Production possibilities curve) is an economic model that shows different mixture of any two goods and services that can be manufactured efficiently in light of stock of technology, resources, and several institutional plans. It is used to determine allocative and production efficiency given that…...

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References

Kendall, D. (2013). Sociology in our times (10th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

Santerre, R.E. & Neun, S.P. (2010). Health economics: theory, insights, and industry studies (6th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

bag?" "Bottle of wine for my wife." "Good trade," is a joke that plays upon a number of images and ideas (Taylor, 2005, p. 130).
The bottle of wine in a paper bag conjures images of the homeless man drinking in public or the vagrant walking the streets having his alcoholic beverage right out in the open (hidden by the bag of course). Thus, the interpretive/symbolic interaction theory could be applied here, for there is a symbolic representation to this joke -- namely, that the vagrant has such a love of liquor that he has traded his wife for a bottle of it. The joke, of course, is that the wine is for his wife -- not that he traded her for it -- but the humor lies in the fact that the other views such a trade as a "good" one. Also, underlying this joke is a gender/sexual subtext,…...

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References

Jarvis, B. "Monsters Inc.: Serial killers and consumer culture." Crime, Media,

Culture, vol. 3, no. 3 (2007): 326-344.

Macionis, J., Gerber, L. (2013). Sociology, 8th Edition. NY: Pearson.

Ohman, J. (2001). London Free Press. Tribune Media Services.

Crime
Three Perspectives on Crime

For decades sociologists have debated the causes of crime and criminal behavior and have created three sociological perspectives involving the cause of crime. Schmalleger identifies these three perspectives as Individual esponsibility Perspective, Social Problems Perspective, and Integrated Perspective. A discussion of current criminal activity can easily identify cases in which each of these perspectives can be applied.

The Individual esponsibility Perspective defines criminal behavior as the result of individual personal choices. According to Schmalleger, this perspective states that individuals are ultimately responsible for their own behavior and that some individuals choose to engage in criminal activity as opposed to following the law. HSBC is Europe's third largest bank and in 2013 it agreed to pay a $1.9 Billion fine "to resolve charges it enabled Latin American drug cartels to launder billions of dollars…." (Smythe, 2013) HSBC CEO Stuart Gulliver and Chairman Douglas Flint were accused of failing…...

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References

Christie Smythe. (2013, July 3). HSBC Judge Approves $1.9B Drug-Money Laundering

Accord. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved from  http://www.globalexchange.org/corporateHRviolators#HSBC 

Miller v. Alabama, 2011. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law.

Retrieved from  http://www.oyez.org/cases/2010-2019/2011/2011_10_9646

I. Introduction
A. Explanation of the relationship between historic events and the development of sociology
B. Thesis statement: Historic events have played a significant role in shaping the field of sociology by influencing social theories, research methodologies, and the overall understanding of human society.

II. Influence of the Industrial Revolution
A. Impact on social structures and class systems
B. Emergence of urbanization and social inequalities
C. Development of social theories such as Marxism and functionalism

III. Influence of World War II
A. Disruption of social order and norms
B. Rise of mass communication and propaganda
C. Growth of social psychology and group....

I. The Impact and Consequences of Alcohol Consumption: A Comprehensive Analysis

Exploring the Multifaceted Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Society and Individuals
Unveiling the Physical, Psychological, and Social Consequences of Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol Consumption: A Vicious Cycle of Addiction, Health Issues, and Social Dysfunction

II. Alcohol Consumption: A Medical and Sociological Perspective

The Physiological Effects of Alcohol: From Intoxication to Chronic Disease
The Role of Alcoholism in Mental Health Disorders and Substance Abuse
Alcohol Consumption as a Window into Social Stratification and Health Disparities

III. Alcohol Control and Regulation: Policy and Prevention Strategies

Examining the Effectiveness of Alcohol Control Policies and Interventions
....

Rational Choice Theory

Rational choice theory, a prominent sociological perspective, posits that individuals make decisions and engage in behaviors based on careful calculation and rational evaluation of potential outcomes. This theory emphasizes the role of individual agency, rationality, and utility maximization in understanding human behavior.

Key Assumptions:

Individuals are rational: They possess the cognitive abilities to make informed decisions and calculate the potential costs and benefits of various actions.
Individuals are utility-maximizers: They strive to choose actions that will yield the greatest benefit or satisfaction.
Individuals act in their own self-interest: They prioritize their own goals and desires when making decisions.
Individuals....

The Theory of Individualistic Growth: Understanding the Psychological Development of Individuals Raised in Isolation

Abstract:

This theory explores the psychological development of individuals who have experienced significant periods of isolation and lack of social interaction during critical stages of childhood. It proposes that such individuals develop unique coping mechanisms and exhibit distinct psychological characteristics that shape their identity and behavior patterns. The theory highlights the resilience and adaptability of the human psyche even in adverse circumstances.

Key Concepts:

Individualistic Growth: A process of psychological development that occurs when individuals lack substantial social interaction or parental guidance during childhood.

Self-Reliance: A heightened sense of....