Social Disorganization
Capitalism, in its original sense, is an economic term, that refers to an economic system where government has no control and interference in the economic activity and the allocation of resources, and all the decision making is done by the private sector. In contrast to a capitalistic system, there exists a socialist system where the entire decision making is done by the government sector and private individuals have no ownership and/or control. While the existing economic system in the contemporary world today is more of a hybrid system, that is it has characteristics of both a capitalist and socialist system, however, in most countries including the United States of America, the system is more tilted towards the capitalistic characteristics.

While the term Capitalist system was first introduced to refer to an economic system, as the science of economics developed, the world progressed, and as the interrelationship and interdependence of society…...

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References

Campbell, N. (Ed.). (2000). The Radiant Hour: Versions of Youth in American Culture. Exeter, England: University of Exeter Press. Retrieved January 5, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=112969308 

Rodriguez, L.J. (1993). Always Running: La Vida Loca, Gang Days in L.A (1st ed.). Willimantic, CT: Curbstone Press. Retrieved January 5, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=72501519 

Shelden, R., Tracy, S., and Brown, W. (2004). Youth Gangs in American Society. USA: Thomson/Wodsworth.

Tovares, R.D. (2002). Manufacturing the Gang: Mexican-American Youth Gangs on Local Television News. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved January 5, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101347961

Solutions

To create a more integrated community, first it is necessary to diagnose the problems of the community. The high rate of crime, if it is caused by ethnic diversity, may be healed in part by giving young people of all ages and cultures a community center in which they can enjoy commonly-shared pastimes, regardless of their racial or ethnic background. The center could also embark upon community projects, like painting over the graffiti in the area, picking up litter, and other socially improving service efforts that generate a common spirit and purpose. If people strive to work together to create a more beautiful living area, they are less likely to look the other way when people deface the results of their efforts.

To specifically combat crime, creating a neighborhood watch organization for all members likewise generates a sense of shared purpose, and it is a way to connect people together when…...

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Works Cited

Social Disorganization and Rural Communities." (2003, Winter). OJJDP Bulletin.

Community Correlates of Rural Youth Violence. Retrieved 8 Oct 2007 at  http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/193591/page1.html

Theories
The relationship between Postivist, Social Disorganization, Social Learning and Strain Theories is one of evolutionary growth and development in terms of building, shaping, remolding and altering the perspective of how human nature is impacted by various factors.

The Posititvist Theory was rooted in an analysis of both biological and psychological factors as they applied to criminal behavior. This was the focus on a natural explanation, the experiences gathered through sense data to explain phenomena. One of the most basic and brutal concepts born of this theory was that criminals are born rather than made by their environment. In other words -- crime is in their blood: they simply had bad natures. One of the main Positivist theorists was Cesare Lombroso.

In response to this theory -- and out of the argument of nature vs. nurture -- came Social Disorganization Theory and Social Learning Theory. The former stipulated that location and environmental…...

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References

Agnew, R. (2008). Strain Theory. In V. Parrillo (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social problems.

(pp. 904-906). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

Akers, R., Jennings, W. (2009). Social Learning Theory. 21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.

Social Disorganization and Organized Crime
Developed by the Chicago School, social disorganization theory refers to the relationship between crime and ecology. Essentially, social disorganization describes how the ecological characteristics of a neighborhood or community will impact the levels of crime rates that occur there (Bursik, 1988). An extension of social disorganization theory is Broken Windows Theory, which holds that minor acts of vandalism and abandonment will lead to large acts of crime as it becomes clear to people that small, petty crime is tolerated so why not push the envelope and try to get away with more (Wilson, Kelling, 1982). The idea is that by fixing up and addressing vandalism, graffiti, broken windows, signs of abandonment, etc., communities can prevent crime from taking hold in a neighborhood. The more disorganized a neighborhood is, on the other hand, the more likely crime is to take root because there is no evident force…...

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References

Bursik, R. (1988). Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency:

Problems and prospects. Criminology, 26(4): 519-552.

Social Disorganization. (2016). Act for Libraries. Retrieved from  http://www.actforlibraries.org/crime-social-disorganization/ 

Wilson, J., Kelling, G. (1982). Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety.

The Problem of Organized CrimeOrganized crime has been a persistent problem in many societies, and it can be challenging to completely eradicate it. Despite various efforts by law enforcement agencies, government, and society, organized crime groups continue to operate and exert influence in many areas of life. Their criminal activities can have significant negative impacts on individuals, businesses, and communities, including violence, corruption, and economic losses. However, to argue that the best the criminal justice system can hope to do is to ameliorate the effects of organized crime is to take a somewhat hopes stance on the problems undermining civil society, law, and order. To understand why this is a problem, it is helpful to understand how organized crime comes to dominate.There are numerous theories for why this happens. For instance, social disorganization theory is a criminological theory that suggests that organized crime may be more prevalent in areas where…...

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ReferencesD’Souza, N., & L’Hoiry, X. (2021). An area of untapped potential? The use of restorative justice in the fight against serious and organized crime: A perception study. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 21(2), 224-241.Kubrin, C. E., & Mioduszewski, M. D. (2019). Social disorganization theory: Past, present and future. Handbook on crime and deviance, 197-211.Kubrin, C. E., & Ousey, G. C. (2023). Theoretical Perspectives on Immigration and Crime. Immigration and Crime: Taking Stock, 9-26.Mohammad, T., Nooraini, I., & Hussin, N. A. M. (2020). Operationalizing routine activity theory in juvenile delinquency: A social work perspective. International Social Work, 63(2), 220-231.Oleson, J. C. (2019). The Criminology of Travis Hirschi: Social Control and Beyond. In Fifty Years of Causes of Delinquency (pp. 1-26). Routledge.Singh, P. S. J., & Azman, A. (2020). Dealing with juvenile delinquency: integrated social work approach. Asian Social Work Journal, 5(2), 32-43.Vooren, M., Rud, I., Cornelisz, I., Van Klaveren, C., Groot, W., & Maassen van den Brink, H. (2022). The effects of a restorative justice programme (Halt) on educational outcomes and recidivism of young people. Journal of experimental Criminology, 1-21.

Social issue alcohol drugs consider a social issue interested. It human freedom, sexuality, deviance, crime, social mobility, poverty, education, aging, similar issues. Select a specific social issue investigate assignment.
Social issue: Drug abuse

The social problem of drug addiction is a long-standing one, yet the causes of addiction and the best way to treat addiction still remain difficult questions to answer. One contentious issue pertains to whether addiction is a 'crime' or an 'illness,' although an increasingly large body of medical research indicates long-term abuse fundamentally rewires addicts' brains and changes their perceptions of reward and punishment. Drugs stimulate dopamine receptors. Dopamine is a chemical in the brain that generates a sense of positive well-being: "Just as we turn down the volume on a radio that is too loud, the brain adjusts to the overwhelming surges in dopamine (and other neurotransmitters) by producing less dopamine or by reducing the number of receptors…...

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References

Cratty, Carol. (2011). New rules slashing crack cocaine sentences go into effect. CNN.

Retrieved at:

http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-01/justice/justice_crack-cocaine-sentencing_1_powder-cocaine-fair-sentencing-act-crack-penalties?_s=PM:JUSTICE

Drugs and the brain. (2012). National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Retrieved at:

Social Class And Crime
For this study the researcher chose to explore social class and crime rates, because while there are many studies conducted on race and crime and gender and crime or related factors, social class seems to be something that is relatively little regarded in modern times at least in places like the U.S. Social class is often a large predictor of factors including crime in many countries overseas, but it is sometimes something that is overlooked in the U.S., where people assume democracy guarantees people the right to safety. Studies suggest however that this is very often not the case.

Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy.

In this research study, the authors explore social cohesion and collective efficacy, which they define as the willingness of neighbors to intervene "on behalf of the common good" which they hypothesize is essential to reducing violence. The researchers surveyed 8782…...

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References:

Flango, V.E. & Sherbenou, E.L. (2006 March Online) Poverty, Urbanization & Crime.

Criminology. Vol. 14, Issue 3. Pp. 331-346.

Logan, J.R., & Stults, B.J. (1999 May). Racial differences in exposure to crime: The city and suburbs of Cleveland in 1990. Criminology. Vol. 37(2) pp.251-276.

Markowitz, F.E., Bellair, P.E., Liska, A.E., Liu, J. (2006 Mar). Extending social disorganization theory: Modeling the relationships between cohesion, disorder, and fear. Criminology. Vol. 39, Issue 2, pp. 293-319.

I find this very surprising because I thought that social learning and incorporation of operant conditioning as part of the social learning theory plays a preeminent role in influencing criminality.
I think that the theories that explain best the findings of the articles are the sociological and theories. Psychological and biological theories are not suitable for support. I chose from the sociological theories the "Social Disorganization Theory" emanating from the Chicago School research of Shaw and McKay. According to this theory's general hypothesis "low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, and family disruption lead to community social disintegration, which in turn increases crime and delinquency rates" (Sampson, .J. & Groves, W.B., Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory, p. 774.) The Social Disorganization Study is the theory that by virtue of the article's title actually underlies the research of Triplett & Gainey. But in large parts it also mirrors the…...

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References

Monahan, J. (19 February 2010). The Causes of Violence. Derived 15 August 2011 from www.sodahead.com/united-states/the-causes-of.../blog-263921

Sampson, R.J. & Groves, W.B. (1989). Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory. AJS Volume 94 Number 4 (January 1989): 774-802, derived 15 August 2011 from RJ Sampson… - American Journal of Sociology, 1989 -- JSTOR.

ational choice theory can in fact encompass the other two previously mentioned theories of criminal behavior due to the fact that acting rational may include conflicting with common culture or joining the neighborhood gang to eventually escape the ghetto.
Conclusions

Of all the theories of criminal behavior studied so far, rational choice theory is the most applicable to the current state of society in my opinion. Much too often criminals are often dismissed for their faults, when in actuality they are truly acting rational and within their known boundaries of experience. Blanket laws do little good when examining them under this theory. Followers of rational choice theory would agree that changes within the criminal justice system should be made to expose the relative circumstances surrounding each case and not assuming that common punishments meet the required solution for the problem. Warner tended to agree: "building stronger communities will require not only…...

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References

Kurbin (nd). "Sociological Theories of Criminal Behavior II."

Warner, B. (2003). The role of attenuated culture in social disorganization theory. Criminology, 41(1), 73 -- 98.

It is also referred to as luminal stimulus or limen. However the irritability of the population in our case is different, they will react to the slightest provocation of their egos. The isolation formats them to such a sensitive being that they react with very minimum provocation.
(b).

Effectiveness of management of excessive stimulus input- the population in study more often will not know the difference between the general pathogenic influences and the and adverse trauma, they may end up treating the two in similar manner since they are not in a position to manage or put under effective control the stimulus they react to nor the stimuli they send out. This is due to isolation which makes then non-interactive for a long time hence cannot use exposure to others to learn the trick.

Generally isolation due to disruption of the cultural system imposed on a population by poverty can have an…...

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Reference

Bruce et.al, (2000). Neighborhood Poverty and the Social Isolation of Inner-City African

American Families.  http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-66274514.html 

Encyclopedia.com (2005). Ego Functions.  http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3435300417.html 

Henderson David, (2010). Hispanic Poverty and Social Isolation Effects on Low-Income People.

Travis Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory
The theorist, Hirschi, asserts that those who exhibit deviant behavior desire to do so and that criminal behavior is seen among people with weak social bonds. In his social bonding model, he delineated four elements which make up social bonds, namely, attachment to partner/spouse, engagement in conforming behaviors, holding conventional beliefs and values, and dedication to conventionality (Wolfzorn, Heckert & Heckert, 2006). The theorist indicates that with increased attachment of a person to fellow human beings, their belief in conformist social values will increase. Furthermore, with increased investment and involvement in conventional activity, their propensity to deviate will decrease (Chriss, 2007).
 

Four Elements of Social Bonding Theory

Social bonding has four elements, namely: attachment, involvement, belief, and commitment.

The first component -- attachment -- denotes individuals' ties to their spouses or partners, and other members of the family. This aspect encompasses the extent of a person's emotional or affectional…...

Inequalities in Mental Health
Over the last several years, different theories have been utilized to explain the societal factors in the quality of mental health. The basic idea is to understand which variables will have the greatest impact on the person's ability to contribute to society. The social structure theory is taking a unique perspective in studying the problem. To fully understand its importance requires looking at the main ideas and why it was chosen. Together, these elements will illustrate how this influences mental health and the effects it is having on contemporary thinking. (Gabbidon, 2005) (Cole, 2013)

The social structure theory believes that the economic class will have a direct impact on the quality of care, treatment options and the effects on society itself. This is because poor neighborhoods face greater amounts of strain, frustrations, reduced opportunities and disorganization. These variables will influence how someone sees their surroundings and the way…...

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References

Cole, G. (2013). Survey of Criminal Justice. Mason, OH: Southwestern.

Gabbidon, S. (2005). Race, Crime and Justice. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Smith, D. (1988). "Social Structure and Criminal Victimization." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 25 (1), 27-52.

An Ecological Approach Community psychology uses an ecological or systems approach, recognizing that individuals are inseparable from their social networks and communities. According to Dalton, Elias & Wandersman (2012), community psychology also works with seven core values. Those values include individual and family wellness, a sense of community, respect for human diversity, social justice, empowerment and citizen participation, collaboration and community struggle, and empirical grounding. Thus, community psychology can be viewed as an interface between traditional individualistic psychology, sociology, and social work. Community psychology has been called a “common sense” approach given its broad focus on the ecological connections between individuals and their environments (Scileppi, Teed & Toerres, 1999, p. 1). Rather than focus only on individual variables, community psychologists take into account multiple dimensions and contextual constraints and influences on human behavior, identity, and relationships.
Using a systems or ecological approach also transforms the nature of the social scientist’s work in…...

Psyco-Social Dynamics of Alcoholic Addiction Family
Alcoholism is a disease.

It affects the entire family and creates an environment of dysfunction and disorganization.

ithin the family, the social and psychological ramifications of alcoholism affect the alcoholic, his or her spouse, and the children.

Children Supporting Paragraph

Children must cope with the effects of an alcoholic on the family (disorganization).

There are five roles which serve as coping mechanisms.

The mascot, placater, acting out child, lost child, responsible child.

Child Roles Supporting Paragraph

Roles either make things better or worse.

The responsible child excels

The mascot and placater child intermediate.

The former does so from foolery, the second from caring.

The lost child disassociates.

The acting out child gets in trouble.

Spouse Supporting Paragraph

A. Spouses are more of a determinant of an alcoholic's behavior than children.

B. Spouses have three perspectives on actions of the alcoholic.

1. They like alcoholism because it gives them control.

2. They compete with their partner about alcoholism.

3. Marital problems influence alcoholism.

V. Alcoholic Supporting…...

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Works Cited

Devine, Cindy and Valerie Braithwaite. "The Survival Roles of Children and Alcoholics: Their Measurement and Validity." Addiction 88.1: 69-78. 1993. Print.

Glover, Geraldine. "The Hero Child in the Alcoholic Home: Recommendations for Counselors." School Counselor 41: 185-191. 1994. Print.

Janzen, Curtis. "Family Treatment for Alcoholism: A Review." Social Work 23.2: 135-144. 1978. Print.

Johnson, Patrick. "Dimensions of Functioning in Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Families." Journal of Mental Counseling 23 (2001): 127-136

Social Institution and Organized Crime
Viewing organized crime as a social institution can enable law enforcement agencies to better understand how organized crime operates and maintains its structure and standing in society. A social institution is simply a system in which behaviors and relationships governed by the mechanisms of the system's structure; it consists of a group of social positions, relationships and social roles, all of which combine to give the institution its character. While organized crime may seem like a group that operates below the surface of society or in the underground, the fact of the matter is that organized crime is very much a social institution, in which relationships are fostered, hierarchies are evident, behavioral norms are expected, and goals are projected. This paper will discuss organized crime as a social institution using empirical and speculative theories to better understand how the term social institution applies to organized crime.

The…...

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References

Lyman, M., Potter, G. (2007). Organized Crime, 4th Ed. NY: Prentice Hall.

Organized Crime. (2016). Act for Libraries. Retrieved from  http://www.actforlibraries.org/organized-crime/ 

Takagi, D., Ikeda, K., Kobayashi, T., Harihara, M., Kawachi, I. (2016). The impact of crime on social ties and civic participation. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 26(2): 164-178.