Social Behavior and Crime
Cambridge First Certificate Exam

The Cambridge First Certificate Exam or FCE is somewhat complex to pass however with a plan in place to study and prepare it will be less of a challenge. The level of the test is the Intermediate level of English also called Upper Interim or B2. This is based on the CEFL or Common European Frame of eference for Language (Driscoll, 2008). The test comes in five distinct parts or Papers. The first is eading which will be the focus of this discussion. The other subjects include Listening, English Use, Writing, and Speech (Cambridgeesol. org, 2011). Steps for getting prepared for the first paper which is eading will ensure proper success.

The first Paper is eading (Englishspeaker. com, 2011).

This certification has a time limit of 60 minutes and three segments. For each segment there is a separate topic related to reading that is being tested.…...

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References

Cambridgeesol. org. (2011). Cambridge English. Retrieved May 1, 2011 from cambridgeesol. org/exams/general-english/ket. htmlhttp://www.

CIC. (2011). Cambridge international college. Study guide for Module I. Retrieved May 1, 2011 from cambridgecollege. co. uk/coursesattachments/ENGMOD1(03-07). pdfhttp://www.

Driscoll, L. (2008). Cambridge skills real reading 1 with answers. Retrieved May 1, 2011 from cambridge. org/aus/catalogue/catalogue. asp?isbn=9780521702027http://www.

EnglishSpeaker. com. (2011). Cambridge CAE Paper 1 Reading. Retrieved May 1, 2011 from englishspeaker. com/tests/cae/reading/cae%20practice%20reading. pdfhttp://www.

Delinquent Anti-Social Behavior
In the contemporary world of ours, one of the major problems that the modern society is facing is that of juvenile delinquency. Unfortunately, this problem is the cause of major suffering, damage and anguish to the sufferers, the person responsible for it and society in general. When delinquency is discussed in a broad context, it encompasses a large number of behaviors that can be considered as norm-breaking. Therefore, the adolescents who adopt such damaging behaviors are regarded as criminally responsible for a number of factors including drug use, aggressive felonies against other people and weapon carrying and handling. However, the mentioned are just a few examples of delinquency. The off-putting and harmful psychosocial and monetary consequences of criminal behavior in conjunction with its increasing development have given rise to experts' concerns. This is the reason why the recent info regarding delinquency restates the inevitability of these concerns (Alboukordi,…...

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References

Alboukordi, S., Nazari, A.M., Nouri, R., & Sangdeh, J.K. (2012). Predictive Factors for Juvenile Delinquency: The Role of Family Structure, Parental Monitoring and Delinquent Peers. International Journal of criminology and sociological Theory, 5(1), 770-777. Retrieved June 12, 2013, from  http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/ijcst/article/viewFile/35180/31914 

Head Start from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. (n.d.). Questia. Retrieved June 13, 2013, from  http://www.questia.com/read/1E1-HeadStar/head-start 

Martin, E.F., & Pruett, M.K. (1998). The Juvenile Sex Offender and the Juvenile Justice System. American Criminal Law Review, 35(2), 279+. Retrieved June 12, 2013, from http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-20586628/the-juvenile-sex-offender-and-the-juvenile-justice

Sullivan, R., & Wilson, M.F. (1995). New Directions for Research in Prevention and Treatment of Delinquency: A Review and Proposal. Adolescence, 30(117), 1+. Retrieved June 12, 2013, from  http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-20870808/new-directions-for-research-in-prevention-and-treatment

In one study, subjects were given what they erroneously believed to be a mood 'fixing' drug -- "empathic subjects were more helpful than their nonempathic counterparts only when it seemed possible that their personal moods could be raised as a consequence of helping. High-empathy subjects who learned that their saddened mood states could not be altered by the helping act (because of the temporary action of a "mood-fixing drug") did not help at enhanced levels, despite their still-elevated empathic-concern scores" (Cialdini et al. 1987, p. 757). The proposition of a financial reward in exchange for nonempathetic behavior also reduced the subject's generosity -- the selfish pleasure from the reward reduced the selfish desire to reduce the anxiety from 'doing nothing,' Cialdini hypothesized.
Interestingly, only female subjects were used in the test, and Cialdini notes that they were psychology students. This raises several questions: firstly, might male and female empathic responses…...

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Works Cited

Batson, Daniel; Bruce D. Duncan; Paula Ackerman; Terese Buckley; & Kimberly Birch. "Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation?" (1981). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 40

Cialdini, Robert B.; Mark Schaller; Donald Houlihan; Kevin Arps; Jim Fultz, & Arthur L.

Beaman. (1987). Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? Journal

of Personality and Social Psychology. 52(4), 749

Abused children develop antisocial behavior that persists through three continuous generations. Such behavior grows out of angry, aggressive parenting and an overall negative home environment, perpetuated by sibling collusion, economic and biological factors. These children exhibit this in preschool by committing at least one antisocial behavior each day in class. As dysfunctional adolescents, their romantic lives and eventual marriages also fail. African-American children suffer from the affliction than Caucasian children. The current level of knowledge and efforts requires effective and efficient mechanisms at home, in school and the community in the crucial formative childhood years.
Understanding the Connection between Child Abuse and the Development of Antisocial Behavior

Abused children eventually become problem adults who are a burden to society.

ecent studies reveal the significance of parenting in the cross-generational transmission of aggressive or problem behavior up to three continuous generations. Stable evidence has long recognized and documented the negative effects of aggressive or…...

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References

Ary, D.V., Duncan, T.E., Biglan, A., Mitzler, C., & Smolkowski, K (April

1999). Development of Adolescent Problem Behavior. Journal of Abnormal

Child Psychology. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation. Retrieved from the Web July 17, 2004.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0902/is_2_27/ai_55208541 

2. Ballard, S. (August 18, 2003).How Your Relationships Affect Your Child. Jet.

educing Crime Through Crime Prevention
Crime prevention can be an effective way to reducing crime (Tiley, 2014). Increasing prison sentences, on the other hand, can be a costly means of keep criminals off the streets. Indeed, the most recent study by VEA -- Institute of Justice (2012) found that "the full price of prisons to taxpayers -- including costs that fell outside the corrections budgets -- was $39 billion, $5.4 billion more than the states' aggregate corrections department spending, which totaled $33.5 billion" (p. 6). In other words, incarceration is expensive and a drain on taxpayer funds -- funds that do not even cover the expense. Increasing incarceration times would only burden taxpayers more and add to the debt that already exists. For that reason, crime prevention should be the focus when it comes to reducing crime in the nation.

There are many ways in which crime prevention can be exercised effectively.…...

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References

Tiley, N. (2014). Crime Prevention. NY: Routledge.

VERA -- Institute of Justice. (2012). The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs

Taxpayers. Center on Sentencing and Corrections. Retrieved from  http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/price-of-prisons-updated-version-021914.pdf 

Wilson, J., Kelling, G. (1982). Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety.

Social Disorganization Theory
There are myriad examples in the literature of how the social disorganization theory links street crimes with ecological themes in certain tough neighborhoods. The sociological aspect of the theory -- wretched socioeconomic conditions and mean, gang-dominated streets offer more of an accounting for crime or delinquency than the individuals who commit crimes -- has been tested and referenced as valid by numerous scholars and researchers. The theory seems to neatly apply in certain urban environments, which perhaps explains why neighbors in collaboration with law enforcement have implemented Neighborhood atch and Community Oriented Policing programs to control crime. But is strengthening the social networks in a crime-infested neighborhood really the one true answer to bringing down the crime rate? Do these programs, which do have a positive effect, really reach down into the core of the social problem? hile they may protect innocent residents in some instances and help…...

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Works Cited

Bearden, T. (2012). Harsh Punishment for Misbehavior in Texas Schools. Public Broadcast

Service. Retrieved April 5, 2014, from  http://www.pbs.org .

Harris, F. (2010). Critical Engagement with the Deficit Construction of Maori children as

Learners in the Education System. In Breaking the Mold of School Instructions and Organization: Innovative and Successful Practices for the Twenty-First Century, A.

Social Psychology
Prosocial behavior, as the name suggests, is behavior that is ultimately beneficial to others. Any act that is carried out with an end to helping someone else instead of oneself is prosocial behavior. If the behavior involves no gain to the individual, and in fact, may involve a personal cost, this behavior is considered altruistic. There is some debate over whether true altruism exists, or if even seemingly unselfish behavior is really motivated by a desire to impress, or feel good about oneself.

The motivations for an individual's behavior are complex and varied. After the murder of Kitty Genovese in New York in the 1960s, researchers became very interested in the effect of bystanders on the willingness of a person to offer aid. Genovese's murder was witnessed by 38 individuals and not one even phoned the police.

Research carried out by Latane and Darley in 1970 elucidated the so-called "bystander effect,"…...

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Bibliography

Aronson, E., Wilson, T., Akert, R., & Fehr, B. (2002). Social Psychology. Upper Saddle

River: Prentice-Hall.

Brennan, R. (2002). A Multidisciplinary approach to the effects of violence in motion pictures.

Retrieved, May 6, 2004 from Web site:  http://cct.georgetown.edu/thesis/RichBrennan.pdf

The media is one of the most intense factors to influence people's personalities, with the audience often being inclined to follow what they see in the news. The American public, especially, spends a large time watching television, and, during the time that the T.V. is open, people watch hundreds of violent scenes. All things considered, the media encourages aggression and controls the way in which people's personalities are being shaped.
Scientists still have a long way to go until they will properly determine which are the exact factors influencing anti-social behavior. Most probably, time will solve the problem, and, in a few decades, people will be able to comprehend the ways in which genetics and environmental factors act on the human mind.

orks cited:

1. Laura A. Baker, Serena Bezdjian, Adrian Raine. (2006). "Behavioral Genetics: The Science of Antisocial Behavior." Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 69.

Laura A. Baker, Serena Bezdjian, Adrian Raine.…...

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Works cited:

1. Laura A. Baker, Serena Bezdjian, Adrian Raine. (2006). "Behavioral Genetics: The Science of Antisocial Behavior." Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 69.

Laura A. Baker, Serena Bezdjian, Adrian Raine. (2006). "Behavioral Genetics: The Science of Antisocial Behavior." Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 69.

Anti-Social Behavior in Adolescents
Current essay is a discussion of the antisocial behavior disorder amongst adolescents. The author critically reviewed studies on the topic. The literature suggests that neighborhood and peer holds a great influence as regards antisocial behavior amongst adolescents. Previous research has confirmed socialization experiences outside of the family shape what goes on inside of the family. Also there is possibility that peer and neighborhood characteristics are related to parenting and family relationships. Presence of violence in neighborhood may cause stress among parents resulting in poor parenthood quality.

Neighborhood Influences

Peer Influences

Mediating Effects of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior

Conclusions

eferences

Anti-Social Behavior in Adolescents

Introduction

The importance of socialization contexts outside of the family has been well documented. In particular, neighborhood (e.g., violence, collective efficacy) and peer relationship (e.g., relationship quality, peer deviancy) factors both have been linked to a number of adolescent outcomes, such as self-esteem, academic competence, pro-social behavior, and antisocial behavior (Ingoldsby & Shaw,…...

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References

Barnes, J., Belsky, J., Broomfield, K.A., Melhuish, E., & the National Evaluation of Sure Start Research Team (2006). Neighborhood deprivation, school disorder and academic achievement in primary schools in deprived communities in England. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 127-136.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Capaldi, D., DeGarmo, D., Patterson, G.R., & Forgatch, M. (2002). Contextual risk across the early life span and association with antisocial behavior. In J.B. Reid, G.R. Patterson, & J. Snyder (Eds.), Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention (p.123-145). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Chapple, C.L. (2005). Self-control, peer relations, and delinquency. Justice Quarterly,22, 89-106.

Social Psychology: Examining the Principles of Persuasion Influencing Group Behavior
Introduction & Outline of the

esearch Evaluation

Concepts of Social Psychology

Attitudes and Persuasion

Social Identity Theory

Social Influences

Cultural and Gender Influences

Social Psychology: Examining the Principles of Persuasion Influencing Group Behavior

Introduction & Outline of the Essay

Social psychology deals with different aspects of social life and social behavior. People not only have feelings and opinions about nearly everything they come into contact with, but the argument has been made that we need to have these feelings and opinions. The current essay is aimed at exploring the principles of persuasion influencing group behavior. The foundation for this essay is text book "Social Psychology" by Myers (2010) which discusses the attitude theory and persuasion, reviewing how attitudes are structured and how this structure influences their susceptibility to change

The essay is divided into four sections. In the first section the researcher will evaluate latest research and pertinent literature allied to…...

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References

Baker, David P. And Deborah Perkins Jones. 1993. "Creating Gender Equality: Cross-national Gender Stratification and Mathematical Performance." Sociology of Education 66:91-103.

Bassili, J.N. (2008). Attitude strength. In W.D. Crano & R. Prislin, (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change, Frontiers of social psychology. New York, NY; Psychology Press, pp. 261-286.

Cialdini, R.B. 2001. Influence: Science and Practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Eagly, A.H. & Chaiken, S. (1993) The Psychology of Attitudes. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

A model that stresses the fact that people in a generally bad mood or situation will seek out pro-social behaviors, i.e. To help others to make him or herself feel better. (Berkowitz 185) Though this theory has often been contested, not simply because it tends to negate altruism but because people in bad moods tend not to seek out the doing of good deeds, (Berkowitz 186) these two examples of pro-social behavior in this film are both realistic and examples of the negative state relief model of action.
The first example is when Rob agrees to help two skater slackers and frequent shoplifters at his store to produce a record. Rob does not have a record label but it is a logical extension of his love of music and of human progress. He walks into the store, where Barry and Dick are listening to a demo tape of Vince and…...

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Works Cited

Berkowitz, Leonard. Causes and Consequences of Feelings. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Geen, Russell G. Human Aggression. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2001.

Heath, Robert L., and Jennings Bryant. Human Communication Theory and Research: Concepts, Contexts, and Challenges. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000.

Social Order in Public Spaces
Every society has certain rules and regulations that help people live together harmoniously. Some of these rules are explicit and are openly known. Other rules are implicit and therefore subtle. Both implicit and explicit rules and regulations govern a society. However, when a person moves away from one particular society to another, he or she has difficulty in adjusting to the norms of that new society.

Social order is considered to be the method of explaining such rules and regulations so that we live in a society along with its members. Social order is very essential for organizing everyday social life.

When a particular group of people engage in a social activity, their social behavior may seem to threaten others. For example, when a group of people shout and scream in a street, the onlookers might find that their life, their neighborhood and society in general, are threatened.…...

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Reference

Bromley, S. Hinchliffe S. & Taylor S., 2009. Making Social Lives. Open University.

Those who predict future behavior and demand for products and services correctly can profit tremendously from their planning; conversely, those who invest in technologies or applications based on assumptions or expectations that never materialize run the risk of losing their entire investment. In that respect, the computer realm is no different from the decisions and projections made in traditional types of businesses. It may just seem different by virtue of the accelerated rate of computer evolution and development and the fact that some of the specific new technologies and capabilities become so widely and rapidly adopted that they can change society practically overnight.
In all likelihood, computers today are similar to paper in the Middle Ages when producing paper was so labor intensive and expensive that very little was available and only to the wealthiest classes. Another analog might be dry cell battery technology around the turn of the 20th…...

The GEMS effort was to create a social environment that encouraged healthy eating and exercise, and expanded health literacy in a fun manner, and was accessible to young girls.
It is easier to change health-related behaviors in the young, and the program tried to address the unique and often more acute problem of obesity in African-American young girls. The entire community and family units were incorporated into the program effort. Positive aspects of the African-American community, such as strong social support, were used by the study designers, also in line with social cognition theory. Existing support structures and social learning were combined: for example, the families in question were often not educated in how to properly read food labels, but once they were, the desire to help their daughters become healthier would hopefully reinforce the need to engage in proactive steps to improve dietary health. During Family Nights, families of…...

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References

Marvella E. Ford, Barbara C. Tilley, & Patricia E. McDonald. (1998). Social support among

African- American adults with diabetes. Journal of American Medicine. 90 (6) 361-365.

Retrieved July 9, 2010 at  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2568240/pdf/jnma00165-0047.pdf 

Story, Mary, et al. (2003, Winter). "An after-school obesity prevention program for African-

Early trauma that causes anger often corresponds to higher levels of aggression later in life, especially where the traumas are suppressed and internalized instead of being expressed at the time of their origin and at the source.
Furthermore, since many dysfunctional families forbid the expression of anger by children (particularly anger toward parents), individuals who experience significant levels of early trauma that produces repressed anger are often considerably more aggressive throughout life subsequently than individuals who were fortunate not to experience as much early trauma (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005). Aggression is a known factor in criminal conduct as well as other forms of non-criminal negative social behavior such as those associated with overt prejudice and other types of social intolerance toward others (Macionis 2003).

Aggression and Prejudice:

One of the primary ways that aggression-prone individuals express their repressed rage is in their treatment of other less powerful individuals (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005).

Within…...

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References

Friedman, a. (2005) a History of American Law. New York: Touchstone.

Gerrig, R.J., Zimbardo, R.G. (2005)

Psychology and Life 18th Ed.

Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Choosing how to start your essay on deviance depends on the type of essay you are writing and the type of coursework you are trying to complete.  Deviance is a broad topic that is covered in many of the soft sciences, including (but not limited to) sociology, psychology, and criminology.  It is also discussed in the humanities, particularly philosophy and history.  Therefore, we would probably begin the essay with two things: a definition of deviance and an explanation of how that definition fits into the context of the essay we are writing. 

Generally, deviance is a sociological concept....

The topic of violence is a broad one because violence is persuasive in our society, there are competing theories about the causes of violence, and violence begins to impact people at a very young age.  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, there are eight types of violence children may be exposed to or experience: bullying, child maltreatment, community violence, domestic and intimate partner violence, school violence, sexual abuse and sexual violence, sex trafficking, and teen dating violence. These different types of violence not only impact children, but also adults in the community,....

The Enigmatic Duel: Comparing the Elusive Hedgehog and the Cunning Fox

Introduction
The realm of nature abounds with captivating creatures, each possessing distinctive traits and survival strategies. Among these fascinating animals, the hedgehog and the fox stand out for their contrasting yet intriguing qualities. This essay delves into a thorough comparison of these two creatures, exploring their physical attributes, behavioral patterns, and ecological roles, unveiling the profound differences and unexpected similarities that define their enigmatic existence.

Physical Disparities and Defensive Adaptations
Hedgehogs and foxes exhibit striking physical differences that reflect their respective adaptations to their environments. The hedgehog, with its diminutive size and globular....

Topic Idea 1: Primate Social Structure and Hierarchies

- Discuss the diverse social structures observed in primate species, ranging from egalitarian to strictly hierarchical systems.
- Analyze the factors contributing to the formation and maintenance of social hierarchies in primates, such as dominance, kinship, and alliances.
- Explore the mechanisms used by primates to communicate social status, such as vocalizations, body language, and facial expressions.
- Investigate the implications of social hierarchies on the behavior, mating strategies, and reproductive success of individual primates.

Topic Idea 2: Primate Communication and Language

- Discuss the various modes of communication employed by primates, including vocalizations, gestures, facial expressions, and....