Social Anxiety Questionnaire: A New Scale to Measure Social Phobia
Social anxiety or social phobia is the most common anxiety disorder and affects millions of Americans. The effects of social anxiety can be quite devastating. There are several scales that have been developed to assess social anxiety in people, but there are few scales that consist of less than 20 items. The Social Anxiety Questionnaire, a 14-item scale to measure social anxiety, was tested on 89 college students and compared to the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (Mattick & Clarke, 1998) and Eysenck's Introversion Scale (Eysenck. 1970; 1971) for validity. The psychometric properties of the scale, future directions for research, and practical applications of the scale are discussed.

The Social Anxiety Questionnaire: A New Scale to Measure Social Phobia

Social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia) consists of feelings of apprehension, worry, or nervousness concerning being placed in situations where one may interact…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV-TR. Arlington, VA: Author.

Anthony, M.M. (1997). Assessment and treatment of social phobia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 826 -- 834.

Brown, E.J., Turovsky, J., Heimberg, R.G., Juster, H.R., Brown, T.A., & Barlow, DH (1997). Validation of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale across the anxiety disorders. Psychological Assessment, 9, 21-27.

Campbell, D.T., & Fiske, D.W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105

Theories of Etiology (Causes) of the Social Anxiety Disorder Subordination Stress Model
Primates depend on establishing social relationships, and like men, laboratory assessments can be conducted to study their behavior. Studies that focused on nonhuman primates in an informal setting concerning dominance and subordination targeted female cynomolgus monkeys. The study established that subordinates dedicated more time living alone where they scanned their social world with fear. This is unlike the dominants who displayed directly opposite of the behavior. Biological analysis focusing on the subordinates further revealed hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission, and serotonergic functions. A different challenge study on social subordinates registered HPA axis activation and hyper-secreted cortisol. A challenge test about fenfluramine on cynomolgus macaques (housed) showed low response on prolactin, which indicates a fall in central serotonergic response. These monkeys' strata were subjected to low social interactions and reduced body contact compared to those with high prolactin…...

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References

Balogh, E. P., Miller, B. T., & Ball, J. R. (2015). Improving diagnosis in health care.

Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 19(2), 93-107. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/bbandelow

Bridges to Recovery. (n.d.). Causes of Social Anxiety. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from  

Khetrapal, A. (2019). Neural mechanisms of Social Anxiety Disorder. Retrieved from  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx 

Majdandži?, M., Möller, E. L., de Vente, W., Bögels, S. M., & van den Boom, D. C. (2014). Fathers\\' challenging parenting behavior prevents social anxiety development in their 4-year-old children: A longitudinal observational study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(2), 301-310.

Mathew, S. J., Coplan, J. D., & Gorman, J. M. (2001). Neurobiological mechanisms of social anxiety disorder. American journal of psychiatry, 158(10), 1558-1567.

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK. (2013). Social anxiety disorder: recognition, assessment, and treatment. British Psychological Society.

Norton, A. R., & Abbott, M. J. (2017). The role of environmental factors in the aetiology of social anxiety disorder: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Behavior Change, 34(2), 76-97.https://www.bridgestorecovery.com/social-anxiety/causes-social-anxiety/ 

Biopsychosocial Case Formulation (BCF) PerspectiveThe BCF perspective considers the 4 Ps of biological, psychological, and social factors: predisposing factors, precipitating factors, perpetuating factors, and protective factors. Predisposing factors indicate vulnerabilities that could represent risk variables in the patients presenting issue, such as temperament, attachment style, family history of psychological disorder or prenatal exposure to substance abuse, immigration history, or access to health care. Precipitating factors are typically stressors that precipitate symptoms of the presenting issue, such as medical illness, family or social conflicts, identity crises, cognitive distortions or psychosocial development transitions. Perpetuating factors include conditions within the patients life systems that affect the patients issue, such as chronic illness, emotional dysregulation, unresolved conflicts, socioeconomic instability, work-related stress, or education hurdles. Protective factors can refer to an individuals good health, support systems, religious faith, skills, hobbies, likes, abilities, or other factors such as access to outpatient healthcare services that provide positive…...

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References

Barker, P. (1995). The child and adolescent psychiatry evaluation. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific.

Felsman, P., Seifert, C. M., & Himle, J. A. (2019). The use of improvisational theater training to reduce social anxiety in adolescents. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 63, 111-117.

Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020). Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries. PLoS One, 15(9), e0239133.

Krauss Whitbourne, S. (2019). Abnormal Psychology, Clinical Perspectives

Rather than grow upset or angry or feel sorry for himself, Gimpel cultivated a persona that ironically had everyone else in the town looking like fools. While Gimpel knew what the others were up to, they did not realize how wise Gimpel actually was. Gimpel was aware throughout his life that people were playing jokes on him and therefore he never really was taken in; he only played the fool because he realized that was what the others wanted, in their petty and puerile approach to life.

Gimpel, on the other hand, was easygoing. He did not let life get him down, even when others teased and taunted him. Whereas most people would have developed psychological defense mechanisms to protect against social anxiety and cruelty, Gimpel accepted his position in the community and his status as the fool. Gimpel fooled everyone else and therefore emerges as the wisest man in…...

Social integration is one of the most important factors influencing the decision of first year college students to continue studies into the next year. Although certainly not the only factor, social integration can make the difference between student retention and student drop out. Tinto's model of student retention shows that academic integration, goal commitment, individual attributes, family attributes, and a host of other issues will impact a student's decision to stay or leave an academic institution (Draper, 2008). Draper (2008) points out that of the factors that impact student retention, academic and social integration are the most important.
Empirical research highlights the importance of social integration on a student's collegiate experience during the first year of school. esearch shows "a student's sense of belonging is largely built upon feelings of acceptance as an individual and as part of a community," (Bagunu, 2009). A feeling of acceptance creates the sociological and psychological…...

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References

Bagunu, G.A. (2009). Helping our students integrate into social life on campus. UC San Diego Student Affairs Impact Newsletter. Retrieved online:  http://vcsa.ucsd.edu/Newsletter/issue4/integration.html 

Draper, S.W. (2008). Tinto's model of student retention. Retrieved online:  http://www.psy.gla.ac.uk/~steve/localed/tinto.html

Part C

A number of excuses are given over the course of the film. The brother and sister of one of the perpetrators said they initially assumed the killer was drunk and disoriented. Later, they say that they didn't want to be involved in something 'negative.' The girlfriend of one of the killers also said he initially sounded drunk and confused. When she discovered the body of the victim, she called 911, but refused to give much information. The mother of one of the killer's friends says she was initially told the victim was fine, and then assumed he had been taken to an area hospital after the body was discovered. When 911 was called -- twice -- the vague attitude of both of the callers caused emergency personnel to treat the call as a non-emergency.

Decision tree

Source: Prevos, Peter. (2006, January 3). Explanation models for the bystander effect in helping behavior.…...

SOCIOLOGY Sociology: Social Work Clinical PracticePart 1Answer to Prompt 1Since the client is a young adult aging out of foster care, he is unaware of how they would respond to him when they would get to know he belongs to a foster home. Also, he is worried about employment opportunities in the outer world since he has learned that there are not many bright chances for young adults like him in the practical world. His negative feelings about the outside world and worries about his employment are the problems that he faces currently.The clients problem could potentially guide my intervention since changing attitudes towards the outside world and eliminating employment worry would be a short-term therapy. The clients problem would be determined by formulating goals and setting the timeline, which is already detected in this case. The cataloging of tasks and planning them in order reflects the clients actual problem…...

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ReferencesHartney, E. (2021, November 13). 10 cognitive distortions identified in CBT. Very Well Mind.   A. M., Chavira, D. A., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Issues in the assessment of social phobia: a review. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 46(1), 13–24.Nash, J. (2021, December 3). How to perform psycho-education interventions: 14 topics. Positive Psychology.  https://positivepsychology.com/psychoeducation/ National Institute of Mental Health. (n.a.). Social anxiety disorder: More than just shyness.  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness#:~:text=Social%20anxiety%20disorder%20(also%20called,to%20make%20and%20keep%20friends .Pietrangelo, A. (2019, December 12). 9 CBT techniques for better mental health. Health Line.  https://www.healthline.com/health/cbt-techniques Psychology Tools. (n.a.). Safety behaviors: Information handout.  https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/safety-behaviors/ Psychology Tools. (n.a.). Unhelpful thinking styles: Information handout.  https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/unhelpful-thinking-styles/ Ranjbar, N., Erb, M., Mohammad, O. & Moreno, F.A. (2020). Trauma-informed care and cultural humility in the mental care of people from minoritized communities. Focus: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry, 18(1), 8-15.  https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20190027 Sharma N. & Gupta V. (2021). Human behavior in a social environment. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574501/ Wright, J.H., Brown, G.K., Thase, M.E. & Basco, M.R. (2017). Learning cognitive-behavior therapy: An illustrated guide (2nd Ed.). American Psychiatric Pub. https://www.verywellmind.com/ten-cognitive-distortions-identified-in-cbt-22412 Letamendi,

Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Background/Definition/Epidemiology

Humans have a natural response to survival, stress and fear. Such responses enable an individual to pursue pertinent objectives and respond accordingly to the presence of danger. The 'flight or fight' response in a healthy individual is provoked via a real challenge or threat and is utilized as a means of acting appropriately to the situation. However, when an anxiety disorder manifests in someone, then an inappropriate/excessive state of arousal develops. People then feel symptoms of fear, apprehension, or uncertainty. These feelings or reactions may surface even when no real threat exists.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), is a common anxiety disorder that affects roughly 5% of the United States general population. "GAD is commonly associated with psychiatric and medical comorbidities and is often chronic. GAD is associated with extensive psychiatric and medical utilization and, if left untreated, can cause impairment as severe as major depressive disorder (MDD)" (Schlaepfer &…...

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References

Asmundson, G. J., Fetzner, M. G., DeBoer, L. B., Powers, M. B., Otto, M. W., & Smits, J. A. (2013). LET'S GET PHYSICAL: A CONTEMPORARY REVIEW OF THE ANXIOLYTIC EFFECTS OF EXERCISE FOR ANXIETY AND ITS DISORDERS. Depression and Anxiety, 30(4), 362-373. doi:10.1002/da.22043

Butnoriene, J., Bunevicius, A., Saudargiene, A., Nemeroff, C. B., Norkus, A., Ciceniene, V., & Bunevicius, R. (2015). Metabolic syndrome, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and ten-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in middle aged and elderly patients. International Journal of Cardiology, 190, 360-366. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.122

Chokroverty, S. (2013). Sleep Disorders Medicine: Basic Science, Technical Considerations, and Clinical Aspects. Elsevier Science.

Dodhia, S., Hosanagar, A., Fitzgerald, D. A., Labuschagne, I., Wood, A. G., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L. (2014). Modulation of Resting-State Amygdala-Frontal Functional Connectivity by Oxytocin in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(9), 2061-2069. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.53

Social Promotion
There are concerns that schools are performing an injustice by passing students onto the next grade level although they fail the basic requirements for the current grade level. Underachieving middle school students are being promoted with little regard as to how it may impact their future success in education. It sets the precedence for some students who believe that they do not have to make any effort and they will still move to the next grade without suffering any consequences. This gives the message that accountability in middle schools is unimportant.

The purpose of this research study is to identify and evaluate the effects of social promotion amongst middle school students.

ationale

Teachers have encountered many cases in which students should have been retained in the same grade as a result of poor attendance, limited ability, and lack of effort. However, school administrators have granted social promotion to those underachieving students for…...

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References

The balanced view: social promotion & retention.

Westchester Institute for Human Services Research, http://www.sharingsuccess.org/code/bv/socprom.html

Christie, K. (2001). The middle level: more than treading water. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(9), 1-3.

Darling-Hammond, L. (1998). Avoiding both grade retention and social promotion. Education Digest, 64(3), 48-53.

Anxiety and Learning Anxiety impacts roughly 18% of the population in one form or another. It is particularly troubling for students in higher academics. This study aims to investigate the question: What factors outside of the classroom increase anxiety in academic performance? This paper will provide an overview of anxiety, discuss how college students are affected by it, examine the factors that cause it, and look at how parents and educators can help those who suffer from it.
What is Anxiety?
There are many different types of anxiety, but generally put anxiety refers to nervousness and a feeling of being overwhelmed by stress about something related to one’s life. There is social anxiety, panic disorder, fears and phobias, separation anxiety, and general anxiety disorder, which refers to a chronic case of anxiety that simply will not go away. The characteristics of anxiety include a feeling of apprehension, tension, restlessness, jumpiness, and negative thoughts—i.e.,…...

Anxiety Anxiety disorder is among the most prevalent mental health disorders in the U.S>.with approximately 18 of Americans suffering from some form of anxiety (NAMI, 2017). Different types of anxiety disorders include social anxiety, panic disorder, phobias such as agoraphobia, separation anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorder (chronic worry over everyday life isues). Behavioral components of anxiety include feeling an overwhelming sense of apprehension, tense, irritable, restless, jumpy, and always anticipating the worst possible outcome. Individuals suffering from anxiety may isolate themselves from others, have difficulty communicating what’s wrong, and may have difficulty focusing on tasks, catching their breath or gaining control of their bodies during an anxiety attack. The biological components of anxiety can include headaches, upset stomach, increased heart rate, loss of breath, sweating, tremors, fatigue, insomnia and frequent urination (NAMI, 2017). It is believed that anxiety may have a genetic or environmental cause.
Treatment options for anxiety include psychotherapy such…...

Social psychology view: What ensures that women are treated fairly in office settings in the United States?
One of the most prudent applications of social psychology within contemporary settings are those that relate to gender. Gender issues can become exacerbated when they are viewed within particular social constructs, such as the work environment. Due to the fact that the majority of the world was initially a patriarchal society (particularly in the United States) before modern conceptions of gender became prevalent, the role of women within the work environment is one which is certainly worthy of investigation in terms of how women are treated, what sorts of issues they must contend with, and how others (men) consider working women. The principle difference between contemporary and most historic notions of gender pertaining to women in the workplace is that in modern times, there is supposed to be a substantial greater amount of parity…...

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References

Bisika, T. (2008). Do social and cultural factors perpetuate gender-based violence in Malawi?.Gender & Behaviour, 6(2), 1884-1896. doi:10.4314/gab.v6i2.23426

Cikara, M., Rudman, L., & Fiske, S. (2012). Dearth by a Thousand Cuts?: Accounting for Gender Differences in Top-Ranked Publication Rates in Social Psychology. Journal Of Social Issues, 68(2), 263-285. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01748.x

Gilbert, D.G., Fiske, S.T. & Lindzey G. (2010). Handbook of social psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Huerta, M. (2007). Intersections of race and gender in women's experiences of harassment. (Order No. 3253291, University of Michigan). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses,, 110-110 p. Retrieved from   (304848503).http://search.proquest.com/docview/304848503?accountid=25340 .

According to Freud, human societies require people to give up many of their most natural instincts and to replace their natural desires with the need to satisfy the "false standards of measurement" such as the "power, success and wealth [that they seek] for themselves and admire & #8230; in others, and that [as a result,] they underestimate what is of true value in life." Fred suggested that the need to live up to the standards and expectations set by society causes "too many pains, disappointments and impossible tasks" and that "to bear it we cannot dispense with palliative measures." By that, Freud meant that all of the psychological mechanisms, substitutions, and escapes that cause psychological problems and that often prevent human happiness. These ideas introduced by Freud about the psychological price paid by people living in society would later be part of the views of several other 20th century sociological…...

Western Sexual Mores and Fundamental Beliefs about omantic Love:

Beyond the unfair effect of gender-based differential sexual socialization on sexually liberated women in dating relationships, another component of American social psychology often undermines romantic happiness. Specifically, the many messages about romance and marriage that help shape the American view of love suggest that: (1) sexual desire between couples who love each other is exclusive; (2) sexual desire for others indicates a failure of a relationship (or lack of character or sincerity of one's partner); and (3) sexual jealousy is an indication of romantic love (Branden 2002).

Sexual jealousy is practically universal in romantic love within Western society (Buss 2000), but the fact of the matter is, at least in human beings, it is a learned reaction that is virtually unknown in several known aboriginal societies (Barash & Lipton 2001).

Despite the fact that psychologists consider sexual fidelity a matter of conscious choice (Branden,…...

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References

Ackerman, D. (1994) a Natural History of Love. New York: Vintage.

Baker, R., Elliston, F. (2002) Philosophy & Sex. Buffalo: Prometheus

Barash, D.P., Lipton, J.E. (2001) the Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People. New York: Henry Holt.

Branden, N. (2002) the Psychology of Romantic Love.

The participants should be able to rate their performance both in the experimental situation involving a small audience and in that involving a large audience.
This is also a measure of their self-efficacy prior to exposure to the audiences. The purpose of this act is to see whether the change in their self-evaluation is due to exposure to the audiences. The self-evaluation is done by using a self-administered questionnaire. The second stage is the exposure to the two types of audience. After performing in front of the two types of audiences, the group of gymnasts is asked to rate themselves using the same self-administered questionnaire. Using the subjects' self-evaluation it is possible to identify the changes. And by taking into consideration the changes it would be possible to decide whether the size of the audience had any impact on the performance. However, in such a study it is possible to…...

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References

Presence of others, Retrieved at http://myclassonline.com/pub/content/ad080d01

Lambert, a.J., Payne, B.K., Jacoby, L.L., Shaffer L.M., Chasteen, a. (2003) Stereotypes as Dominant Responses: On the "Social Facilitation" of Prejudice in Anticipated Public Contexts, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 2, 277-295

Social Facilitation, Retrieved at  http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/social_facilitation.htm

Anxiety is a normal feeling that can be present in a variety of people.  However, when a person feels excessive anxiety, which is characterized as anxiety that is either without a cause or is disproportionate to any stimuli, then the anxiety may go beyond a normal reaction and be part of an anxiety disorder.  When you are writing a speech about anxiety, it is important to differentiate between that anxiety that is a normal part of everyday life or even a normal reaction to unusual stressors and anxiety that 

Outline for Speech on Anxiety Example

I. Introduction

Key Factors Contributing to Feelings of Loneliness

Loneliness is a complex emotional state characterized by a perceived lack of meaningful social connections. While it can be a transient experience, chronic loneliness can have detrimental effects on an individual's physical and mental health. Several key factors contribute to feelings of loneliness, including:

Social Isolation: Physical separation from others, whether due to geographic distance, lack of transportation, or social withdrawal, can lead to feelings of loneliness.
Lack of Meaningful Relationships: Even in situations where individuals are surrounded by people, they may feel lonely if they lack close, intimate, and emotionally supportive connections.
Negative....

Outline of Facebook's Impact on Society in the Last Decade

I. Introduction
A. Facebook's rise to dominance in the social media landscape
B. Its impact on communication, information dissemination, and social interactions

II. Positive Impacts
A. Enhanced communication and connectivity:
1. Bridging distances and facilitating global connections
2. Connecting people with shared interests and experiences
B. Empowerment and information access:
1. Amplifying marginalized voices and democratizing information
2. Promoting transparency and accountability in public discourse
C. Social activism and mobilization:
1. Organizing online communities and galvanizing social movements
2. Facilitating collective action and advocacy for social change

III. Negative Impacts
A. Privacy and....

Social Exclusion and its Impact on Mental Health and Well-being

Social exclusion is a complex and multifaceted issue that can have a profound impact on an individual's mental health and overall well-being. It refers to the process by which individuals or groups are denied access to the resources, opportunities, and relationships that are essential for social participation. This can be due to various factors, including discrimination, poverty, disability, or social isolation.

Mechanisms of Impact:

1. Isolation and Loneliness:
Social exclusion can lead to a sense of isolation and loneliness, which are associated with higher risks of depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders. The....