Question 2) Find the total number of shipments to VA from Bonny including mean average numbers.

Bonny is a port located in the most eastern part of the Gulf of Guinea. It was considered to be a favorable place for transacting slave purchases. It attractiveness included:

The ability to purchase yams for feeding the slaves on the middle passage,

The predictability of slave availability based on the agricultural calendar

The organized slave trade with slaves brought to market from non-coastal areas after harvest

And, the stability of the government, which allow the trades to provide trade goods to the slave merchants prior to receiving the slaves without pawnship as collateral.

Between 1727-1769 X ships arrived in Virginia. Of these, seven ships came from Bonny, carrying 1,453 slaves for a mean average of 208 per ship. Like question one, there are some ambiguities to question two: shipments of what and what are the geographical boundaries of Bonny.…...

Port

Negros

# of ships

Average/ship

Africa (Calabar)

5

Congo

1

Gambia and Gold Coast

3

Gambia and Grain Coast

2

Angola

14

Gambia

7

Coast of Guinea

1

Windward and Gold Coast

4

Sierra Leone

1

Windward Coast

1

Senegal

2

Windward and Rice Coast

1

Windward and Grain Coast

1

Gambia and Windward Coast

1

Gold Coast

2

Grain and Gold Coast

1

Totals

10506

47

Mean average per port

Weighted mean average per ship

Based upon the article "Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade," by David Richardson and Stephen Behrendt's article "Markets, Transaction Cycles, and Profits: Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave Trade" one could possibly account for the range of slaves per ship and the variations between ports. The slave trade was a business dependent upon the matching of supply and demand in several industries. The ability to secure a vessel, sailors, carpenters and coopers determined, the timing of a ship's departure, the size of the ship, the number of slaves which could be transported and the amount of goods available to trade.

Slave trading was also dependent upon the agricultural activities in both…...

Slave trade of Indians and blacks began with Columbus but the overall slave trade was much worse and lasted later in history in razil
Summary of slave trade in razil

Quick Facts about Slave Trade in razil

Firm connections with slavery in highlands

People involved included Portugese, Luso razilians and the slaves themselves

Like Columbus, killing and enslavement of indigenous peoples was common

Some slaves escaped and hid in mocambos and quilombos

Renegade Indians and escaped slaves created headaches for Portuguese

Major epicenter of razil slave trade was Sao Paulo

Major townships for slavery were Santos and Mogi das Cruzes

Very different townships but slave trade was similar iii. Perosnal connections and friends rather than strangers

Valongo, although not long-lasting, was for slave trading only

Summary of slave trade in United States

a. Differences from razil were easily apparent

Did not start with Americans, but rather Spanish/ritish, etc.

ii. Slave trade continued with Americans post-revolution iii. Slave traders were commonly privateers and strangers

b. ig names…...

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Bibliography

Barcia, Manuel. 2008. "A Not-So-Common Wind" Slave Revolts in the Age of Revolutions in Cuba and Brazil." Review: A Journal Of The Fernand Braudel Center 31, no. 2: 169-

193. SocINDEX with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed October 12, 2015).

Burin, Eric. 2012. "The Slave Trade Act of 1819: A New Look at Colonization and the Politics

of Slavery." American Nineteenth Century History 13, no. 1: 1-14. Academic Search

Discussion

The focus of this work has been to answer the questions of: (1) How was the slave trade practiced in Europe and Africa before 1550, in comparison to the slave trade in and between the two regions after 1550?' And (2) 'What were the main differences between the two periods in terms of their origins, motivations and effects on African society?'

These two time periods, before 1550 and after 1550 have been shown in this work to have been quite different quite simply due to the fact that prior to 1550 slaves were sold to the 'Old World' of Europe however, following approximately 1550, the slave trade business was concentrated on selling slaves to the 'New World' or that of the American continent from which arose an accelerated need and increase in the demand for slaves.

Another factor influencing the slave trade business was that African slave traders began to realize that…...

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Bibliography

Bailey, Ann Caroline. African voices of the Atlantic slave trade: beyond the silence and the shame. Beacon Press, 2005

Petre-Grenouilleau, Oliver. From slave trade to empire: Europe and the colonization of Black Africa, 1780s-1880s. Routledge, 2004.

Sesay, Amudu. Africa and Europe: from partition to interdependence or dependence? Routledge, 1986.

Emmer, P.C. The Dutch slave trade, 1500-1850. Berghahn Books, 2006.

Slave Trade
The author of this report is asked to answer several questions about the trans-Atlantic slave trade. First, there is the question of how important to African society and to the African economy the slave trade was. Second, there is the question of what roles the slaves served in African societies. Lastly, there will be a comparison of slavery in West Africa and the European slavery model that involved coercive labor. While most examples and depictions of slavery nowadays relate to historical events, the effects and lessons of slavery still ring quite loudly to this very day.

When it comes to the difference between the African model of slavery and the European model for the same, there was a stark difference. Indeed, African slaves were looked upon more as dependents rather than property. Put another way, African slaves could eventually "grow" and move beyond their slave state and become integrated into…...

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References

Colorado. 'Slavery In Africa'. Autocww.colorado.edu. N.p., 2015. Web. 26 Aug. 2015.

Atlantic Slave Trade
Racist or economic?

The Atlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean. It took place during the sixteen to the nineteenth century. The majority of the slaves moved during this incident were the black Africans. These Africans were significantly from the continent. The Europeans bought these slaves from the Africans. They then sent the slaves to North and South America (Muhommad). Different perspectives have been presented below (iencek).

The racist view

Numerous attempts were made to rationalize the slave trade by its proponents. They hence looked to completely alienate and dehumanize the African race that was misused as slaves. These slaves were labeled the "Black cattle." The African race hence was looked down upon. The traces of this perception are found till date.

In the earlier stages there was no discrimination done by colonial settlers. There was no difference in the genre of work done by any race be it whites,…...

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Works Cited

Melville-Myers, Dr. Ival. "The translatic slave trade." 1999. www.portal.unesco.org. .

Muhommad, Patricia M. "The trans-Atlantic slave trade." 2000.   .http://www.auilr.org .

Wiencek, Henry. An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. Thorndike Press, 2004.

Vikings and the Slave Trade
Vikings were Norse explorers who traveled around the waters of the North Atlantic raiding, trading, pirating, and colonizing lands wherever their boats could travel. They are historically known as a rough group of individuals with raucous personalities and innate brutality. They are credited with having been the first to discover the New orld and to have reached locations which had not seen foreign invaders before the arrival of the Vikings. Between the 8th and 11th centuries AD, Norsemen and their Viking warriors traveled far and wide, forever changing history in Scandinavia and the rest of Europe and North America as well.[footnoteRef:1] One of the commodities the Vikings traded in was people. The Viking slave-traders were prolific in their activities, capturing people when they invaded and then selling them. More than any other commodity, slaves were how the Vikings were able to trade for goods and services…...

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Works Cited:

Brink, Stefan. The Viking World . New York, NY: Routledge, 2008.

Downham, Clare. "The Viking Slave Trade." History Ireland. 17. no. 3 (2009): 15-17.

Ferguson, Robert. The Vikings: A History. Toronto, Canada: Penguin, 2009.

Graham-Campbell, James. The Viking World. London, England: Francis Lincoln, 2001.

3). The first division consists of men; married women make up the second division; the third division is "young men" and "maidens" are seen in the fourth (Equiano, p. 4). To Europeans who thought all African native cultures were simplistic and barbaric, the dances that Equiano describes certainly must have stirred creative interest because the dances reflected "some interesting scene of real life" such as "some rural sport" and they were accompanied with "many musical instruments" (Equiano, p. 4).
The way in which Equiano employs religious values into his book is also very effective and no doubt made a powerful impression on readers -- not necessarily scholars and intellectuals but also average people with spiritual backgrounds and beliefs -- which, of course, gave some momentum to the antislavery movement. On pages 69-70, after reviewing some of the brutal cruelty visited upon slaves in the est Indies, Equiano wonders why, since…...

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Works Cited

Equiano, Olaudah. Equiano's Travels: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

or Gustavus Vassa the African. New York: Frederick a. Praeger, 1967.

Rafe Blaufarb and Liz Clarke’s Inhuman Traffick: The International Struggle against the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Graphic History accomplishes what few authors or historians could do: tell the tale of one of the most perplexing and gruesome issues in history using the medium graphic non-fiction. There are clear reasons why the authors would have wanted to approach their subject in this unique way. One is simply that no other author or historian had done this before, and the transatlantic slave trade does need to be retold and revisited again and again so that modern readers recognize its ramifications and reverberations. In fact, retelling the story of the transatlantic slave trade also inspires social justice activism, as readers will realize that patterns of slavery still exist: from the sex trade to economically expedient human trafficking. Another reason why The International Struggle against the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Graphic History is important is that…...

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References

Rafe Blaufarb and Liz Clarke, Inhuman Traffick: The International Struggle against the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Graphic History. Oxford University Press, 2014.

Atlantic Slave Trade From 1650 Onward
Although slavery had existed throughout human history, the Atlantic slave trade possessed certain unique qualities which gave rise to an equally unique and economically profitable form of slavery from the 17th century onward. The Atlantic slave trade was also called the Triangle Trade: "Ships carried European manufactures to Africa and exchanged them for slaves, who were then taken to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar, molasses, cotton, tobacco, indigo and other goods, which were brought back to Europe."[footnoteRef:1] Although the Portuguese began the trade, it was primarily the economies of the U.S. and Great ritain which generated its development. [footnoteRef:2] [1: William Hardy, "The Rise and Fall of the Slave Trade," Open University, February 25, 2014, http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/the-rise-and-fall-the-slave-trade (accessed December 28, 2015)] [2: Ibid.]

The slave trade was fueled by the creation of a 'cash crop' system whereby slaves were used not simply to…...

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Bibliography

"1807: Congress abolishes the African slave trade." History.com. 2009.

  (accessed December 28, 2015)http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-abolishes-the-african-slave-trade 

"The Development of the Trade." New York Public Library.

(accessed December 28, 2015)http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f8302520121451320645041?migration=1&topic=2&bhcp=1

Sugar
When it comes to the slave trade, there are many facets, periods and facts surrounding slavery and how it progressed that can be explored, nitpicked and analyzed. However, that overall subject is rather broad and without focus, one could literally write a book about the subject and not run out of fresh material to look at or use. However, the author of this report would avoid that by focusing on the middle passage, the sugar trade that occurred during the same and why slavery was the common choice to facilitate the sugar trade rather than focus on the use of indentured servants or even paid labor. While the fairly easy answer is that the subjugation and exploitation of blacks allowed for good labor for free other than the movement and control of the slaves.

Analysis

Even with the fairly obvious reasons why slaves were the tool of the trade used to…...

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References

Great Blacks in Wax. (2016). National Great Blacks in Wax Museum. Greatblacksinwax.org. Retrieved 23 March 2016, from  http://www.greatblacksinwax.org/Exhibits/middle_pass.htm 

Michigan. (2016). Sugar in the Atlantic World -- Case 6 Sugar and Slavery. Clements.umich.edu. Retrieved 23 March 2016, from  http://clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/sugarexhibit/sugar06.php 

PBS. (2016). Africans in America/Part 1/The Middle Passage. Pbs.org. Retrieved 23 March 2016, from  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p277.html

Describe the Neirsée incident. What upset France? What upset Britain? What was unfair about the capture of the slaves? Although Britain and France were formally attempting to dismantle the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the global economy had come to depend on it. The Neirsée incident of 1828 reveals the difficulties inherent in dismantling the slave trade due to the interconnectedness of the global economy. For several years prior to this incident, Britain had outlawed the trafficking of slaves, which is why the British Navy decided to intervene and capture the ship. Yet Britain did not have an international mandate to suddenly outlaw slave trafficking altogether. The human cargo on board the Neirsée was worth far too much to the businesspeople involved on both sides of the Atlantic, both in colonial territories and in Africa. In Inhuman Traffick, Blaufarb relies on primary sources from Britain and France to demonstrate what occurred before, during,…...

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References

Rafe Blaufarb and Liz Clarke, Inhuman Traffick: The International Struggle against the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Graphic History. Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN-13: 978-0199334070

Discussion thread: leadership guided changeAfter reading the Case Study of Wilberforce Anti-slavery Campaign, suggest Christian Strategies for managing change in the public sector. Apply at least 1 biblical passage that speaks to change. Explain why you picked the passage and what it means to you.Although the British Empire abolished the slave trade during the early 1800s, it required another 16 years after the passage of the 1807 Slave Trade Act for the Wilberforce Anti-Slavery Campaign to commence (Colonialism and politics of Empire, 2023). The founder of the campaign, William Wilberforce, is little known today but his efforts to end the slave trade in Britain place him among the ranks of other great leaders who stood up for what was right even when it was unpopular or even dangerous to do so. In this regard, Manning (2007) reports that, An 18th-century man who could join their ranks but of whom people…...

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References

Colonialism and politics of Empire. (2023). The Times (United Kingdom), 24.

Manning, D. (2007, July 24). Anti-slavery saga a tribute to principle. The Nelson Mail, 19.

William Wilberforce. (2023). Hull History Center. Retrieved from centre.org.uk/research/research-guides/william-wilberforce.aspx#:~:text=Wilberforce% 20led%20the%20campaign%20for,back%20with%20their%20own%20propaganda.https://www.hullhistory

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Economics of the Transatlantic Slave Trade:
     Explore how the demand for labor-intensive products such as sugar, cotton, and tobacco in Europe fueled the transatlantic slave trade, examining the economic systems that supported this enterprise, the growth of European wealth, and the impact on African economies from the loss of population and societal disruption.

2. The Human Cost of Slavery: ersonal Narratives and Accounts:
     Delve into the personal narratives of those who endured the slave trade, including the harrowing Middle assage and life on plantations. Discuss the psychological and cultural implications for slaves, drawing from sources such as slave narratives, abolitionist writings, and historical records to provide a deeper understanding of the human toll.

3. Abolition Movements and the ath to Emancipation:
     Trace the history of anti-slavery movements, looking at the social, political, and ideological currents that led to the decline and eventual abolition of the…...

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Primary Sources

Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. London: Author, 1789. Print.

Newton, John. Thoughts Upon the Slave Trade. London: J. Buckland and J. Johnson, 1788. Print.

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database. Edited by David Eltis and David Richardson. www.slavevoyages.org. Emory Univ., 2018. Web.

Thomas Clarkson\'s \"Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, Particularly the African,\" in Essays on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species. London: J. Phillips, 1786. Print.

United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Records Related to the Slave Trade. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/slavery-records. Web.

Resistance and Complicity
It is impossible to understand or write about Africa's history without considering its relationship with continents like Europe and America. It is imperative that a discussion of the subject concentrate on Africans' pivotal shaping of world history (Lindsay, 2007). Europeans (i.e., Englishmen, Dutchmen, the Portuguese, and the French) contributed only superficially to shaping Africa's history during the Atlantic era's first two centuries, engaging in merchandizing and goods transportation between sea coasts. Only after 1640 did the Europeans, in what is known as the 2nd Atlantic Era (1640-1800s), begin demanding slaves and raw materials, commencing their cruel influence on the economic freedom of the continent. They effectively influenced or overpowered particular communities on the continent through several layers of partnerships strategically created with natives, rather than through military strength. African currency's gradual devaluation attained by introducing European currency in the form of copper coins, Gatling guns and repeating rifles…...

Certainly! Here are some potential essay topics related to American Colonies:

1. Compare and contrast the motivations for colonization between the Spanish, French, and English settlers in the Americas.
2. Analyze the impact of European diseases on Native American populations during the colonial period.
3. Discuss the role of religion in shaping the development of the American colonies.
4. Explore the economic systems of the American colonies and their impact on the growth of the colonies.
5. Evaluate the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on the development and economy of the American colonies.
6. Examine the relationship between Native American tribes and European colonizers in....

The N-Word: A Complex History and Modern Dilemma

The n-word, a derogatory and racially charged term historically used against Black people, has sparked a heated debate in recent years over its presence in school libraries. While some argue that removing books containing the word is an act of censorship and historical erasure, others contend that such books perpetuate harmful stereotypes and should be eliminated from educational settings. This complex issue erfordert a nuanced understanding of the word's history, its impact on individuals and society, and the educational goals of schools.

Historical Context: Racism and the N-Word

The n-word's origins can be traced back....

The British occupation and administration of Nyasaland, present-day Malawi, played a significant role in shaping the history and development of the region. From the late 19th century until its independence in 1964, Nyasaland was under British rule, which had lasting effects on its political, social, and economic structures. This essay will discuss the British occupation and administration of Nyasaland, examining the reasons for British intervention, the impact of colonial policies on the indigenous population, and the legacy of British rule in the region.
During the British occupation, Nyasaland became a British Protectorate in 1891, primarily to control the slave trade in....

Puerto Rico's unique identity has been shaped by a combination of Spanish, African, and indigenous Taíno influences, as well as more recent American influences. The blending of these cultural influences has created a vibrant and diverse society with its own distinct traditions, cuisines, music, and language.

1. Spanish colonial influence: Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony for over 400 years, and as a result, Spanish culture has had a significant impact on the island's identity. This influence can be seen in the language, religion, architecture, and cuisine of Puerto Rico.

2. African influence: The African influence in Puerto Rico can be traced....