Skin Cancer
Describe the pathophysiology of the general process of abnormal cellular growth as it relates to all types of cancer.

Normal cells become cancer cells because of DNA damage. In cancer cells, damaged cells are not repaired and they do not die; instead, the cells reproduce damaged cells. These cells grow out of control and invade other tissues (American Cancer Society, 2013).

Compare and contrast the pathophysiology of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.

Basal cell carcinomas develop in the basal cell layer of the skin, usually due to sun light exposure causing DNA damage in the form of thymine dimers. Squamous cell carcinoma develops from the epidermal ketarinocytes, generally from sun exposure although other carcinogens can cause this cancer on skin that does not get sun exposure. Malignant melanoma arises from melanocytes and can occur spontaneously or from preexisting lesions and are linked to sun exposure.

Explain the concept of…...

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References

American Cancer Society. (2013). What is cancer? Retrieved November 6, 2013 from Cancer.org website:  http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/what-is-cancer 

American Cancer Society. (2012). Skin cancer prevention and early detection. Retrieved November 6, 2013 from Cancer.org website:  http://www.cancer.org/cancer/skincancer-melanoma/moreinformation/skincancerpreventionandearlydetection/skin-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-intro 

Ferber, D. (2013, September 6). Cancer vaccine begins Phase I clinical trials. Retrieved November 6, 2013 from Harvard Gazette website:  http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/09/cancer-vaccine-begins-phase-i-clinical-trials/

Skin cancer [...] disease, its diagnosis, how it is treated, the different forms, and the causes of the disease. Skin cancer is a growing problem in society because so many people misunderstand it. It is also the most common form of cancer, so more needs to be done to educate people about the dangers of skin cancer to help control the disease and its spread.
In 1993, it was estimated that 700,000 new cases of skin cancer would be diagnosed (Sherry 81), and every year the numbers get larger, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation, a worldwide group working to treat and prevent the disease. In addition, "About 41,600 Americans were diagnosed with malignant melanoma in 1998, and 7,300 died from the disease" (Goff 28). These numbers have increased dramatically since 1930, and it seems as more Americans have fun in the sun, they will pay later when skin cancer…...

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References

Editors. "The Skin Cancer FAQ." The Skin Cancer Foundation. 2004. 27 Nov. 2004.

<  http://www.skincancer.org/faq/index.php 

Goff, Karen Goldberg. "A Safe Place in the Sun." Insight on the News 30 Aug. 1999: 28.

Helm, David Jay. "How to Deal with Skin Cancer Effectively." Education 121.1 (2000): 21.

Merkel Cell Carcinoma is a relatively rare, but highly aggressive type of skin cancer. Discovered in 2008, it is typically caused by a virus known as Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV). At times, the disease may be known as APUDoma, a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, or primary small cell carcinoma. However, from a pathological perspective, 80% of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) are called by the polyomavirus. Interestingly, the virus has a clonal integration into the cancerous cells, and a particular mutation only when in the cancerous cell, not a healthy skin cell. No other cancers have been confirmed to be caused by this virus, and because of the viral origin of the cancer, immunotherapies are one of the most promising avenues for treating virus-positive MCC. However, at present, little is known regarding the virus-host interactions from a biochemical perspective. Research does show, though, that a new function of the…...

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There is a previously undiscovered function of MCPyV and antigens as a cellular inhibitor that may, in certain cases, explain the relationship between the virus and the manner in which MCC so aggressively and quickly attacks other cellular structures of the body. What appears to be happening is that the combination of the MCPyV and small and large antigens work in tandem to destabilize the body's natural immune response, which particularly when the individual's immune system is already compromised, increases the seriousness and likely persistent infection of not only the host cell but the surrounding cells. It also appears that certain aspects of ultraviolet light may act in conjunction with MCPyV to enhance the virus' natural tendency towards rapid and efficacious infection. This may, in part, be due to particular mutations caused by heavy exposure to certain light frequencies, which then tend to damage the interactions between cellular proteins and cellular phosphatase subunits that, in healthy cells, tend to act with proteins as a protectant and mediation unit to repair damaged structures.

Source:

Griffiths, D., et al. (2013). Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T. Antigen Targets the NEMO Adaptor Protein To Disrupt Inflammatory Signaling. Journal of Virology. 87 (24): 13853. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02159-13. Retrieved from:  http://jvi.asm.org/content/87/24/13853#ref-list

The picture to the left depicts the various elements that are responsible for thermoregulation in human skin. The illustrations shows the various layers of skin along with the veins, arteries and capillaries of the circulatory system that assist in insuring that the thermoregulatory system works properly. The sweat glands are responsible for selectively removing materials from the blood the sweat glands then concentrates or alters these toxins, and secretes them for elimination from the body. The perspiration or sweat is then removed through the sweat pore. This has a twofold purpose: to remove toxins and thermoregulation (in this case cooling the body).

Thermoregulation involving perspiration is brought about by both internal and environmental heat and exercise. As it relates to the latter, there have been many studies related to exercise and thermoregulation. According to Marino (2004)

"thermoregulatory effector responses of humans and concluded that temperature regulation during exercise is dissimilar to temperature…...

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Works Cited

Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, Julius D. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature. 1997;389:816-824.

Dugan SA, Powell LH, Kravitz HM, Everson Rose SA, Karavolos K, Luborsky J (2006)

Musculoskeletal pain and menopausal tatus. Clin J. Pain 22: 325 -- 331

Deecher, D.C.K. Dorries (2007)Understanding the pathophysiology of vasomotor symptoms

Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Cervical cancer is a kind of cancer that takes place in the cells of the cervix, which is basically situated in the lower part of the uterus that links to the vagina. It is imperative to note that different strains or forms of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, have a role to play in giving rise to a great deal of cervical cancer.
Available Preventative Services
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) gives the recommendation of screening for cervical cancer in women between the ages of 21 years to 65 years with pap smear for every three-year period. It is also recommended for women between the ages of 30 and 65 years who wish to prolong the screening period, and therefore screening with a mixture of cytology and human papillomavirus testing for every five-year period. In the same manner, the task force…...

Screening for breast cancer before there are symptoms is very important. Screening helps doctors find and treat cancer in its early stages. Treatment is more likely to be successful when the cancer is detected early. A doctor may suggest any of the following screening tests for breast cancer: screening mammogram, clinical breast exam, beast self-exam (Stoppler, 2009).
Mammograms can often show a breast lump before it can even be felt. A mammogram is a picture of the breast that is made with an x-ray. It can also show a cluster of tiny deposits of calcium. These deposits are known as micro calcifications. Lumps can be from cancer, precancerous cells, or a host of other conditions. Further tests may be needed to find out if abnormal cells are present. Women in their 40s and older should have mammograms every 1 to 2 years (Stoppler, 2009).

During a clinical breast exam the health…...

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References

Cancer Gap Between Whites, Blacks May Be Biological in Part. (2009). Retrieved August 11,

2009, from  http://healthday.com/Article.asp?AID=628785 

Carcinogen Found in KFC's New Grilled Chicken. (2009). Retrieved August 13, 2009, from News and Media Center Web site:  http://www.pcrm.org/news/release090521.html 

National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. (2008). Retrieved August 11, 2009, from American

Dietary Fibers on the Risk of Developing Cancer
Cancer is a genetic and complex disease caused mainly due to environmental elements. Carcinogen is a cancer agent that and can be present in water, food, air and in sunlight and chemicals as well. Almost ninety percent of the cancer occurs in epithelia because the epithelia cells cover the human's skin, lines the alimentary and respiratory tracts, and also metabolize ingested carcinogens. Currently, the causes of diseases are changing and infection can cause problems like cancer and cardiovascular diseases. There were more than ten million cancer cases in 1996 globally while six million people died from cancer. Unhealthy lifestyle like smoking cigarettes and adopting modern diet that includes fiber content and high fat is causing increased incidences of cancer in humans (Alison).

Development of Cancer

Cancer cells are different from normal cells and they continue to grow other abnormal cells in the body, forming…...

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Bibliography

ACS. "Genes and Cancer." American Cancer Society (2014).

-- . "Wilms Tumor ." American Cancer Society (2015).

Alison, Malcolm R. "Cancer." NCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SCIENCES (2001): 1.

Harras, A. "CANCER RISK FACTORS." NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & SENIOR SERVICES (2002).

Pharmacotherapy for Hematologic Disorders The hematologic disorder selected in this case cancer –specifically, breast cancer. It is important to note, from the onset, that breast cancer has been identified as one of the leading causes of death amongst women across the world. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC (2018), without taking into consideration some skin cancer types, breast cancer is not only “the most common cancer in women” in the United States, but also “the second most common cause of death from cancer among white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, and the American Indian/Alaska Native women.” The first position, as far as mortality rates amongst women with cancer is concerned, is occupied by lung cancer.
The most prominent symptom of breast cancer is a lump inside the breast. Other symptoms, according to the National Cancer Institute (2018), could be inclusive of an inverted nipple, sore nipple, and breast pain.…...

AbstractSecond only to skin cancer, breast cancer is the commonly diagnosed form of cancer among American women aged 40 years and older, although the disease can occur at any time and among both men and women. The purpose of this paper is to describe the general indicators of the disease and its treatments and causes. In addition, a discussion concerning what this disease affects anatomically and physiologically is followed by a description of the effects of the disease on individual lifestyles.Keywords: Breast cancer, metastatic, hormonalBreast Cancer: Treatment, Causes, Effects and PrognosesToday, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer diagnosed among women in the United States, following only skin cancer. While breast cancer affects men as well as women, women are at far greater risk of developing this disorder (Breast cancer overview, 2023). In order to determine the facts about this important public health issue, Finally, the paper provides…...

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ReferencesÁvila-Gálvez, M. Á., Giménez-Bastida, J. A., Espín, J. C., & González-Sarrías, A. (2020). Dietary Phenolics against Breast Cancer. A Critical Evidence-Based Review and Future Perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(16), 5718.Breast cancer anatomy. (2023). National Breast Cancer Foundation. Retrieved from   cancer overview. (2023). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from  https://www.mayoclinic.org/  diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470.Breast cancer treatments. (2023). Cancer.net. Retrieved from  https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types-treatment .Living with breast cancer. (2023). Health Direct. Retrieved from https://www.healthdirect.gov. au/living-with-breast-cancer#:~:text=The%20physical%20changes%20that%20 can,to%20deal%20with%20these%20challenges.Risk factors for breast cancer. (2023). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from  https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/risk_factors.htm#:~:  text=Most%20breast%20cancers%20are%20diagnosed,of%20breast%20and%20ovarian%20cancer.https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/breast-cancer-anatomy/ .Breast

neoplasm: "abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should" ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016)
benign: noncancerous ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016)

malignant: cancerous ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016)

carcinoma: "Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs," ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016)

sarcoma: "A type of cancer that begins in bone or in the soft tissues of the body, including cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, or other connective or supportive tissue" ("NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms," 2016)

anaplasia: Features of cells which indicate malignancy ("Anaplasia," 2016).

Q2. Identify the correct name for both benign and malignant tumors in the following locations:

Benign Tumors/Malignant Tumors

Pancreas: Adenoma / Adenocarcinoma ("Tumors by name," 2016)

Fat: Lipoma / Liposarcoma ("Tumors by name," 2016)

Bone: Osteoma / Osteosarcoma ("Tumors by name," 2016)

Liver: Hemangioma / Hemangiosarcoma ("Tumors by name,"…...

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References

About immunotherapy. (2016). Chemocare. Retrieved from:

 http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/what-is-chemotherapy/about-immunotherapy.aspx 

Anaplasia. (2016). USC. Retrieved from:

 http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/INTX/05/desc_2.html

Pigmentation
The problems relating to skin pigment are associated with symptoms of the skin appearing faded or deeper than the usual or often spotted and blemished. (Skin pigmentation disorders) The unusual skin development and unusual pigmentation of the skin is seen to present at the time of birth or develop at the later stages. (Benign Skin Growths and Pigmentation Disorders) The skin pigmentation disorders seem to arise over a large number of races and conditions. (Nacinamide Helps to Lighten Skin) Some problems like albinism are considered exceptional phenomenon about a single case arises in every 17000 people. Other cases like age spots are very common. (Skin pigmentation disorders) Irrespective of the fact that it is quite harmless in its effects in most of the cases, however, the growth and pigmentation disorders warrant thorough watching for any other variations that may mark a development of cancerous skin cells. There are several types…...

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References and Annotations Comments on Differential Diagnosis of the Skin Discoloration of Argyria. Retrieved from Accessed on 8 December, 2004http://www.jeghers.com/annts/ARGYRIA1976.html

Benign Skin Growths and Pigmentation Disorders. Retrieved from   Accessed on 8 December, 2004http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/peds_derm/bengnhub.cfm 

Gray, John. The World of Skin Care. P& G. Skin Care Research Center. Retrieved from   Accessed on 8 December, 2004http://www.pg.com/science/skincare/Skin_tws_16.htm 

Nacinamide Helps to Lighten Skin. Retrieved from   Accessed on 8 December, 2004http://www.vitamins-nutrition.org/vitamins-research/vitamin-b3/nacinamide-lighten-skin.html 

Pigmentation change after skin resurfacing. Retrieved from   Accessed on 8 December, 2004http://www.phudson.com/SKIN/FAQ/pigment.html 

Care of Cancer:
In the past few years, cancer has developed to become one of the major leading causes of deaths across the globe. The disease can be described as the uncontrolled growth or development of abnormal cells in the body even as cancerous cells are also known as malignant cells. Since cells are the building blocks of humans and other living things, cancer develops out of the normal cells within the body. Generally, the normal cells multiply when needed by the body and die when the body does not need them. When the growth of the cells in the body is out of control and cells divide too quickly, cancer appears to occur. Nonetheless, cancer also appears to happen when cells in the body forget how to die.

Causes of Cancer:

There are various kinds of cancer because the disease can develop in nearly every tissue or organ like skin, bones,…...

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Reference:

Barraclough, J. (2002). Integrated Cancer Care. Retrieved from Royal College of Psychiatrists

website:  http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/PDF/barraclough.pdf 

"Cancer Complications." (n.d.). Info.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012, from http://topics.info.com/Cancer-Complications_3416

"Cancer Staging." (2010, September 22). National Cancer Institute Factsheet. Retrieved from National Cancer Institute website:  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/staging

Care of Cancer
Cancer diagnosis

In many cases the sooner cancer is diagnosed and treatment begins the better the chances of a person recovering fully. If one develops cancer they can improve the chance of early detection if they have regular medical checkups and do some self-exams. Doctors often find early cancer during a physical exam or when carrying out routine tests even when there were no symptoms presented.

There are several methods that are used to diagnose cancer .with technological advancement these methods are now better as they help in a better understanding of cancer .there are now many diagnostic tools that can be used in cancer detection. Once cancer I suspected a diagnosis is made by pathologists and oncopathologists and imaging radiologists. The common diagnostic methods are;

Biopsy

This test involves a small tissue sample being taken from the area where cancer is suspected using a fine tipped needle, surgical excision or…...

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References

Mandal, A.(2010). Cancer Diagnosis.Retrieved September 24,2013 from  http://www.news-medical.net/health/Cancer-Diagnosis.aspx 

American Society of Clinical Oncolog.(2013). Stages of Cancer. Retrieved September 24,2013 from  http://www.cancer.net/all-about-cancer/treating-cancer/stages-cancer 

Armstrong, B.(2012).What are the different stages of cancer and what do they mean? Retrieved September 24,2013 from http://www.cancerinstitute.org.au/patient-support/what-i-need-to-know/about-cancer/what-are-the-different-stages-of-cancer

Info.com.(2013).Cancer complications. Retrieved September 24,2013 from http://topics.info.com/Cancer-Complications_3416

bmj.com/cgi/content/full/325/7369/887
Pfizer, 'NEW FRAGMIN INDICATION FIGHTS SECOND LEADING CAUSE of DEATH in CANCER PATIENTS, CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMOSIS', retrieved feb 29th 2008, from, http://www.pfizer.ca/english/newsroom/press%20releases/default.asp?s=1&releaseID=160

Dirix LY,

Salgado R,

Weytjens R,

Colpaert C,

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Huget P, van Dam P,

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Diana M. eck, (Oct 2006), 'Venous Thromboembolism: Prophylaxis: Implications for Medical Surgical Nurses,"

MEDSURG Nursing -- October 2006 -- Vol. 15/No. 5, Available online at, http://www.medsurgnursing.net/ceonline/2008/article10282288.pdf

Race, Tara Kay SN, RN, CCRN; Collier, Paul E. MD, (July-Sep 2007), 'The Hidden Risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis -- the Need for Risk Factor Assessment: Case Reviews.', Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 30(3):245-254

Susan egelman MD, 'Venous Thromboembolism', Retrieved 29th Feb 2008, from, ' http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/vthromboembolism/vthromboembolism.htm

Roxanna oelsen, RN, MS, AOCN, (2001), 'Clinical Focus: Deep…...

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MF Scully (2005), 'Clinical Guide Cancer and Thrombosis', retrieved Feb 28th 2008, at http://www.tigc.org/pdf/cancervte05.pdf

Alexander G. Turpie, (2002) 'ABC of Antithrombotic Therapy', British Medical Journal, available at  http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/325/7369/887 

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Treating and Coping With Pancreatic Cancer
Although significant progress has been made in diagnosis and treating many types of cancers, one type of cancer that remains highly intractable to treatment is pancreatic cancer. In fact, pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect because symptoms may not occur until the condition is well advanced, and even when it is diagnosed early, patient prognoses are poor. Although pancreatic cancer represents just around 3% of all types of cancers in the United States, the condition is responsible for approximately 7% of all cancer deaths (Key statistics, 2015). This paper provides a description of the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer followed by a discussion concerning the complications and side effects that are associated with the disease. Finally, a description of the methods that are used to lessen the physical and psychological effects of treatment for pancreatic cancer is followed by a summary of the research…...

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References

Cohen, P. J. (2006, May-June). Medical marijuana, compassionate use, and public policy: Expert opinion or vox populi? The Hastings Center Report, 36(3), 19-23.

Key statistics. (2015). American Cancer Society. Retrieved from  http://www.cancer.org/cancer/pancreaticcancer/detailedguide/pancreatic-cancer-key-statistics .

MacNeil, N. S. (2009, November). Treat depression in cancer patients. Clinical Psychiatry News, 33(11), 64.

Marks. S. & Heinrich, T. (2013, August). Assessing and treating depression in palliative care patients: Antidepressants, psychotherapy can improve dying patients' quality of life. Current Psychiatry, 12(8), 35-41.

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: A Transformative Impact

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the medical field, enhancing diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention. Its applications have a profound impact on various aspects of healthcare, transforming the way medical professionals deliver care.

1. Enhanced Diagnosis:

AI-powered algorithms analyze large volumes of data, including medical images, patient records, and lab results.
This enables early detection and more accurate diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.
For instance, AI algorithms can detect skin cancer with accuracy comparable to dermatologists, improving the chances of early intervention.

2. Personalized Treatment Planning:

AI analyzes patient-specific data to....

Across the existing literature on skin cancer classification using the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) dataset, several key findings have emerged. Researchers have utilized various machine learning algorithms and deep learning techniques to accurately classify different types of skin lesions. One of the main findings is the importance of preprocessing techniques such as image augmentation, normalization, and feature extraction in improving classification accuracy.

Studies have shown that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are highly effective in extracting features from skin lesion images and classifying them into different categories. Transfer learning, where pre-trained CNN models are fine-tuned on the ISIC dataset, has....

Skin Cancer Classification and Segmentation Using the ISIC Dataset: Key Findings in Existing Literature

Introduction

Skin cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer worldwide, with increasing incidence rates. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. The International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) dataset is a valuable resource for skin cancer research, providing a large and diverse collection of clinical dermatoscopic images. This literature review explores the key findings in existing literature on skin cancer classification and segmentation using the ISIC dataset.

Image Classification Models

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in skin cancer classification.
Transfer....