Essay Topic Examples 1.The Genetic Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia:
    This essay would explore the genetic mutation responsible for sickle cell anemia, how the disease is inherited, and the molecular mechanisms leading to the characteristic sickle-shaped red blood cells. It would also discuss the prevalence of the mutation in different populations and the evolutionary theory of the heterozygote advantage in areas with malaria.

2.Managing ain in Sickle Cell Anemia atients:
    The essay would delve into the strategies for managing the chronic pain that often accompanies sickle cell anemia, including pharmaceutical options, physical therapy, and alternative therapies. It would highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and provide an overview of the challenges in treating chronic pain in these patients.

3.Advancements in Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease:
    Focusing on the cutting-edge research in genetic treatments, this essay would detail the current advancements in gene therapy and their potential to provide a cure for sickle cell anemia.…...

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Primary Sources

Serjeant, Graham R. \"The Natural History of Sickle Cell Disease.\" Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 3, no. 10, 2013, a011783. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011783.

Ingram, V. M. \"A Specific Chemical Difference Between the Globins of Normal Human and Sickle-cell Anaemia Haemoglobin.\" Nature, vol. 178, 1956, pp. 792–794. doi:10.1038/178792a0.

Steinberg, Martin H. et al. \"Disorders of Hemoglobin: Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management.\" Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 9780521622316.

Bunn, Howard Franklin. \"Pathogenesis and Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease.\" The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 337, no. 11, 1997, pp. 762–769. doi:10.1056/NEJM199709113371107.

Platt, Orah S. et al. \"Pain in Sickle Cell Disease. Rates and Risk Factors.\" The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 325, no. 1, 1991, pp. 11–16. doi:10.1056/NEJM199107043250103.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Genetic Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia and its Inheritance atterns:
This essay will dissect the genetic underpinnings of sickle cell anemia, detailing the specific DNA mutation in the HBB gene responsible for the abnormal hemoglobin formation. The focus will be on how the disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and the implications for carriers and affected individuals.

2. Sickle Cell Anemia: Clinical Manifestations and Challenges in Management:
The essay will explore the multifaceted clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia, ranging from periodic painful crises to chronic complications such as organ damage. It will discuss the current challenges healthcare professionals face in managing these symptoms and the impact on the quality of life of those affected.

3. Advancements in Treatment Options for Sickle Cell Anemia:
This essay aims to chart the progress in treatment modalities for sickle cell anemia, covering traditional…...

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Primary Sources

Bunn, H. Franklin. \"Pathogenesis and treatment of sickle cell disease.\" New England Journal of Medicine 337.11 (1997): 762-769.

Rees, David C., et al. \"Sickle-cell disease.\" The Lancet 376.9757 (2010): 2018-2031.

Lettre, Guillaume, et al. \"DNA polymorphisms at the BCL11A, HBS1L-MYB, and beta-globin loci associate with fetal hemoglobin levels and pain crises in sickle cell disease.\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.33 (2008): 11869-11874.

Ware, Russell E., et al. \"Hydroxycarbamide in very young children with sickle-cell anaemia: a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial (BABY HUG).\" The Lancet 377.9778 (2011): 1663-1672.

Steinberg, Martin H. \"Predicting clinical severity in sickle cell anaemia.\" British Journal of Haematology 129.4 (2005): 465-481.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Genetic and Molecular Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia:
    Explore the hereditary factors of sickle cell anemia, including the mutation in the HBB gene that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin. Discuss the implications of this mutation on the red blood cells and the resultant pathophysiology.

2. Sickle Cell Anemia and Its Global Health Impact:
    Analyze the prevalence of sickle cell anemia in various regions around the world and how it affects different populations. Delve into the socio-economic factors that influence its treatment and the strategies different health systems adopt to manage the disease.

3. Living with Sickle Cell Anemia: Challenges and Coping Mechanisms:
    Describe the day-to-day challenges faced by individuals living with sickle cell anemia. Evaluate how patients cope with symptoms, complications, and the psychological impacts of the disease, and highlight supportive measures that enhance quality of life.

4. Advances in the Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia:
    Discuss recent advances in medical…...

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Primary Sources

\"The Molecular Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia: A Review\" by Ingram, Vernon M. Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 2, no. 1, 1961, pp. 56–76.

\"Sickle-Cell Anemia: A Look at Global Haplotype Distribution\" by Piel, Frédéric B., et al. Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 16, no. 3, 2015, pp. 171–182.

\"Genetic Modifiers of the Severity of Sickle Cell Anemia Identified Through a Genome-Wide Association Study\" by Lettre, Guillaume, et al. The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 88, no. 1, 2011, pp. 29–39.

\"Sickle Cell Disease: Old Discoveries, New Concepts, and Future Promise\" by Rees, David C., et al. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 127, no. 4, 2017, pp. 1202–1214.

\"A Multidimensional Genomic Approach to Sickle Cell Disease Research and Treatment\" by Connes, Philippe, et al. Physiological Genomics, vol. 48, no. 7, 2016, pp. 502–511.

Implications for ongoing research into genetic therapies and side effects/later developments are discussed at length.
Yannaki, E. & Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (2010). Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization strategies for gene therapy of beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1202: 59-63.

Though the clinical trial these two researchers are involved in does not yet have results that are ready for publication, the review of the risks they provide regarding the use of stem cell mobilization with G-CSF in patients with sickle cell is highly useful information. So, too, is the practice of pre-treating patients with hydroxyurea before administering the stem cell treatment, which the authors describe in detail and which forms the basis of the related clinical trial. Potential reduction of risks appears to be quite promising, though final results from the clinical trial and other supporting evidence will of course be required.

Ye, L., Chang, J.,…...

Alterations of Hematology and Cardiovascular Systems
Sickle Cell Anemia

Ms. A is suffering from Sickle cell anemia. In this disease, the red blood cells appear in the shape of sickles or letter C. The normal red blood cells are disk-shaped. The disk-shape allows them to move smoothly in the blood vessels. Normal red blood cells have hemoglobin. The hemoglobin is responsible the red color. It helps in the transportation of oxygen. Sickle cells, on the other hand, have abnormally low hemoglobin, which results in the C-shape. This form is sticky and stiff and so cannot move easily through the blood vessels. Ms. A's condition was a case of Menorrhagia as well as dysmenorrhea. The sickle cells lump together and block the flow of blood through the blood vessels leading to the organs and the limbs. Such blocked blood vessels may lead to pain, infections and even organ damage (Health 24, 2014).

Sickle cell…...

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Bibliography

Health24. (2014, APRIL 30). The seven types of anaemia. Retrieved from Health24.com:  http://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Your-Blood/Anaemia-20130216-2 

UoM. (n.d.). Sickle cell disease. Retrieved from University of maryland:  https://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/sickle-cell-disease

History of Pediatric Hemolytic Monitoring
Retrospect to the career of physician, Dr. James A. olff I and his early progress in treatment of Rh hemolytic disease as described in Pochedly (1984), looks at the development of interest in hematology in European field hospitals during orld ar II. After the war period, the transformation of olff's research in this area was advanced by research conducted during a pediatric residency at the Boston Children's Hospital, between 1945 and 1947. During his tenure at Children's he was engaged with Dr. Louis Diamond in his seminal investigation on treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis by exchange transfusion.

Collaborative efforts with Drs. Diamond and Farber focused on preliminary clinical trials of aminopterin for the treatment of acute leukemia, of which olff was in observation. Instrumental to the development of the concept of treating erythroblastosis fetalis by exchange transfusion; collaborative in the area of pathophysiology of disease where hemolytic…...

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Works Cited

Al-Eisa, A. And Al-Hajeri, M. Hemolytic uremic syndrome in Kuwaiti Arab children. Pediatric Nephrology 16.12 (2001): 1093-1098.

Blouin, P. et al. Syndrome d'Evans: etude retrospective de la societe d'hematologie et d'immunologie pediatrique (36 cas). Archives De Pediatrie: Organe Officiel De La Societe Francaise De Pediatrie 12.11 (2005): 1600-1607.

Feldman, S.D. And Tauber, A.I. Sickle Cell Anemia: Reexamining the First "Molecular Disease." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 71.4 (1997) 623-650

Friedmann, A.M. et al. Fatal autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a child due to warm-reactive immunoglobulin M. antibody. Journal Of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology: Official Journal Of The American Society Of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 20.5 (1998): 502-505.

Stem Cells
ithout a doubt, one of the most controversial topics of popular discourse is stem cell research. Indeed, one would be hard pressed to peruse the newspaper or magazine stand without encountering some reference to the global stem cell debate -- but what, exactly, are stem cells, and why are they so controversial?

Stem cells intended for use in human applications are harvested from humans, umbilical cords and embryos. The reason these cells are so valuable is because of their capability to produce or "become" other cell types -- for example, brain cells, heart cells, skin, etc. In short, these are "master cells," holding the ability to divide in cultures, and to be manipulated allowing it to transform into any type of cell. Of course, this is extremely important due to the fact that scientists can use this capability to either create organs (thereby helping to meet the tremendous shortage of…...

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Works Cited

Hall, MiMi and Kiely, Kathy. "Proponents of Stem-Cell Research Put on Pressure." USA Today. Online. July 2001. 10 April 2002. Retrieved from Web site on 15 March, 2004

Unfortunately, a tremendous amount of valuable research has been put on hold ever since the ban of federal funding for stem cell research. In the United States, the vast majority of medical research of all types that eventually lead to cures for disease are funded by the federal government. The federal ban on stem cell research does not completely prohibit it, but the effect is nearly the same, just as it would be if the federal government withdrew funding for cancer or diabetes research.

The main opposition to stem cell research comes from the Religious Right who believe that any form of research using fetal stem cells is wrong, because according to their religious views, every fertilized human egg should be considered as much a human being as any living person, even a microscopic zygote consisting of nothing more than four cells of human tissue. Certainly, the concept of religious freedom…...

Huntington's disease (HD) was the first autonomic dominant disorder for which genetic prediction became possible" (Harper, et al., 2000, Journal of Medical Genetics, p. 567). HD is a disease that occurs due to an inherited disorder leading to the death of brain cells. A diagnosis of HD is accomplished through genetic testing which can be implemented at any age regardless of whether the symptoms manifest or not. Although, the specific symptoms vary between people, nevertheless, symptoms can start with people between 35 and 45 years of age and can also start in some individuals at even anearlier age. The disease may affect successive generations if health interventions are not implemented (Mandel, 2016).
Additionally, "the cause of HD is due to a dominant mutation of autosomal form of the gene called Huntington. This shows that a child born by an affected person has a 50% chance of developing or inheriting the disease"…...

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References

Causes and risk factors. (2016). Health Communities. Retrieved from healthcommunities.com/huntingtons-disease/cause.shtml.http://www.

Denbo, S. M. (2013, January 1). Balancing the rights of children, parents and the state: The legal, ethical and psychological implications of genetic testing in children. Southern Journal of Business and Ethics, 5, 188-190.

Domaradzki, J. (2015, January 1). Lay constructions of genetic risk. A case-study of the Polish Society of Huntington's Disease. Polish Sociological Review, 189, 107-111.

Draper, B. (2004). Dealing with dementia: A Guide to Alzheimer's Disease and other dementias. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.

Hydroxyurea
Segal, J.B., et al., (2008), Hydroxyurea for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease,

Baltimore, MD: AHRQ

Variables/Key Concepts

To determine efficacy, effectiveness, harms, and barriers of the use of hydroxyurea treatment of sickle cell disease for determining solutions and further research need.

Sampling

Research studies based on variables.

Conducted by experts in sickle cell disease management, clinical trial methodology, systematic review, epidemiological studies, and ethics and adherence research.

Instruments/Data Collection

Instruments were quality assessment, data extraction, and evidence grading. Literature inclusion tailored toward research questions. Studies on children and adults evaluated separately. Included randomized trials, non-randomized trials, cohort studies with control groups, and pre/post studies. Evaluations of data was based on variable-based research questions.

Results

Hydroxyurea lowered the rate of hospitizations among children with sickle cell disease and raised HbF cell percentages.

Strengths/Limitations

Limited evidence for toxicity, barriers, and guide dosing. Insufficient evidence for efficacy and safety.

Critique

Even with the use of experts, there was no appropriate design method mentioned. Identifies research…...

Cholecystitis
Biliary colic and cholecystitis are in the spectrum of gallbladder disease, ranging from asymptomatic gallstones to biliary colic, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and cholangitis (Santen pp). hen gallstones temporarily obstruct the cystic duct or pass through into the common bile duct, gallstones become symptomatic and biliary colic develops, however, if the cystic duct or common bile duct becomes obstructed for hours or gallstones irritate the gallbladder, then cholecystitis develops, and when the stones become lodged in the common bile duct, choledocholithiasis occurs, resulting in possible cholangitis and ascending infections (Santen pp).

Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder caused by obstruction, usually a gallstone, of the cystic duct, and the inflammation may be sterile or bacterial and the obstruction may be acalculous or caused by sludge (Santen pp). Bacterial infection is believed to be a consequence, not a cause, of cholecystitis, approximately 75% of bile cultures are positive, with the most common organisms…...

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Work Cited

Kato, Norman S. (2004, July 14). Acute cholecystitis. Retrieved July 03, 2005 from National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health Web site:  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000264.htm 

Cholecystitis. (1996). The Mosby Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 03, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Keeffe, Emmet B. 2000, March 15. Management of Gallstones and Their Complications.

American Family Physician. Retrieved July 03, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

The viruses that cause AIDS (HIV) and hepatitis can be carried in clotting factors however there have been no documented cases of such transmission in about ten years. Prevention of viruses can be prevented by: careful screening of donors; testing of donated blood products; treating donated blood products with a detergent and heat to destroy viruses (Hemophilia 2006). Both preventive and as-needed therapy can be administered at home, thus resulting in quicker treatment, fewer doctor or emergency room visits, and less costs. Vein access devices can be surgically implanted to allow easier access to a vein however infections can result from such devices (Hemophilia 2006).
All patients with bleeding disorders may benefit at times from using aminocaproic acid, an oral antifibrinolytic medication that helps stabilize clots (Curry 2004). Aminocaproic acid is the only product available in the United States in oral form, however it is not user-friendly, with dosing every…...

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Works Cited

Anderson, Gaylene. (2006 October 06). Promising Non-Viral Alternative for Gene Therapy

Involves 'Jumping Gene' From a Moth. Ascribe Higher Education News Service. Retrieved December 20, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Bayer Grant Promotes Groundbreaking Hemophilia Research and Education; Bayer Hemophilia

Awards Program Continues to Be a Critical Source of Funding for Hemophilia Research and Education. (2006 May 23). Business Wire. Retrieved December 20, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

H1N1
I chose this topic because the H1N1 virus and the swine flu have taken over the news. The Ohio Department of Health is heavily committed in getting the word out. "During the week of October 18-24, 2009, influenza activity continued to increase in the United States as reported in FluView. Flu activity is now widespread in 48 states. Nationally, visits to doctors for influenza-like-illness continue to increase steeply and are now higher than what is seen at the peak of many regular flu seasons. In addition, flu-related hospitalizations and deaths continue to go up nation-wide and are above what is expected for this time of year." (ODH).

The story is both a local and national headline. The television news report '60 Minutes' lead off this week's show with a serious discussion about all aspects of the new viral spread of the H1N1 virus and issues regarding the production process and current…...

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References

American Society for Microbiology and (Corporate Author) Patrick R. Murray. (2003). Manual of Clinical Microbiology (Manual of Clinical Microbiology). 8th ed. American Society Microbiology.

CDC. (2009). H1N1. Retrieved on November 1, 2009, from Center For Disease Control web site at  http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/sick.htm .

Flu.Gov. (2009). Vaccination. Retrieved on November 1, 2009, from Department of Health web site at  http://www.flu.gov/individualfamily/vaccination/index.html .

ODH. (2009). Ohio.Gov. Retrieved on November 1, 2009, from Department of Health web site at  http://www.odh.ohio.gov/landing/phs_emergency/swineflu.aspx .

¶ … Human Genome Project
Launched in 1990 as a collaborative initiative between the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy, the Human Genome Project completed its goal ahead of time despite the enormous challenges that were involved (Greene, 2006). The goals of the Human Genome Project included developing comprehensive genetic and physical maps of the human genome in order to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of the three billion base pairs that make up the human DNA and to identify the estimated 100,000 genes that are contained within the human genome (Greene, 2006). To determine the importance and implications of the HGP, this paper reviews the relevant literature, followed by a summary of the research and salient findings concerning this initiative in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

1)

How will research in the Human Genome Project further medical research? What disorders are most likely to benefit from the project?

To date,…...

Innovative Medical Treatments and Technologies Pioneered by the Cleveland Clinic

The Cleveland Clinic, a world-renowned academic medical center, has a long-standing history of innovation and pioneering cutting-edge medical treatments and technologies. With its commitment to research and development, the Clinic continues to push the boundaries of healthcare, offering patients access to the latest advancements in medicine. Here are some of the innovative treatments and technologies currently being pioneered by the Cleveland Clinic:

1. Robotic Surgery:

The Cleveland Clinic is a leader in robotic surgery, using advanced robotic systems to perform complex procedures with greater precision, accuracy, and minimally invasive techniques. The da Vinci....

1. Stigma significantly impacts adolescents with sickle cell disease in their thesis writing process by leading to feelings of inadequacy and self-doubt, resulting in decreased motivation and productivity.

2. The fear of being judged or misunderstood due to the stigma associated with sickle cell disease can create barriers for adolescents in their thesis writing process, hindering their ability to fully express themselves and their ideas.

3. Stigma surrounding sickle cell disease can lead to isolation and a sense of alienation for adolescents, making it difficult for them to seek help or support with their thesis writing, further exacerbating their struggles.

1. The pervasive stigma associated with sickle cell disease significantly undermines the academic confidence of adolescents, leading to a reluctance to engage in thesis writing due to fears of being judged or misunderstood. This thesis explores how the internalization of stigma affects the self-esteem and academic performance of adolescents with sickle cell disease, particularly in the context of thesis writing, where personal expression and vulnerability are paramount. Evidence from psychological studies indicates that stigma can lead to increased anxiety and reduced cognitive function, which directly impacts the ability to write effectively.

2. Stigma surrounding sickle cell disease often results in adolescents....

1. Stigma surrounding sickle cell disease negatively impacts adolescents by leading to feelings of shame and embarrassment, causing them to hide their condition from others, resulting in social isolation and feelings of loneliness.

2. The fear of being judged or discriminated against due to their illness can prevent adolescents with sickle cell disease from seeking necessary medical treatment and support, potentially leading to worsening health outcomes and increased pain crises.

3. Stigmatizing attitudes towards sickle cell disease contribute to the lack of awareness and understanding in society, perpetuating misconceptions and stereotypes about the condition, which further marginalize adolescents living with....