For example, in the case of sickle beta thalassemia, the individual has inherited a gene for hemoglobin S. from one parent and a gene for beta-thalassemia from the other. Or, in the instance of SC disease, the individual has inherited a gene for hemoglobin S. from one parent and a gene for hemoglobin C. from the other.
The sickle cell trait in heterozygous carriers confers the resistance to malaria phenotype characterized by a dominant gene (Sickle cell anemia, Wikipedia). ecause people with sickle trait were more likely to survive malaria outbreaks in Africa than those with normal hemoglobin, it is believed that sickle hemoglobin evolved as a protection against malaria.

Haplotypes of sickle cell disease are polymorphic restriction endonuclease sites in and around the mutant beta-globin gene Acording to Fields (2000), the existence of haplotypes specific to certain regions of the world suggests that the mutant beta globin gene arose separately…...

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Bibliography

Ashley-Koch, A., Yang, Q. And Olney, R. (2000, May 1). Sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) allele and sickle cell disease. American Journal of Genetics 151(9): 839-845.

Fields, E.L. (2000, October 27). Phenotypic variation in sickle cell disease: An analysis. Harvard University. Retrieved February 5, 2005 from Web site:  http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/sickle_heterogeniety.html 

Genetic disease profile: Sickle cell anemia. Retrieved February 5, 2005 from Web site:  http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/sca.shtml 

How does sickle cell cause disease? (2002, April 11). Harvard University. Retrieved February 5, 2005 from Web site:  http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scd_background.html

These crises are a direct result of way in which the deformed red blood cells adhere to both each other and the insides of the blood vessel walls, blocking tissues from receiving oxygen. The disease is prevalent across some parts of Africa, the Middle East and India, which is due to the way in which the heterozygous form of the condition offers carriers a degree of protection against malaria, which is present in these areas. As a result, there is also a significant incidence of the disease in African-Americans, as a direct result of their African heritage, which means that the condition is significantly important for practitioners across the U.S. To understand.
eferences

Chowning, J.T. (2000) Sickle cell anemia and genetics: Background information. Washington State University Website. etrieved on June 18, 2007, at http://genetics-education-partnership.mbt.washington.edu/.

Frenette, P.S. And Atweh, G.F. (2007) Sickle cell disease: Old discoveries, new concepts and future promises. Journal of…...

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References

Chowning, J.T. (2000) Sickle cell anemia and genetics: Background information. Washington State University Website. Retrieved on June 18, 2007, at http://genetics-education-partnership.mbt.washington.edu/.

Frenette, P.S. And Atweh, G.F. (2007) Sickle cell disease: Old discoveries, new concepts and future promises. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117, 850-858.

Ingram, V.M. (2004) Sickle-cell anemia hemoglobin: The molecular biology of the first "molecular disease" - the crucial importance of serendipity. Genetics, 167, 1-7.

Nagel, R.L. (2005) Sickle Cell Anaemia. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved June 18, 2007, from:

Sickle Cell Anemia
There are both advantages and disadvantages of having sickle cell anemia. How much benefit a person gets from sickle cell anemia's advantages, however, largely depends on where that person is located and what his or her environment is. The same concept applies to the disadvantages of this condition, although to a lesser extent. The root of the advantages and disadvantages of this disease pertain to its specific form of anemia. Anemia is succinctly defined as an occurrence in a patient's blood characterized by a marked lack of healthy red blood cells. Some of these blood cells look like a sickle because they are abnormally shaped. Because this disease is based on one's blood, it substantially impacts processes and conditions that are related to blood -- which has both boons and detriments.

The principle boon associated with sickle cell anemia is the fact that it has a selective advantage in…...

Sickle Cell (Rough Draft)
Sickle cell anemia is a blood disease that causes badly formed red blood cells. The disease is genetec. Mostly people from Africa or other coutries around the Mediterraean Sea get it. In the United States, African-Americans are most likely to have it (Howard, 1995).

Red blood cells are the blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. When a person has sickle-cell anemia the hemoglobon in the cell is shaped wrong. ecause of this the cells are not round but sickle-shaped, which is how the disease gets its name. Sometimes these cells stick together and interfere with blood flow. This is very painful but also causes medical problems. It can cause damage to organs and keep the body from receiving the oxygen it needs to function well. It also leaves the person likely to get lung infections (Howard, 1995).

Although sickle-cell anemia is genetec, both parents have to carry…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Howard, Susan. 1995. "Crisis Control: Living With Sickle Cell Anemia." Health Quest: The Publication of Black Wellness, Oct. 31.

Loupe, Diane E. 1999. "Breaking the sickle cycle: potential treatments emerge for sickle cell anemia." Science News, Dec. 2.

If there is evidence of the sickle cell gene the tests will be repeated to confirm diagnosis (NIH). It is also possible to test the fetus for sickle cell anemia prior to birth through amniocentesis although this is not normally performed unless there is reason to believe the child will have sickle cell anemia due to the risk which this procedure presents to the fetus. Electrophoresis is performed on the blood to test for presence of the sickle cell gene as there are different patterns observed in those with sickle cell anemia than normal blood, as the hemoglobin present is Hb S. rather than the Hb a or Hb A2 which is usually present in normal adult erythrocytes or Hb F. which is usually present in fetal hemoglobin. When the blood sample of a sickle cell sufferer is examined under the microscope, the sickle shaped cells present an immediate…...

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References

Sickle Cell Anemia. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. 2 November 2007.  http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_Treatments.html .

Sickle Cell Information: Clinician Summary. 1997. Sickle Cell Information Centre. 2 November 2007.  http://www.scinfo.org/prod05.htm .

The science behind the research was not incredibly profound, but again the article was fluidly written and very easy to follow the logic of.
Reflection:

This is not an aspect of the disease I had thought of before; it is important to remember that there are very human bodies that contain these sickle-shaped cells. The fact that this "treatment" focuses on the symptoms of the disease rather than the cause is also indicative of the difficulty in combating the disease. Comfort is really all that's possible.

Beutler, E. (2002). "Sickle cell disease." Encyclopedia of public health, Vol 4. New York: Macmillan, pp. 1099-100. Retrieved via Gale Cengage.

Summary:

This encyclopedia entry gives a detailed overview of the disease -- it's pathology, causation, prevalence, etc. It begins with a definition of how the disease is classified, both through morphological changes to the red blood cells and, in more recent years, genetic identification. A genetic mutation…...

relationship among African-Americans, Malaria and Sickle cell anemia. Many people born in regions affected by malaria are resistant to the disease. Malaria, rampant in parts of Africa, south of the Sahara has killed millions of people many of them little children. Further examination shows that those who are resistant to the disease carry at least one sickle cell trait. Blacks in America whose ancestors hail from Africa show a higher incidence of the disease. Are African-Americans who carry the abnormal gene proof of a genre of natural selection, allowing those with the trait to survive and those without the trait to perish? I will explore the link between those with the sickle cell gene and their apparent immunity from malaria and the connection between African-Americans and their ancestors.
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?

Linus Pauling originally discovered sickle cell in 1949. Sickle cell anemia is a red blood cell disorder that…...

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"Sickle Cell and Malaria." Kie Evidence ?

eduhttp://www.kie.berkeley,

Jared Diamond "Blood, Genes and Malaria." Natural History February 1999.

Healthcare has recently become a very polarizing and contentious issue within the United States. Healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP are currently percent. Over the next decade these expenditures are expected to be 20% of GDP or roughly $6.2 Billion. COVID-19 has only exacerbated many of the prevailing trends surrounding healthcare and its subsequent treatment. For one, the government has passed the affordable care act which attempts to lower healthcare costs through a series of legislative efforts. In addition, governments are attempting to redirect healthcare expenditures to focus primarily on outcomes as oppose to simply treatment. This quality over quantity approach is very apparent when revieing sickle cell anemia and its overall complications. Sickle cell treatment typically costs $1,389 per month.Sickle Cell Anemia is actually a group of interrelated disorders that are often inherited at birth. Here, the disorder results from not having enough healthy red blood cells to…...

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References

1. Beutler, Ernest. \\\\\\"The Effect of In Vivo Modification of Sickle Cell Disease.\\\\\\" Clinical Research. 1960, 8: 101

2. Itano, Harvey A. and James V. Neel. \\\\\\"A New Inherited Abnormality of Human Hemoglobin.\\\\\\" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1950, 36: 613-17

3. Murayama, Makio and Robert Nalbandian. Sickle Cell Hemoglobin: Molecule to Man. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973

As shown in Part 1 of the Case Report, sickle cell anemia is one of the highly prevalent diseases in today’s society. This disease is a disorder of the blood brought by the inheritance of the gene that changes the shape of the sickle cell. The case provides significant insights regarding this blood disorder through examining the various issues relating to sickle cell anemia. One of the most crucial aspects towards understanding sickle cell anemia is examination of its genetic information, causes, and gene mutation. Part 2 of the Case Report examines whether chromosomal analysis was indicated, causes of the disorder, its origin with respect to gene inheritance, and gene mutation.
Chromosomal Analysis
Even though the case provides significant insights regarding sickle cell anemia, chromosomal analysis was not indicated. According to Quest Diagnostics (2013), chromosomal analysis is the microscopic evaluation of chromosomes in dividing cells. The analysis is usually carried out to…...

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References

Calzone, K.A., Cashion, A., Feetham, S., Jenkins, J., Prows, C.A., Williams, J.K. & Wung, S. (2010, January). Nurses Transforming Health Care Using Genetics and Genomics. Nursing Outlook, 58(1), 26-35.

Genetics Home Reference. (2017, November 7). Sickle Cell Disease. Retrieved from U.S. National Library of Medicine website:  

Hyacinth, H.I., Gee, B.E. & Hibbert, J.M. (2010, October 21). The Role of Nutrition in Sickle Cell Disease. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 3, 57-67.

Lervolino, L.G., Baldin, P.E.A., Picado, S.M., Calil, K.B., Viel, A.A. & Campos, L.A.F. (2011). Prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease and Sickle Cell Trait in National Neonatal Screening Studies. Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, 33(1), 49-54.

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2016, December 29). Sickle Cell Anemia. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355876 

Quest Diagnostics. (2013, June). Chromosome Analysis. Retrieved November 10, 2017, from  http://www.questdiagnostics.com/testcenter/testguide.action?dc=TH_ChromAnal 

Serjeant, G.R. (2013, October). The Natural History of Sickle Cell Disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 3(10). Retrieved from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784812/ 

 https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/sickle-cell-disease#genes 

Sickle cell anemia is among the highly prevalent diseases in the contemporary society. Sickle cell anemia is a disorder of the blood that is caused by the inheritance of the gene that alters the shape of the sickle cell. Therefore, the gene interferes with the working of hemoglobin in the movement of oxygen. The prevalence of the sickle cell anemia varies regarding the geographical position and the ethnic identity. In the United States, the sickle cell anemia is most prevalent among African Americans. The disease also shows a relatively higher prevalence of the disease in the Hispanics followed by the Whites. However, the prevalence also varies from one place to another in the United States (Lervolino et al. 2011). Sickle cell anemia is a cancerous disease making it difficult to treat. However, various trends are involved in the diagnosis of the disease. The diagnosis of the disease involves a blood test…...

Implications for ongoing research into genetic therapies and side effects/later developments are discussed at length.
Yannaki, E. & Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (2010). Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization strategies for gene therapy of beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1202: 59-63.

Though the clinical trial these two researchers are involved in does not yet have results that are ready for publication, the review of the risks they provide regarding the use of stem cell mobilization with G-CSF in patients with sickle cell is highly useful information. So, too, is the practice of pre-treating patients with hydroxyurea before administering the stem cell treatment, which the authors describe in detail and which forms the basis of the related clinical trial. Potential reduction of risks appears to be quite promising, though final results from the clinical trial and other supporting evidence will of course be required.

Ye, L., Chang, J.,…...

Pharmacotherapy for Hematologic DisordersAnemia is an hematologic disorder that occurs when the individual lacks the requisite number of healthy red blood cells for bringing oxygen to the bodys cells. Without oxygen, the bodys cells are essentially choked to death. ed blood cells depend on a number of supports, such as iron, B12, and folate for healthy development. In children these supports are especially necessary and they are still in a developmental stage. Treating children with anemia can depend upon the severity and source causing the anemia; however, there are some pharmacotherapy options available. This paper will consider drug treatments for patients with anemia and the factor of age and how it plays a part in the treatment process.As Ozdemir (2015) notes, reduced erythrocyte count or a hemoglobin (Hb) value 5 percentile below the normal hemoglobin value specified for that age in healthy individuals is defined as anemia (p. 11). Treating…...

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ReferencesÖzdemir, N. (2015). Iron deficiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics/Türk Pediatri Ar?ivi, 50(1), 11.Powers, J. M., Buchanan, G. R., Adix, L., Zhang, S., Gao, A., & McCavit, T. L. (2017). Effect of low-dose ferrous sulfate vs iron polysaccharide complex on hemoglobin concentration in young children with nutritional iron-deficiency anemia: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 317(22), 2297-2304.

Stem Cells
ithout a doubt, one of the most controversial topics of popular discourse is stem cell research. Indeed, one would be hard pressed to peruse the newspaper or magazine stand without encountering some reference to the global stem cell debate -- but what, exactly, are stem cells, and why are they so controversial?

Stem cells intended for use in human applications are harvested from humans, umbilical cords and embryos. The reason these cells are so valuable is because of their capability to produce or "become" other cell types -- for example, brain cells, heart cells, skin, etc. In short, these are "master cells," holding the ability to divide in cultures, and to be manipulated allowing it to transform into any type of cell. Of course, this is extremely important due to the fact that scientists can use this capability to either create organs (thereby helping to meet the tremendous shortage of…...

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Works Cited

Hall, MiMi and Kiely, Kathy. "Proponents of Stem-Cell Research Put on Pressure." USA Today. Online. July 2001. 10 April 2002. Retrieved from Web site on 15 March, 2004

Unfortunately, a tremendous amount of valuable research has been put on hold ever since the ban of federal funding for stem cell research. In the United States, the vast majority of medical research of all types that eventually lead to cures for disease are funded by the federal government. The federal ban on stem cell research does not completely prohibit it, but the effect is nearly the same, just as it would be if the federal government withdrew funding for cancer or diabetes research.

The main opposition to stem cell research comes from the Religious Right who believe that any form of research using fetal stem cells is wrong, because according to their religious views, every fertilized human egg should be considered as much a human being as any living person, even a microscopic zygote consisting of nothing more than four cells of human tissue. Certainly, the concept of religious freedom…...

Hydroxyurea
Segal, J.B., et al., (2008), Hydroxyurea for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease,

Baltimore, MD: AHRQ

Variables/Key Concepts

To determine efficacy, effectiveness, harms, and barriers of the use of hydroxyurea treatment of sickle cell disease for determining solutions and further research need.

Sampling

Research studies based on variables.

Conducted by experts in sickle cell disease management, clinical trial methodology, systematic review, epidemiological studies, and ethics and adherence research.

Instruments/Data Collection

Instruments were quality assessment, data extraction, and evidence grading. Literature inclusion tailored toward research questions. Studies on children and adults evaluated separately. Included randomized trials, non-randomized trials, cohort studies with control groups, and pre/post studies. Evaluations of data was based on variable-based research questions.

Results

Hydroxyurea lowered the rate of hospitizations among children with sickle cell disease and raised HbF cell percentages.

Strengths/Limitations

Limited evidence for toxicity, barriers, and guide dosing. Insufficient evidence for efficacy and safety.

Critique

Even with the use of experts, there was no appropriate design method mentioned. Identifies research…...

I. Introduction
A. Definition of gene editing and its potential applications in medicine
B. Ethical considerations and potential risks

II. Techniques for Gene Editing
A. CRISPR-Cas9 system
B. Other gene editing technologies (e.g., TALENs, ZFNs)
C. Comparison of different techniques

III. Applications of Gene Editing in Medicine
A. Treatment of genetic diseases (e.g., sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis)
B. Cancer therapy (e.g., CAR T-cell therapy)
C. Regenerative medicine (e.g., tissue engineering, organ transplantation)

IV. Ethical and Societal Implications of Gene Editing
A. Off-target effects and unintended consequences
B. Long-term health risks and the need for monitoring
C. Concerns about genetic enhancement and the....