Sensory Perceptions
Three easons for Believing in the Accuracy or Inaccuracy of Sensory Information

Sensory perception can be defined as the process of receipt of stimuli and then their organization and interpretation by using the five senses for making the meaning of one's surrounding environment. In other words, it is the process by which a person acquires an understanding of his/her environment (Kemp, Hollywood & Hort 2009). Thus, by employing sensory perceptions, every living thing understands its immediate surrounding through sensory information analysis for survival.

The first reason to believe in the accuracy of sensory information is that when a hot object is touched, the sense of feeling sends instant messages to the brain due to which the body part that touches the object gets removed and is saved from getting burned. The second reason to trust the accuracy of the sensory information is that the sense of smell helps in knowing the…...

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References

Deck. (1998, November 11). Perception.PSY1200 C&F. Retrieved January 19, 2013, from http://courseweb.edteched.uottawa.ca/psy1200cf/Lecture_Topic/Perceptive.htm

Kemp, S., Hollywood, T., & Hort, J. (2009). Sensory Evaluation. USA: John Willey and Sons. Print.

Sensory Perceptions" Can trust senses interpretation sensory data give accurate view
Sensory data is a valuable means of obtaining knowledge and information about one's surroundings. However, sensory data is extremely prone to bias due to an assortment of different factors. These factors include the unreliability of memory, the degree to which senses can be influenced by other cognitive and emotional responses, and the fact that sense are essentially subjective, and not objective in nature. Furthermore, the way that people are nurtured drastically affects their opinions of their surroundings, and "colors" the way those opinions receive sensory data and how people interpret them.

Sensory data is prone to inaccuracy due to the very nature of these senses. Essentially, the five human senses (that of sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing) record impressions of data that may very well be fleeting (Berger, 1990, p. 9). Sensory data is generally accurate at the time…...

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References

Berger, J. (1990). Ways of Seeing. New York: Penguin.

Fradella, H.F. (2006). "Why judges should admit expert testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness testimony." Federal Courts Law Review. Retrieved from  http://fclr.org/fclr/articles/html/2006/fedctslrev3.pdf 

Steup, M. (2012). "Epistemology." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from  http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/epistemology

Sensation and Perception
The issue of being able to trust one's senses has been the topic of many philosophical debates and whole books have been written on this debate. There are convincing arguments made for both sides of the issue. Nonetheless, anyone who ambulates, operates a motor vehicle, eats, interacts with others, etc. trusts the information that their senses give them (Christian, 2011). Sensory information is the result of physical stimuli collected by sense organs and transferred and processed in the brain, whereas perception is the interpretation of these stimuli that occurs at the higher levels of the brain (Hatfield, 2013). Sensory information in the absence of frank brain damage is an actual reflection of the physical stimulation that is delivered to the various processing areas of the brain (Hatfield, 2013). One's perception of the world is open to subjective interpretation (Hatfield, 2013). The big question regarding whether one can trust…...

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References

Christian, J.L. (2011). Philosophy: An introduction to the art of wondering (11th ed.). New

York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Hatfield R.C. (2013). The everything guide to the human brain. Avon, MA: Adams Publishing.

Heider, F. & Simmel, M. (1944). An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology, 57, 243-249.

Fallibility of eliance Upon Sensory Data
Accounting

Author's institution affiliation

The Necessity & Fallibility of eliance upon Sensory Data

Without sensory data, most humans would likely die after very short lives. Sensory data on a very basic level allows beings to navigate and interact with their environments and world. Without sensory information, the simplest tasks could not be accomplished and it would be exceptionally difficult to maintain general safety. Without sensory data, society would not be able to exist as such. How could any tasks be executed? How would anyone know which tasks needed to be executed? How would people calculate their priorities?

While sensory data is quite necessary for people to see, touch, smell, hear, and feel, reliance upon sensory data alone can also be dangerous as there are often a multitude of factors that contribute to a circumstance, event, or occurrence, that many people, including the participants and those otherwise directly or…...

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References:

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2011) The Problem of Perception. Available from   2012 May 04.http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-problem/ .

Firth, R. (1950) The Sense-Datum Theory. Excerpts from Sense Data and the Precept Theory. Available from   2012 May 05.http://www.ditext.com/firth/spt2.html .

Properties of Sensory Perception
Within the realm of Gestalt theory, the concept of attention is differentiated from that of perception. Attention is the cognitive ability of the human brain to simultaneously focus on a variety of subjects, while continually adjusting the intensity of that focus in response to external factors. A total of four techniques have been identified by Gestalt theory to exert an impact on one's attention: intensity, novelty, incongruity, emotion. In the example above, the speaker could utilize the intensity technique to keep my attention by intermittently punctuating his or her speech with loud exclamations or the clapping of hands. The novelty technique could be invoked when the speaker uses clever and unique turns of phrase, or through the originality of their message. Gestalt's incongruity technique might be employed to keep my attention when the speaker presents stark contrasts in terms or comparisons between differing issues. Finally, the emotion…...

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Bibliography

Schulz, M.F. & Sanocki, T. (2003). Time course of perceptual grouping by color. Psychological Science, 14 (1), 26-30

Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

ESP
The term ESP (Extra Sensory Perception) was coined by J.B. hine in the 1920s (Blackmore, 2001). hine investigated paranormal phenomena while at Duke University. ESP refers to a number of psychic abilities such as telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance (remote viewing), or clairaudience (hearing voices or thoughts psychically). One of the more popular methods to demonstrate that someone has ESP called the Ganzfeld procedure (Bem & Honorton, 1994; Blackmore, 2001).

In the Ganzfeld method one person is a "sender" and another is a "receiver." The sender views randomly chosen pictures or images while the receiver sits a soundproof chamber with their eyes covered, wearing headphones that play continuous white noise, and with a red light shinning in the room. The sender concentrates on the image and the receiver attempts to connect to this image mentally. When ready, the receiver removes the eye covers and picks the image the sender relayed to him from…...

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References

Bem, D., & Honorton, C. (1994). Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 4-18.

Blackmore, S. (2001). What can the paranormal teach us about consciousness? Skeptical Inquirer, 25, 22-27.

Gilovich, T. (1991). How we know what isn't so: The fallibility of human reason in everyday life. New York: The Free Press.

Milton, J. & Wiseman, R. (1999). Does psi exist? Lack of replication of an anomalous process of information transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 387-391.

There was an increase in the number of respondents from 58% in earlier studies, implying increased acceptance of the possibility that ESP existed or was real (Schmeidler).
2005 Gallup poll said that 41% of Americans believed in ESP (Carroll 2006). This represented a decrease from surveys in the last decade at 50%. ESP and other paranormal capabilities, such as telekinesis, have been rejected or disputed. However, systematic research on these phenomena has been going on for more than a century in the field of parapsychology. These phenomena have been collectively known as psi. to-date, most of the evidence presented for ESP has been anecdotal. Skeptics have rejected it as fraud or incompetence by parapsychologists, trickery by mentalists, cold reading, subjective validation, selective thinking and confirmation bias, poor comprehension of probabilities, shoe-horning, retrospective clairvoyance and falsification, gullibility, self-deception and wishful thinking. Most of it drew from apparently unusual and obscure events.…...

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Bibliography

Carroll, Robert Todd ESP. The Skeptics Dictionary. 2000 First Web Report. Retrieved on April 17, 2008 at  http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange 

Mishlove, Jeffrey. Extrasensory Perception. Roots of Consciousness, 2003. Retrieved on April 17, 2008 at  http://www.williamjames.com/Science/ESP.htm 

Ridgway, Caroline. Mind Over Science. Biology 202. Serendip Update: Brynmawr

College, 2008

The results of this study found that some negative bias towards a patient's socioeconomic standing -- particularly from less-experienced dental students -- can result in "differential treatment" (e.g., less attentive care) (Carson, 675). But by "heightening awareness" of potential biases (that are based on accent or perceived lower socioeconomic status, or on racism) among dental students, through educational initiatives, stereotyping and bias can be reduced if not eliminated (Carson, 678). Another suggestion (Carson, 678-79) in terms of ensuring the quality of treatment is to "inhibit social categorical thinking." This would require not treating the patient as "unique" but rather as a "collections of symptoms."
orks Cited

Carson, Lloyd, Drummond, John, and Newton, James. (2004). Social Perception in the Clinical

Dental Encounter: The Matched-Guise Technique Re-Visited. Psychology and Health, 19(5),

667-683.

Gabbard, Carl, Cacola, Priscila, and Cordova, Alberto. (2009). Is Perceived Motor Competence

A Constraint in Children's Action Planning? The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170(2),

151-158.

Noland, Heather,…...

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Works Cited

Carson, Lloyd, Drummond, John, and Newton, James. (2004). Social Perception in the Clinical

Dental Encounter: The Matched-Guise Technique Re-Visited. Psychology and Health, 19(5),

667-683.

Gabbard, Carl, Cacola, Priscila, and Cordova, Alberto. (2009). Is Perceived Motor Competence

If we were to lose our perception of depth, we might indeed fall off of the cliff: even if we could sense the change of color we might mistakenly believe that the ground and the depths below were on the same plane. Auditory illusions have similar effects and can cause people to distort reality. One of the most notable examples of auditory illusions causing a distortion of reality is the ventriloquist who "throws" his or her voice.
Attention and concentration are also essential aspects of sensation and perception. Human beings are usually bombarded by a barrage of sensory data and must consciously or unconsciously filter out extraneous information. Although our senses are exposed to a multitude of material, much of the sensory data remains outside of our conscious awareness. For example, we tune out conversations in a crowded restaurant in order to listen to our dining partner, or we tune…...

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Works Cited

Bach, Michael (2005). "55 Optical Illusions & Visual Phenomena." Online at  http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/ .

In the same way, if one were to intentionally color the inside of a piece of apple a dark brown color, a color that is generally associated with rotten apples, then one would not taste it. In essence, this means that at times, one sense would effectively overwhelm the others, so that eventually, this sense would overtake the others. (Fields, 2004)
In this particular case of the brown apple, the sight of the brown color in the apple would overwhelm the other senses of smell and taste, until such time that one would feel tempted to throw the apple away rather than take a risk and taste it. This means that the sense of sight can prove invaluable to a person as far as tasting the food is concerned; it is the sense of sight that one may rely on to warn us that the food has gone bad, or…...

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References

Aitkin, Thomas Johnstone. (1838) "Elements of physiology"

Scott, Webster and Geary.

Brillat-Savarin, Jean; Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme. (2002) "The Physiology of taste"

Courier Dover Publications.

Sensory Indoor/Outdoor Environment
Plan for Outdoor Play Environment -- Age 5-8

ousseau and Pestalozzi, encouraged by the former, were predecessor theorists on outdoor play by familiarizing and sustaining the original idea as stated by which nature and the natural environment had a definite and positive role in the education of children (Evans, 2006). The primary plan is to enhance the performance of the Federal employee by offering the opportunity for quality Plan for Outdoor Play Environment -- Age 5-8-owned or controlled space. The center design must meet the needs of children, teachers, administrators, and parents according to the Australian Early Years Learning Framework by the following:

Supporting the staff's care of children by creating environments that allow them to focus their efforts on the care and nurture of children.

Will promote an environment with active play.

Will endorse an environment that involves collaboration.

Producing an environment that comfortably provide accommodations the needs of well qualified staff…...

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References

Barrows, A. (2005). "The Ecopsychology of Child Development." San Francisco,: Sierra Club Books.

Day, C. a. (2007). . Environment and Children. Oxford:: Architectural Press.

Dudek, M. e. (2005.). Children's Spaces. Oxford:: Architectural Press, .

Evans, G. (2006). Child Development and the Physical Environment. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 423-451.

Perceptions and Expectations:
Analyzing The Concert Experience In A Live

versus televised format

Perceptions and Expectations: Analyzing the Concert Experience in a Live vs. Televised Format

In experiencing a real-life situation in the flesh rather than in viewing its projection through a medium such as television, one's experience differs significantly. The expectations one brings to a live performance vs. The expectations one brings to the viewing of that same performance on television are radically different, as experiencing the performance in the flesh brings with it an entirely different experience that one expects to achieve upon deciding to attend. This type of expectation can be seen in viewing the example of attending a rock concert vs. watching the same concert on television. In looking at the two situations in comparison to one another, it can be seen that several factors come into play to distinguish the two from one another most significantly. These factors include:…...

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References

Balzer, W. (2004) Boredom: Practical Consequences and a Theory. Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. 49(1): 289-294.

Barzilai-Nahon, K. (2009) Gatekeeping: A Critical Review. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. 43(1): 433-478.

Eilders, C. (2002) Conflict and Consonance in Media Opinion. European Journal of Communication. 17(1): 25-63.

Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York, NY: Harper and Row. Available at:   / publications/frameanalysis/.http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/methods 

Capgras syndrome is one disorder in which the individual cannot recognize familiar faces. The author relays several stories in which the male of the species rediscovers sexual appetites when new stimuli are introduced. Yet the author seems to have forgotten that the theory would only hold true for the human brain if it applied to more than fifty percent of the population.
amachandran's (2011) dismissal of the female brain is only one of several oversights in what is otherwise an enjoyable read. For example, Gottlieb (2011) points out that amachandran draws too many conclusions related to the peekaboo syndrome. Just as amachandran (2011) reveals a male bias with regards to Chapter 2 and information on seeing, knowing, and Capgras syndrome, the author also refers to research using male subjects who prefer partially clothed to topless women. Without including studies of female subjects, it is impossible to prove any theory of…...

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References

Bures, F. (2010). MIND Reviews: The Tell-Tale Brain. Scientific American. 24 Dec 2010. Retrieved online:  http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mind-reviews-the-tell-tale-brain 

Gottlieb, a. (2011). A Lion in the Undergrowth. New York Times. 28 Jan 2011. Retrieved online:  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/books/review/Gottlieb-t.html 

Ramachandran, V.S. (2011). The Tell-Tale Brain. W.W. Norton.

Shakespeare, N. (2011). The Tell-Tale Brain: Unlocking the Mystery of Human Nature by vs Ramachandran: review

Taste and Smell
Age elated Changes in Perception of Flavor and Aroma

It has been posited that the perception of flavor and aroma are derived from the senses of chemical irritation, taste and smell (awson, 2003).

Together, these senses constitute what has been termed chemosensation, although these sensory systems are purportedly considerably variant in their physiology and anatomy. Nevertheless, they do have the ability to regenerate, and their noted susceptibility to aging and age associated diseases has been noted (awson, 2003). It has been reported that nearly one third of all older individuals report dissatisfaction with their sense of smell and taste, and the actual occurrence of sensory loss amongst the elderly is maintained to be even higher (Pelchat, 2001). Furthermore, it has been asserted that age related sensory loss affects both personal safety and quality of life (awson, 2003). Moreover, the impact of the loss on the elderly's physical well being and…...

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References

Chodosh, S., et al. (1998). Efficacy and safety of a ten day course of 400 or 600

milligrams of grepafloxacin once daily for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: comparison with a ten day course of 500 milligrams of Ciprofloxacin twice daily. Antimicrobial Agents in Chemotherapy, 42(1), 114-120.

Mathey, M., et al. (2001). Flavor enhancement of food improves dietary intake and nutritional status of elderly nursing home residents. Journals of Gerontology: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(4), 200-205.

McConnell, R., et al. (1975). Defects of taste and smell in patients with hypothyroidism.

Through the use of better marketing strategies and advertisements that are appealing to the customer, the executives use stimuli to grab the attention of the customer ("Consumers Behavior," n.d.). In most cases, such kinds of efforts by the executives are usually vividly clear and identified by the customers. Furthermore, executives can make better marketing and advertising decisions by understanding that customers are sometimes influenced by indiscernible stimuli which is also known as subliminal message. This is regardless of the fact that a customer only pays attention to few of the stimuli that he/she comes into contact with and usually interprets the messages he/she can recall.

Secondly, perception is important to executives in making better marketing and advertising decisions since it helps in devising marketing strategies. Executives make better marketing and advertising decisions by the use of a perceptual map which helps them to identify the characteristics that customers associate with a…...

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References:

Babitski, I.V. (n.d.), What Is Perception?, Articleweekly.com, viewed 12 December 2010,

Consumerpsychologist.com (n.d.), Consumer Behavior: Perception, Consumerpsychologist.com, viewed 12 December 2010,

Icmrindia.org (n.d.), Consumer Behavior: Chapter 5, Icmrindia.org, viewed 12 December 2010,

Descartes uses the example of the piece of wax in his fourth meditation to demonstrate the nature of material objects and sensory perception by showing that our sensory perceptions of objects can be deceiving.

He starts by describing the physical properties of the wax - its color, shape, size, texture, and smell. However, when he brings the wax closer to the fire, all of these physical properties change. The wax melts, losing its color, shape, size, texture, and smell.

Despite these changes, Descartes argues that we are still able to perceive the wax as the same object. This shows that....

Descartes' Examination of the Piece of Wax

In his fourth meditation, Descartes employs the example of a piece of wax to illustrate the distinction between the essential nature of material objects and the sensory perceptions we derive from them. By subjecting the wax to different sensory experiences and observing the changes it undergoes, Descartes demonstrates that our senses often provide unreliable and incomplete information.

The Initial Perception of the Wax

Descartes begins by holding a piece of wax in his hands and observing its various sensible qualities. He notes its shape, color, size, and texture. These qualities are immediately apparent to his senses,....

Neuroplasticity for Stroke Recovery
Stroke, a sudden loss of brain function due to interrupted blood flow, severely impacts both motor and cognitive abilities. Fortunately, the brain possesses a remarkable capacity called neuroplasticity, which enables it to reorganize and compensate for lost function after a stroke.
Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity involves several processes that contribute to recovery:
Neurogenesis: Generation of new neurons in certain brain regions, fostering neural regeneration.
Synaptic Reorganization: Strengthening or creating new connections between existing neurons, facilitating alternative pathways for information processing.
Unmasking: Reactivation of dormant neural pathways, which were previously inactive or overshadowed by damaged areas.
Sprouting: Extension of axonal....

Connecting and Harmonizing with the Natural World

A profound connection with the natural world transcends mere observation and interaction; it embodies a deep alignment with its rhythms, cycles, and interconnectedness. This harmonious relationship fosters a sense of unity, reverence, and responsibility towards the environment.

Cultivating Awareness and Presence

Connecting with nature begins with cultivating awareness of its presence. It requires stepping away from the distractions of modern life and intentionally engaging with the world around us. Through walks in the forest, observing the stars, or listening to the wind, we can heighten our sensory perception and appreciate the intricate beauty of the natural....