" (How is it diagnosed?)
The second theory that has support among medical practitioners is that "...postnatal external pressures are exerted on the spine after birth, perhaps due to an infant being positioned on his/her back for extended periods of time in the crib." (How is it diagnosed?) This theory is supported by the high incidence of this condition in Europe where there is a tradition of carrying infants on the back.

Another view of the cause of this condition that is attracting attention is that scoliosis is largely genetically determined. This is supported by the view that this condition tends to occur within certain families; which suggests the possibility of a genetic component. This view is also supported by research that suggests that the gene that leads to scoliosis has been discovered. A recent report states that a defect in a certain gene known as CHD7 can lead to, "...C- and…...

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References

How is it diagnosed? Retrieved October 11, at  http://www.childrensorthopaedics.com/sksd.html 

King E. And Sarwark J. A Look at Scoliosis. Retrieved October 11, at http://www.childsdoc.org/spring2002/lookscoliosis.asp

Scientists identify first gene linked to scoliosis." Retrieved October 11, at http://medicineworld.org/news/news-archives/rheumatology-news/Nov-15-2007.html

Scoliosis. Retrieved October 11, at  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001241.htm

The parents should also be informed about relevant data related to the risk factors involved with the diagnosis of scoliosis.
Second, the patient should be monitored over the next year. If the scoliosis shows no sign of improving or has worsened, then treatment interventions may be warranted. The most effective treatment intervention for adolescent scoliosis is bracing. "Bracing appears to prevent about 20% to 40% of appropriately braced curves from progressing 6° or more," (sher & Burton, 2006). Using a brace will prevent the scoliosis from worsening, which could entail more dangerous interventions like surgery.

Utilization of the Nursing Process

Consultation with the patient and family ensures that treatment proceeds in an honest and ethical manner. The family should be aware of treatment interventions that do not work and which could also be harmful, such as "chiropractic care, biofeedback and electric stimulation, "(Reamy & Slakey, 2001). Working with the patient as a…...

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Asher, M.A. & Burton, D.C. (2006). Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: natural history and long-term treatment effects. Scoliosis 2006, 1:2

Reamy, B.V. & Slakey, J.B. (2001). Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Review and Current Concepts. American Family Physician 64(1): 111-117.

Zieve, D. (2011). Scoliosis. PubMed: United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved online:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002221/

Understanding Scoliosis: A Common Spinal Condition
Introduction

Scoliosis is a common spinal condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. This condition can affect individuals of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed during adolescence when the spine is rapidly growing. The curvature of the spine in individuals with scoliosis can appear as an "S" or "C" shape when viewed from the back.

While the exact cause of scoliosis is unknown, it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some cases of scoliosis may be linked to underlying medical conditions such as muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy, but in the majority of cases, the cause is unknown.

The symptoms of scoliosis can vary depending on the severity of the curvature. Mild cases may not cause any noticeable symptoms, while more severe cases can lead to back pain, uneven shoulder or hip levels, and difficulty breathing. Early detection…...

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References

1. \"Scoliosis.\" American Association of Neurological Surgeons,  

2. \"Scoliosis.\" Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 22 Mar. 2018,  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scoliosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350716 .

3. \"Signs and Symptoms of Scoliosis.\" Scoliosis Research Society,  http://www.srs.org/ patients-and-families/common-questions-and-glossary/frequently-asked-questions/signs-and-symptoms-of-scoliosis.

4. \"Diagnosing Scoliosis.\" OrthoInfo - AAOS, June 2015,  http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scoliosis/diagnosis .

5. \"Understanding Scoliosis.\" Spine-Health, 29 June 2017,  http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/scoliosis/understanding-scoliosis .

6. \"Risk Factors for Scoliosis.\" Scoliosis Research Society, http://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Scoliosis .

Scoliosis Overview
Scoliosis is a medical condition that refers to an abnormal curvature of the spine. This condition can affect individuals of any age, though it most commonly occurs during the growth spurt just before puberty. Scoliosis can manifest in various forms and severities, ranging from mild to severe cases that can be debilitating (Negrini et al., 2018).

Types of Scoliosis

The spine typically has natural curves when viewed from the side, but when it is viewed from the front or back, it should appear straight. In scoliosis, the spine curves to the side in a "C" or "S" shape. The degree of curvature can be measured by the Cobb angle, which is determined via standing X-rays. A curve is defined as scoliosis when the Cobb angle is at least 10 degrees (Weinstein, Dolan, & Wright, 2013).

There are several types of scoliosis, categorized based on their causes.…...

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References

Negrini, S., Aulisa, A. G., Aulisa, L., Circo, A. B., de Mauroy, J. C., Durmala, J., ... & Grivas, T. B. (2018). 2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth. Scoliosis and spinal disorders, 13(1), 1-19.

Weinstein, S. L., Dolan, L. A., & Wright, J. G. (2013). Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(16), 1512-1521.

Gorman, K. F., Julien, C., Moreau, A., Cullup, T., Boriani, S., Hurtig, M., ... & Giampietro, P. F. (2012). The ciliary proteome database: an integrated community resource for the genetic and functional dissection of cilia. Nature genetics, 44(9), 962-969.

Kuru, T., Yeldan, ?., Dereli, E. E., Özdinçler, A. R., Dikici, F., Çolak, ?., & Duruöz, M. T. (2016). The efficacy of three-dimensional Schroth exercises in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A randomised controlled clinical trial. Clinical rehabilitation, 30(2), 181-190.

disease (coliosis ) (name, location, pathophysiology)
coliosis is actually a derivative of the ancient Greek term skoliosis "obliquity, bending" (Online Etymology Dictionary)

coliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine looking somewhat like the letter C. Or . And affects approximately 7 million people in the United tates (coliosis Research ociety website). It is most common during childhood and particularly in girls.

coliosis is called different names depending on the stage of development that it hits.

In children aged 3-4, it is called infantile scoliosis

In children age 4-10, it is called juvenile scoliosis.

In adolescents (or kids age 11 -- 18) naturally it is called adolescent scoliosis.

coliosis most affects females and the curving generally increases during the growth spurt. It is most similar to Kyphoscoliosis which is another abnormal curvature of the spine but Kyphoscoliosis or Kyphosis (for short) is distinct form scoliosis in that its representation is a hunched over, slouched posture that,…...

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Sources

Agabegi, ED &; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins p. 90

Hedequist DJ. Surgical treatment of congenital scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 2007;38:497-509, vi.

JAMA. Health and Function of Patients With Untreated Idiopathic Scoliosis

 http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/289/5/559.full?sid=330aa7fa-2478-4cb8-962b-5ca35fd42fef

However, recently, anesthesiologists have suggest a low to mid thoracic epidural combined with adequate general anesthesia. This anesthetic technique will allow for adequate inter-operative monitoring. After the operation, the anesthesiologist must continue to monitor the patient for either hypertension, hypotension and hypoglycemia. The presence of either of these conditions may alter the course of the medication given to the patient once the patient is removed from the anesthesia.
Respiratory System

Neurofibroma can cause systemic problems within the various components of the Respiratory System. As has already been presented, Neurofibromas can cause partial blockages within upper parts of the trachea. However, Neurofibromas can also pose challenges or the anesthesiologist when dealing with nasal, sinus or maxilofacial cavities with Neurofibromas present within. One example of how devastatingly complex the Neurofibroma can become is seen when a benign neurofibroma can cause a superior vena cava compression. Such was the case of a 21-year-old female…...

In the third trimester of pregnancy, caution must be taken concerning congestive heart failure, hypertension and decreased renal and hepatic function, interstitial nephritis, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and renal papillary necrosis, anticoagulation abnormalities, leucopenia, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. The use of Celecoxib is aimed primarily at suppressing pain and inflammatory stimuli, but it may contribute to NSAID gastrointestinal toxicity. The lowest possible dose of celecoxib should be prescribed and taken. On the whole, NSAIDs can mask the usual signs of infection, therefore, caution must be taken in the presence of existing controlled infection. The physician should investigate symptoms and signs, which suggest liver dysfunction or abnormal liver lab results.
On September 30, 2004, Merck and Company voluntarily withdrew rofecoxib from the American and world markets because of its association with an increase in cardiovascular incidence (Keldaya 2005). A major Food and Drug Administration study linked the medication to a three-fold rise in the…...

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Bibliography

Avicena. (2005). Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome. Disease Targets. Avicena Group. http://www.avidenagroup.com/disease_targets/neuromuscular/cmt_php?print=on

Kedlaya, D. (2005). Charcot-Marie=Tooth Syndrome. eMedicine.com, Inc. http://www.emedicine.com/arthoped/topic43.ht

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2005). Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome. Genes and Diseases. U.S. National Library of Medicine.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv_fcgi?call=bv.view.ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.197 

National Human Genome Researc Institute. (2004). Learning About Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. National Institutes of Health.  http://www.genome.gov/11009201

This became more so with the advancement of molecular iology Tests. Subsequently a group of clinicians met in Ghent elgium and came up with the current diagnostic criteria known as the Ghent Nosology. (De Paepe et al. 1996) Similar to the erlin Nosology the Ghent criteria was based on clinical findings in the various organ systems as well as the nature of family history and relationships, a major criteria was classified as which has a high diagnostic specificity because it was less frequent in other conditions and in the general population. A point of divergence from the erlin Nosology was the conversion of minor criteria in the skeletal system into major criteria. For one to be diagnosed with Marfan's the patient must have a first degree relative diagnosed with the disease in addition two systems must be involved with one having a major sign. In the absence of a…...

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Bibliography

Beighton, P., de Paepe, a., Danks, D., Finidori, G., Gedde-Dahl, T., Goodman, R., Hall, J.G., Hollister, D.W., Horton, W., McKusick, V.A., Opitz, J.M., Pope, F.M., Pyeritz, R.E., Rimoin, D.L., Sillence, D., Spranger, J.W., Thompson, E., Tsipouras, P., Viljoen, D., Winship, I., Young, I (1988). International nosology of heritable disorders of connective tissue. Am. J. Med. Genet. 29: 581-594,

Borger F (1914): Uber zwei Falle von Arachnodaktylie. Zschr Kinderheilk 12: 161 -1-84.

Baer RW, Taussig HB, Oppenheimer EH (1943): Congenital aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta associated with arachnodactyly. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 72:309-33 1.

De Paepe, a., Devereux, R.B., Dietz, H.C., Hennekam, R.C.M., Pyeritz, R.E.( 1996) Revised diagnostic criteria for the Marfan syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. 62: 417-426

defects that can affect the vertebral column, some clinically serious, others that can be corrected by surgery and still others that denigrates the affected individual's lifestyle to a high degree. Such deformities and maladies as spina bifada, scoliosis and chordoma can all be debilitating on the individual. Due to the complexity of the vertebral column, it is often difficult to diagnosis and treat many of the afflictions that present in many patents. One recent study determined that "due to the sporadic occurrence of congenital vertebral malformations, traditional linkage approaches to identify genes associated with human vertebral development are not possible" (Giampietro, Raggio, Reynolds, Shukla, McPherson, Ghebranious, Jacobsen, Kumar, Faciszeski, Pauli, Rasmussen, Burmester, Zaleski, Merchant, David, eber, Glurich, Blank, 2005, p. 448). Of course, that particular study was conducted almost a decade ago and great strides have been made since that time, but it is still a very difficult maneuver…...

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Works Cited

Giampietro, P.F.; Raggio, C.L.; Reynolds, C.E.; Shukla, S.K.; McPherson, E.; Ghebranious, N.; Jacobsen, F.S.; Kumar, V.; Faciszewski, T.; Pauli, R.M.; Rasmussen, K.; Burmester, J.K.; Zaleski, C.; Merchant, S.; David, D.; Weber, J.L.; Glurich, I.; Blank, R.D.; (2005) An analysis of PAX1 in the development of vertebral malformations, Clinical Genetics, Vol. 68, Issue 5, pp. 448-453

Rosti, R.O.; (2013) Of mice, men, and King Tut: autosomal recessive Klippel-Feil syndrome is caused by mutations in MEOX1, Clinical Genetics, Vol. 84, Issue 1, pp. 19 -- 19

Calcium is needed in blood clotting, stability and permeability of the membrane, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, cellular secretion, enzyme activity, and cell growth. Magnesium is needed for the metabolism of potassium and calcium and for the mobilization of calcium from bones. Phosphorus plays and important role in the development and maturation of the bone. Its chief role in bone resorption, mineralization and collagen synthesis makes it essential in calcium homeostasis (Michael's).
Diseases and disorders of the skeletal system include leukemia, bursitis, osteoporosis, sprains, fractures, spina bifida, scurvy, arthritis, scoliosis, talipes equinovarus or clubfoot, tendonitis, kyphosis and poliomyelitis (Family Shock 2001). Leukemia is also called cancer of the blood where abnormally large numbers of white blood cells multiply at an uncontrolled manner so that they interfere with the body's production of red blood cells. The cause is still unknown. ursitis is a painful condition, which most commonly affects the hips and…...

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Bibliography

Discovery Kids. Skeletal system. Discovery Communications, Inc., 2000. Retrieved May 30, 2007 at  http://yucky.discovery.com/flash/body/pg000124.html 

Family Shock. Diseases and Disorders. The Shock Family, December 21, 2001. Retrieved May 30, 2007 at http://www.shockfamily.net/sksleton/DISEASE.htmL

Michael's. Skeleton Factors. Michael's Naturapathic Programs: Inner Health Group, Inc., 1996 Retrieved on May 30, 2007 at http://www.michaelshealth.com/pdf/skeletalfactors.pdf

ThinkQuest. Skeletal System. Think Quest USA: Oracle Education Foundation, 1999. Retrieved on May 30, 2007 at http://library.thinkquest.org/5777/sked.htm

Discovery
This neurological disorder or disease discovered and first described in 1966 by an Austrian physician, Dr. Andreas Rett

A paper published on the disorder in an English medical journal in 1983 by Dr. engst Hagberg and associates. Global awareness established and thengrew. First diagnoses of unidentified cases made.

Disorder initially observed to affect only girls of different races worldwide

Detailed Cause/s

Mutations in an X chromosome gene called MeCP2.

First discovered at the laboratory by Dr. Huda Zoghbi, a neurogeneticist, in October 1999

Primarily affects girls but recently found to affect boys as well

Condition between 6 to 18 months and progresses in stages

A developmental, not a genetic or nutritional, disorder

Affects 1 in 10,000 to 23,000 females worldwide

Apparently normal pregnancy and delivery for the mother and normal development of voluntary movements to the affected person

Symptoms

Deceleration of head growth between 6 and 18 months

Unexplained loss of normally acquired and appropriate hand skills at 5 to 30 months

Disappearance of…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baker, O (1999). Faculty Control Gene Underlines Retardation (Rett Syndrome).

Science News, Science Service, Inc.

Gene Today ... Gone Tomorrow (October 1999). Nature Genetics

Lewis, Jackie and Debbie Wilson (1998). Pathways to Learning in Rett Syndrome.

The most frequent symptom is difficulty in walking or gait ataxia (Unicorn Self-Help Committee 2000), which spreads slowly to the arms and the trunk. Foot deformities, such as clubfoot, flexion of the toes or foot inversion are other early signs. In time, muscles weaken and waste, especially the muscles in the feet, lower legs and hands and, at this time, deformities s begin to show. Other symptoms are the loss of tendon reflexes especially in the knees and ankles, the gradual disappearance of sensation in the extremities, dysarthria or slowness of speech or slurring, easy fatigue, rapid and involuntary movements of the eyes, scoliosis, chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, heart enlargement, myocardial fibrosis, tachycardia, heart block and heart failure. Studies showed that about 20% of FA patients also develop carbohydrate intolerance and 10%, of diabetes mellitus, while others lose their hearing or eyesight.

In most cases, the patient gets strapped…...

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Bibliography

Adler, Tina. Single Gene Causes Ataxia, Cancer Risk - Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Gene Causes Fetal Disorder or Increased Risk of Cancer. Science News: Science Service, Inc., 1995.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n25_v147/ai_7142442 

Barrett, Julia. Ataxia-Telangiectasia. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Gale Research, 1999.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2601/ai_2601000157 

Bird, Thomas D. Hereditary Ataxia Overview. Gene Reviews: National Human Genome Research Institute, 2005. http://www.geneclinics.org/profiles/ataxia/details.html

Robinson, Richard. Friedreich's Ataxia. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Gale Research, 1999.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0005/ai_2601000562

More times than not, a patient will argue that he did not understand what the physician stated to him; even amidst documented proof the medical professional and the patient did engage in an informed conversation. "The fact that a meeting took place does not necessarily mean that there was a meeting of the minds" (Informed consent…, 2010, ¶ 5). This issue leads some health care providers to assert that informed consent forms possess little value, particularly when a legal battle ensues and the professional cannot prove the patient did, in fact, understand the informed consent process.
Currently, lawyers routinely challenge informed consent forms in courtrooms throughout the United States (U.S.). "The model consent forms incorporate substantial details of anesthesia techniques, risks and other elements of 'informed consent', so that a strong presumption is established on its face" (Informed consent…, 2010, ¶ 7). During the informed consent process, to help inoculate…...

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REFERENCES

Anaesth, B.J. (2009). Perioperative visual loss: What do we know, what can we do? Department

of Anesthesia and Critical Care. University of Chicago. Retrieved January 25, 2010 from  http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/103/suppl_1/i31 

Booth, B. (2008). Informed consent at the heart of New York lawsuit. Retrieved January 26,

2010 from  http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2008/03/10/prca0310.htm

The success was remarkable, according to the researchers: Even muscles that had already lost half of its mass, recovered visible. (Leppanen et al. p5549-65) At the same time, the mice survived for several weeks longer than their untreated counterparts and also developed a healthy appetite again. (Mantovani, p296) The new study is therefore interesting in two respects: First, it demonstrates that the muscle loss at least in animal models in fact, affects the chances of survival, and secondly, it shows a way, may be how to prevent this degradation, and even reversed. (Bruera et al. p857)

Muscle atrophy

Muscle atrophy is a medical term that refers to the decrease in the size of skeletal muscle, losing muscle strength because of the strength of muscle is related to its mass. (Burnfoot, p323-34)

All changes in cell morphological character may affect isolated cells or groups of them, therefore the modification of a whole tissue. (Bhattacharyya…...

controversy persists concerning the use of medicinal marijuana for patients with debilitating and/or terminal diseases such as HIV / AIDS, cancer, Crohn's, etc. According to the Associated ress, states such as California, Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington (state) are all in favor of medicinal marijuana, although the federal government retains ultimate power to enforce federal laws concerning marijuana, its growth, and the use thereof. Many state political authorities argue that the federal government should not have the power to "bust" marijuana users who grow the drug, if the user(s) is/are prescribed the drug by his/her doctor. As only one-fifth of the states of the United States have voiced an opinion on the issue, the states that have, offer many seemingly legitimate reasons why the issue should be left in the hands of each individual state, while the federal government argues that it should maintain…...

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Possibly the most controversial topic on the issue is the issue's structure or form; should marijuana be "grown" and smoked by patients or should it be provided by doctors in "pill" form to be ingested by those with debilitating and/or terminal illnesses? States like California say that the growing of "pot" in or around a patient's home, in small to moderate amounts, by the patient prescribed, should be allowed, while the federal government says that in order to control the drug, medicinal marijuana, if legalized, should be "manufactured" by pharmaceutical companies, in pill or capsule form, throughout the United States, and distributed only by drug stores and pharmacies. The "structure" on how the drug should be made and distributed is most certainly the prime topic at hand concerning the issue of medicinal marijuana for possible relief of symptomatic debilitating and terminal illnesses and diseases.

Another issue of conflict concerning medicinal marijuana is: should each individual state in the United States hold the power to write, regulate, enforce laws, etc., concerning the use of the drug for medicinal purposes, or should the federal government ultimately hold the power to write, regulate, enforce laws, etc., concerning medicinal marijuana, just as it retains the right to penalize those who grow, use, distribute, etc., marijuana illegally? According to the Associated Press, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor says that legal power concerning the use of medicinal marijuana should be left in the hands of individual states. "The states' core police powers have always included authority to define criminal law and to protect the health, safety, and welfare of their citizens," said O'Connor. However, according to the Coalition for Medical Marijuana-New Jersey, federal authorities argue that currently, "marijuana has no accepted medical uses in the U.S." At least, that was the response when Attorney General Paula Dow asked federal officials in April 2011, "their plans to punish New Jersey's Medicinal Marijuana Program participants." According to many patients with debilitating, terminal diseases, the use of marijuana aids in pain relief, appetite stimulation, etc., and therefore, should be legalized by the federal government. According to the Associated Press, an Oakland, California woman, suffering with scoliosis, says she was partially paralyzed until she was prescribed and began using marijuana for medicinal purposes.

In conclusion, as the United States slowly makes the transition to legalize marijuana for medicinal purposes, controversy concerning the structure of the drug -- if it should be grown or manufactured and distributed, in order to control its use, will be among the issues that must be worked out between the "powers that be": the states, individually, and the federal government. The states and the federal government must also come to a conclusion on which will retain ultimate power to manufacture, distribute and ultimately control marijuana once it is legalized nationwide for medicinal purposes.

1. The Causes and Risk Factors of Scoliosis
2. The Different Types and Degrees of Scoliosis
3. The Symptoms and Early Signs of Scoliosis
4. The Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Scoliosis
5. The Importance of Early Detection and Intervention for Scoliosis
6. The Physical and Emotional Impacts of Living with Scoliosis
7. The Role of Bracing and Physical Therapy in Managing Scoliosis
8. The Surgical Options and Risks for Severe Scoliosis
9. The Long-Term Prognosis and Quality of Life for Individuals with Scoliosis
10. The Advances in Research and Technology for Scoliosis Treatment and Management.
11. The prevalence of scoliosis in different age groups and populations
12. How scoliosis can....

Topic 1: Scoliosis: An Overview

Definition and prevalence of scoliosis
Types of scoliosis: idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular
Risk factors and contributing factors
Symptoms and signs of scoliosis

Topic 2: Diagnosis and Treatment of Scoliosis

Diagnostic techniques: physical examination, X-rays, MRI
Non-surgical treatments: bracing, physical therapy, exercise
Surgical treatments: spinal fusion, instrumentation
Management and monitoring of scoliosis progression

Topic 3: The Impact of Scoliosis on Health and Well-being

Physical implications: pain, deformity, impaired mobility
Psychological and social consequences: body image issues, anxiety, depression
Respiratory and cardiovascular complications
Long-term effects of untreated or inadequately treated scoliosis

Topic 4: Advancements in Scoliosis Treatment

Minimally invasive surgical techniques:....

Scoliosis can affect lung function in individuals by restricting the expansion of the lungs. The curvature of the spine due to scoliosis can put pressure on the chest cavity, reducing the space available for the lungs to fully inflate. This can lead to decreased lung capacity and difficulty with breathing.

In severe cases of scoliosis, the curvature of the spine can also affect the position of the ribs and the alignment of the chest cavity, further impacting lung function. This can result in decreased oxygen intake and reduced respiratory efficiency.

It is important for individuals with scoliosis to work closely with healthcare....

Key Features of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD)
Definition:
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a group of inherited genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting primarily affecting the muscles surrounding the shoulders and hips (limb-girdle).
Classification:
LGMD is classified into several subtypes based on the affected gene and pattern of muscle involvement. Common subtypes include:
LGMD1: Mutations in the sarcoglycan gene complex
LGMD2: Mutations in the dysferlin gene
LGMD3: Mutations in the calpain-3 gene
LGMD4: Mutations in the FKRP gene
Symptoms:
Muscle weakness: Primarily affects the muscles proximal to the limbs, such as the shoulders, hips, thighs, and upper arms.
Muscle wasting: Loss of....