How did Galileo respond to the edict? hat did he do to protect himself?
The original 1616 edict was not taken entirely seriously: "The Sun-Centered universe still remained an unproven idea -- without, [Pope] Urban believed, any proof in its future" (Sobel 138). However, Galileo still undertook steps to protect himself, defending his writings as a way: "to show Protestants to the north…that Catholics understood more about astronomy" (Sobel 140). His writings, in other words, would be used to glorify the Church and Catholicism's intelligence, as compared to Protestantism. Given that Catholicism and Protestantism were effectively 'at war' for dominance over Europe at the time, Galileo hoped that being seen as a warrior against Protestantism would license his writings and take some of the 'heat' of scrutiny off of his writings.

Q4. Describe the relationship between Galileo and Cardinal Barberini, who become Pope Urban. How did this and Galileo's Catholic faith…...

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Work Cited

Sobel, D. Galileo's Daughter. New York: Walker & Company, 2011.

On orders of Pope Paul V, Galileo is ordered not to hold or defend the Copernican theory. Later, in 1624, Galileo was allowed to write about the Copernican theory provided that he treated it as a mathematical hypothesis. When Galileo published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in1630, comparing the Ptolemaic and Copernican models, the Church stopped its distribution and condemned Galileo to house arrest for the rest of his life.
The final steps leading to the rejection of Aristotle and Ptolemy come from Johannes Kepler, Rene Descartes and Isaac Newton. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe an elliptical form and operation of planetary orbits that contradict Aristotle's assertion that the orbits of the planets were round circles.

In 1637, Rene Descartes published Discourse of Method, a work setting forth the principles of deductive reasoning as used in the modern scientific method. In short, his method required (1) accepting as…...

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Bibliography

'Aristotle." Available:   (Accessed 16 Feb. 2005).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle#Aristotelian_science 

"Charles Darwin." Available:   (Accessed 16 Feb. 2005).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin 

"Galileo and the Inquisition." Available: (Accessed 16 Feb. 2005).http://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node52.html

"Johannes Kepler: The Laws of Planetary Motion." Available:   (Accessed 16 Feb. 2005).http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html 

Two of the most important proponents were the French philosophes, Montesquieu and Jean Jacques Rousseau, whose great contributions to the Enlightenment lead to the development of liberal democracy characterized among modern societies at present.

Montesquieu's discourse, entitled, "The Spirit of the Laws," provided objective and insightful propositions for reforms as societies change from being traditional to modern. According to him, the process towards social progress should be accompanied with material progress, which can only become possible if societies conduct a careful analysis of the factors for economic and political success (such as socio-demographic variables and economic and political structures of the society). These factors should be studied at the context of the extant structures of the society; the parallelism between the factors and structures shall lead to material, and eventually, social progress.

Rousseau's contribution to the Enlightenment is illustrated in his seminal work, "The Social Contract." In this treatise, Rousseau discusses the…...

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Bibliography

Kagan, D. (1995). Western Heritage. NJ: Prentice Hall.

Preston, P.W. (1997). Development Theory: An Introduction. MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Scientific Revolution of 1600-1715 -- hen humanity shook its free from the grips of the fallacy that 'Man is the center of the solar system,' it gained the confidence to raise the human scientific intellect to the center of the political, religious, and mathematical world.
According to Roy T. Matthews and F. Deitt Platt, the scientific revolution of 1600-1715 was a paradoxical one. (Matthews & Deitt, 2004) Before, according to Aristotle and the Catholic Church, humanity and the earth were the centers of the solar system. (ilde, "Copernicus," The Galileo Project ebsite, 2004) But during this historical period, the intellectual reconfiguring of the cosmological world in the consciousness of the human animal put humanity on the periphery of the sun. Now, the earth, and by extension humanity, was merely in rotation amid other planets, a mere speck of thought upon a larger earth in a larger, impersonal universe. (ilde, "Biography," The…...

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Works Cited

Chew, Roy. "Sir Isaac Newton Scientist and Mathematician." Library. 1995. Last Updated. August 19, 2004. (October 19, 2004)

http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95dec/newton.html

Matthews, Roy T. And F. DeWitt Platt. The Western Humanities. New York: McGraw hill, 2003.

Newton, Isaac. "A Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture." 1690. Available online. (October 19, 2004).  http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/newton1.html

' His ground-breaking "Principia Mathematica" published in 1687 argued that the universe could be explained completely through the use of Mathematics without resorting to theology or the scriptures; that the universe behaved in an entirely rational and predictable way explainable by the laws of physics. Newton thus argued, and proved his arguments by observation and the use of mathematics, that the universe was 'mechanistic' and behaved like a vast machine with interacting objects whose behavior followed the laws of motion. (Hooker, para on Isaac Newton)
Importance of the Scientific Revolution

The success of the scientific developments during the 'Scientific Revolution,' particularly the works of Isaac Newton convinced more and more people that if the universe could be understood rationally, then so could other aspects of human knowledge such as economics, history, politics, and ethics. It was only logical to assume that if economics, history, politics, and ethics were a mechanical phenomenon like…...

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Works Cited

The Age of Enlightenment." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2004. November 16, 2004.   www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23059466http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment 

Hall, a. Rupert. The Revolution in Science, 1500-1750. 3rd ed. London: Peasron UK, 1983.

Hooker, Richard. "The Scientific Revolution: World Civilizations." Washington State University Website. Updated 6-6-1999. November 16, 2004. www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=26097779http://www.wsu.edu:8000/~dee/ENLIGHT/SCIREV.HTM

Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Scientific Revolution was the period when man's intellect explored the interests of science, reasoning, and truth. It was the time when man, not satisfied with the assumptions about things he was used, explored scientific methods and theories to determine the truth about things based on scientific way of thinking. The emphasis of this intellectual change was on natural sciences of the earth such as astronomy, physics, zoology, geology, mathematics, and botany. The period of the Renaissance's desire to produce reality from art led to mathematics and scientific interests (Sedivy, D. HRHS). This intellectual shift appealed to the middle and upper classes of society. Two of the famous contributors in the Scientific Revolution were Isaac Newton and Galileo. Isaac Newton formulated the law of gravity, while Galileo developed the first telescope. Rene Descartes was another contributor of this period of intellectual change. He formulated mathematical theories that provide explanation to…...

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Bibliography

Sedivy, Dave. The Enlightenment.

Highlands Ranch High School. 27 Oct 2003. http://mrsedivy.com/enlite.html

The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

CLSCC.cc.tn.us. 27 Oct 2003. http://www.clscc.cc.tn.us/Courses/ngreenwood/scientific_revolution_and_the_en.htm

middle ages, scholastic thinking was structurally limited by the Catholic Church, which considered itself the arbiter of such matters. However, thanks to changes in the sciences and in the methodologies used to approach them, the sheer weight of evidence was able to defeat some of the old dogmas that restricted thinking. Changes in science took on mathematical, experimental, and political dimensions and eventually gave enlightenment thinkers the objectivity needed to approach almost every subject from a rational angle, including political theory. In the history of European culture and perhaps even for humanity as a whole, the emergence of the enlightenment was one of the most divisive turns of events to ever occur, and ultimately one of the most rewarding.
The development of modern mathematics was spearheaded by Newton in England and DesCartes in continental Europe, but was inspired by astronomy. ome place the start of the cientific Revolution was the…...

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Sources: Peter Dear, "Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge

and Its Ambitions."

Analyze rather than describe

Introduction with clear thesis and organization going to use to support thesis; body paragraphs (3 or 4) with subthesie, evidence, and clonclude - logical flow of paragraphs; and a conclusion somewhat restating the thesis

Of course there exist different concepts of anti-modernism, which state that scientific revolution and modernism lead the society to the moral and spiritual decline. But their appeal to refuse from the achievements of scientific progress sounds absurd or as a regressive religious appeal of fundamentalists, who want to contradict natural matter of facts, set by the dynamic laws of nature.
Making a conclusion it's important to say that scientific revolution of the seventeenth century had turned modern society into the society of continuing progress both in technology and humanism, into the society, whose fundamentals are based on "Mathematical beginnings of natural philosophy" and "Social contract." The development of thought and of cognition principles caused liberation from theological and scholastic dogmas, which had been putting restrictions on society, preventing it from further progress. But contradictory question of the "revolutionary" nature of scientific revolution and its influence on philosophy in general as…...

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References

Shapin, Steve "The Scientific Revolution" University of Chicago Press, 1998

Dear, Peter "Revolutionizing the Science" Princeton University Press, 2001

Kuhn, Thomas S. "The Copernican Revolution" Harvard University Press, 1957

Galilei, Galileo "Sidereus Nuncius" University of Chicago Press, 1989

The new universe made room for God because the collective mind was opened to the notion of a divine entity controlling all aspects of the universe not just one corner of it.
The Industrial Revolution can call Britain "home" (Craig 627) because at the time, Britain was the "single largest free-trade area in Europe" (627). Mechanical inventions spark the beginning of this revolution. In 1769, the spinning jenny was patented, which lead to the invention of a power loom. This increased demand for cotton with production jumping to twice as fast as before. The steam engine is another important invention of the Industrial Revolution and it connected to two "basic commodities of modern industrialization -- coal and iron" (Chodorow 718). Iron production was a basic element of modern development, as it "constitutes the chief element of all heavy industry and land or sea transport and is the material out of…...

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Works Cited

Bailey, Thomas and Kennedy, David. The American Pageant. Lexington D.C. Heath and Company. 1994.

Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House. 1983.

Chodorow, Stanley, et al. A History of the World. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

Publishers. 1986.

A a) Describe the personal traits and talents of Napoleon which place him in a unique position in world history.

Napoleon Bonaparte was the leader of the French army that defeated the revolution. He ultimately became the dictator ruler of France and succeeded in conquering various parts of Europe. However his methods are frowned upon, Napoleon the First and Emperor of France remains unique personality in the history of the world.

As a civilian, Bonaparte was a modest, but extremely bright man. His teachers have often praised his merits and he has also constituted a role model for his military fellows. In school and in the military he was hardworking. However he was generally quiet, he always managed to make an impression upon the people around him. His small stature had an impressive posture and he inspired both respect as well as admiration. His teachers and early commanders stated to have known…...

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Works Cited

Dieudonne, E.A., Memoirs of Emanuel Augustus Dieudonne, Count de Las Casas: Communicated by Himself, Comprising a Letter from Count de Las Casas at St. Helena to Lucien Bonaparte, Giving a Faithful Account of the Voyage of Napoleon to St. Helena, His Residence, Manner of Living, and Treatment on that Island..., University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1818

Donelson, T., the French Revolution and Its Failure, Politics, 2005,   accessed on December 11, 2008http://blogcritics.org/archives/2005/02/14/142316.phplast 

Donohue, L., Congress of Vienna, the Chicago Unified School District, 1999, accessed on December 11, 2008http://www.cusd.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/congress/vienessy.htmllast

Ellis-Christensen, T., When Was the French Revolution? Wise Geek, 2008,   Ast accessed on December 11, 2008http://www.wisegeek.com/when-was-the-french-revolution.html .

history of human civilization, the Scientific evolution emerged during the 17th century, which happened right after the enaissance Period. The Scientific evolution is the period in history wherein scientific methods and results where arrived at using experimentation and the use of scientific instruments such as the telescope, microscope, and thermometer (Microsoft Encarta 2002). The Scientific evolution is attributed to Galileo Galilei, who proposed that the universe and its elements can be explained mathematically, while subsisting to the fact the Sun is the center of the solar system. During the enaissance Period, Nicolaus Copernicus had declared that the Sun is the center of the solar system, but his declaration is only descriptive, while Galileo's declaration is verified through experimentation and the scientific method. This important distinction is the main reason why Galileo's time was considered the Scientific evolution, primarily because it uses the scientific method of research and experimentation.
Studies and…...

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References

Baber, Z. "Canada Research Chair in Science, Technology, and Social Change." 6 February 2003. University of Saskatchewan Web site. 16 April 2003 http://www.usask.ca/crc/profiles/baber.php.

History of Astronomy." Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002. Microsoft Inc. 1998.

Kaiser, T. "French Revolution." Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002. Microsoft Inc. 1998.

Shaffer, B. "Chaos in Space." 7 February 2003. LewRockwell Web site. 16 April 2003  http://www.lewrockwell.com .

Scientific Revolutions Preview
The author uses successive paradigms to bring out the nature of the universe. The point is that there are various (and diverse) aspects of the universe and the behavior of its population. Specifically, Thomas points out that "they differ, that is, about such questions as the existence of subatomic particles, the materiality of light, and the conservation of heat or of energy." (9) The author states that these differences do not require further explanation as they arise in successive paradigms. The paradigms are important since they provide basis for solutions, problem fields and various methods in the universe.

The author points out that the nature of the universe is too complex with great variations and thus, random exploration is not justified. Therefore, there is a need for a map that provides important information to be used in relevant scientific research that explores the complex nature. The importance on the…...

evolutions
The history of modern human civilization reflects the gradual evolution of thoughts, ideas, political reform, and technological progress. At various times, specific periods of change were important enough to have been recorded as revolutions. Some of the most significant of these revolutions contributed to human history and societal development individually as well as in conjunction with other simultaneous or nearly simultaneous changes.

The Scientific evolution was responsible for fundamental changes in the understanding of the physical world, chemistry, biology, and of human anatomy and physiology. The French evolution represented the recognition of the fundamental rights of citizens to fairness and humane consideration on the part of their respective monarchical governments. The Industrial evolution increased the availability of information and provided new modes of transportation and mechanical processes that radically changed the lives of large numbers of people throughout Europe and the North American continent.

The Scientific evolution

The Scientific evolution was part…...

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References

Bentley, Jerry H. Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past (4th

Edition). McGraw-Hill: New York. 2005.

Kishlansky, Mark; Geary, Patrick; and O' Brien, Patricia. Civilization in the West.

Penguin Academic Edition (Combined Volume) Penguin: New York. 2009.

Revolution American Style: The Nineteen-Sixties and eyond
Paul N. Goldstene's book "Revolution, American Style: The Nineteen-Sixties and eyond" is a political science book that really is political. The book's central focus is to scrutinize key assumptions that routinely precede and preempt about political power. It is basically an analysis of essential foundations of political power in United States and their influences on the revolutionary politics of 1960's. It is an inquiry that is profoundly serious and could serve as an important tool for unearthing the realities of present-day repression and laying a solid foundation for democratic life. Goldstene is excellent at connecting events and ideas to the wider frame of Western thought. Focusing on the disruptive battle between the ideological impulses of democracy and liberalism, and the crucially different opportunities for human development each efforts.

On the argument that the book is an assault on right to productive property, I think this…...

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Bibliography

Neal Turner "Deep, unique, visionary political analysis" Revolution, American Style: The Nineteen-Sixties and Beyond http://shop.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?userid=1AR25WKYJ2&mscssid=N1TN0QNF0C9D9GLEX4FM3QS7GWKCEX4C&isbn=088316566X

Fundamental and inherently subjective (and thus at least partially false) systems of though cannot be avoided, and in Western thought this basic system consists of these ultimately false binary oppositions. This makes an understanding of a science that could incorporate objective and subjective elements a logical contradiction to Western minds.

Sivin concedes that Chinese science is not exactly the same as Western science (though this is arguably not really true in the present era), but he doesn't really put this in terms of a concession. Advances in Chinese astronomy and mathematics were made at approximately the same time they were being made in Europe, he contends, but due to a long and unbroken working understanding of how the observable world and universe worked -- even if it was more flawed than Ptolemy had achieved -- these advances did not cause or warrant the type of Scientific Revolution experienced in the West.

Other…...

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Jacques Derrida (Alan Bass, trans.). Writing and Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Sivin. (p. 102).

Fang Lizhi & Zhou Youyuan. Concepts of Space and Time in Ancient China and in Modern Cosmology. In Chinese studies in the history and philosophy of science and technology, F. Dainian & R. Cohen, eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Acaemic Publishers, 1996.

Thesis Statement:

The Evolution of Scientific Inquiry: A Historical Perspective on the Transformation of Epistemological Paradigms and Methodological Approaches

Introduction:

Science, an ever-evolving pursuit of knowledge, has witnessed a remarkable transformation over time. From its rudimentary beginnings to its current sophistication, the scientific method has undergone profound shifts in its epistemological foundations and methodological approaches. This thesis explores the historical trajectory of science, examining how its paradigms and practices have evolved to shape our understanding of the natural world.

Part 1: The Roots of Modern Science: The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

During the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, a pivotal shift occurred....

I. Introduction
A. Hook
B. Background information on astronomy
C. Thesis statement

II. History of Astronomy
A. Ancient history
1. Contributions of early civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, etc.)
B. Renaissance and Scientific Revolution
1. Key figures (Copernicus, Galileo, etc.)
2. Major discoveries and advancements

III. Branches of Astronomy
A. Observational astronomy
1. Ground-based telescopes
2. Space-based telescopes
B. Theoretical astronomy
1. Modeling and simulations
2. Predictions and hypotheses

IV. Key Concepts in Astronomy
A. Celestial bodies
1. Stars
2. Planets
3. Moons
B. Solar system
1. Formation and evolution
2. Exploration missions (e.g., Voyager, Mars rovers)

V. Current Developments and Discoveries
A. Exoplanets
1. Search....

Chapter 1: Ancient Civilizations

The Rise and Fall of the Sumerian City-States
The Indus Valley Civilization: Unraveling the Enigma
The Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Pyramids, Pharaonic Power, and Daily Life
The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations: Maritime Masters of the Aegean
The Zhou Dynasty and the Birth of Chinese Civilization

Chapter 2: Classical Civilizations

The Athenian Golden Age: Democracy, Philosophy, and the Arts
The Roman Empire: Conquests, Governance, and the Pax Romana
The Mauryan Empire: From Chandragupta to Ashoka's Legacy
The Hellenistic World: A Syncretic Blend of Greek and Persian Cultures
The Han Dynasty: China's Ascendancy and Technological Innovations

Chapter 3: Medieval Civilizations

The....

When referring to historical events, the terms "modern" and "contemporary" have distinct meanings and implications. The choice of title for a historical event can vary depending on the time period it falls within and the perspective of the historian.

Modern History

Modern history generally encompasses the period from the late 15th century to the late 18th century, characterized by significant social, political, and technological developments. Events within this era are typically titled to reflect the broader historical context and the major themes or goals of the period.

For instance, the "Age of Exploration" (15th-17th centuries) highlights the period of European maritime discoveries and....