Scientific Research Collect Methods
Comment by Sabina:

Scientific research is obtainable through several methodologies, of which qualitative and quantitative methods are highly utilized. These two research methodology are highly used in the field of social sciences and marketing. Social scientist utilizes these two data collection tools to collect data that would otherwise not be observable without these tools. Marketing researchers utilizes these tools to collect information about the market, gain information about how customers feel and gather other useful information about their product and services.

It is important to understand the type of research that a researcher is attempting to gather. The researcher should first determine the research question, which would help the research determine the type of research tool that is necessary to collect the data. If the researcher is looking for customer opinion, how they feel about a particular store, or product, then a qualitative research would be appropriate. Qualitative research…...

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Gibbs et. al. (2007). What have sampling and data collection got to do with good qualitative research? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 31 (6) 540-544.

Smith, P. (2008). Qualitative & Quantitative Research. Research Starters Education. 1-17

Trochim, M.K. (2006). Types of Designs. Research Methods Knowledge Base. Retrieved from  http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/destypes.php

In these cases, the ethical and moral choice seems to be to find another way to test these products that is not so cruel, and to keep cruel procedures out of the labs altogether. The case of the cat sex experiments at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City in the 1960s are another case in point. esearchers maimed cats in a variety of ways, from removing parts of their brains to obliterating their sense of smell, and then noted how these procedures affected their sexual activities. The study continued for over a decade, without any clear results, and when the public learned about it, there was a huge outcry and the testing stropped (Degrazia 98). Studies like this, without a clear purpose, seem even more cruel and unusual, and they helped to give animal research such a bad reputation that laws were enacted regarding the ethical…...

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References

Carbone, Larry. What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Degrazia, David. Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Editors. "Animal Research in Psychology." American Psychological Association. 2009. 1 March 2009. http://www.apa.org/science/animal2.html.

Katrink, Vicki. "Blinded for Beauty: Rabbits Used in Product Testing." American Anti-Vivisection Society. 2009. 1 March 2009.  http://www.aavs.org/testingTypesBlinded.html .

The ethicality of research methods and the perspectives and potential prejudices of the researcher must also be taken into account during the research and in the presentation of the research (FHI 2003).
Some common qualitative research methods other than focus groups include interviews, content analysis, ethnography, evaluation, and semiotics, all of which provide avenues for answering largely different -- and some similar -- questions about the world and its people that simply cannot be answered using numbers, and cannot be simply answered at all (Ereaut 2007). In each of these methods, there is always the potential for bias on the part of the researcher/observer and in some cases in an uncontrollable manner the part of the study participants; all precautions to preserve the objectivity of the observations and the research must be taken, but the remaining possibilities of bias are constitute one of the reasons that the research methods must…...

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References

Ereaut, G. (2007). "What is qualitative research?" QSR International. Accessed 27 April 2010.  http://www.qsrinternational.com/what-is-qualitative-research.aspx 

FHI. (2003). "Qualitative research methods overview." Family health international. Accessed 27 April 2010.  http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/etl7vogszehu5s4stpzb3tyqlpp7rojv4waq37elpbyei3tgmc4ty6dunbccfzxtaj2rvbaubzmz4f/overview1.pdf 

Greenhalgh, T. & Taylor, R. (1997). "Papers that go beyond numbers." BMJ pp. 740-3. Accessed 27 April 2010. http://ed.isu.edu/SSPE/reading%20qualitative%20researdh.pdf

Myers, M. (2000). "Qualitative research and the generalizability question: Standing firm with Proteus." The Qualitative Report, 4(3/4). Accessed 27 April 2010.  http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR4-3/myers.html

Case Study 6.4This scenario is an example of competing interests among stakeholders involved in animal research and care. As evident in the case, Dr. Jiao Fang is very correct because there is overwhelming evidence showing that the animals are seemingly in distress and pain. It is highly unethical to put animals in distress, high degree of discomfort, and pain. Dr. James Zogbys dismissive attitude and stance are detrimental to the proper treatment and care of the animals in the case. In this regard, Dr. Zogby is not taking care of animals in the right manner and as stated in Proverbs 12:10. Given the competing interests at hand, Dr. Jiao faces a dilemma on the right approach to address the issue without affecting the mentor-training relationship or jeopardizing her career with Dr. Zogbys lab. Finding a better alternative solution to the issue is critical given that improperly managing competing interests in…...

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References

Festing, S. & Wilkinson, R. (2007). The ethics of animal research. Talking point on the use of animals in scientific research. EMBO Reports, 8(6), 526-530.

Macrina, F.L. (2005). Scientific integrity: Text and cases in responsible conduct of research (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.

Office of Research. (2019). IACUC alternatives to ascites production of monoclonal antibodies. Retrieved from University of California San Francisco website:  https://iacuc.ucsf.edu/sites/g/files/tkssra751/f/wysiwyg/STD%20PROCEDURE%20-%20Immunology%20-%20Antibody%20Production.pdf

Response to "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” by Thomas Kuhn How the Reading Has Affected What I Believe about the Nature of Science and What It Can Tell Us about the World
Science has always been a part of the world: people from the beginning of time have asked questions about nature and the world—and they have based their answers on evidence. Discovering laws or formulating theories is part of the process of science. But so too is something like building or designing or doing mathematics or making a work of art. The science of architecture, or the science of medicine—these sciences are always growing and developing in new ways because the human mind is not static. It can look back on all of human history and on personal experience to make new discoveries and to advance the field of science in unique ways. The reading really opened this idea up to…...

folk wisdom idea common sense generalization grown (e.g., birds a feather flock ). How test validity folk wisdom idea scientific method (consult chapter research methods)? Which research method select? 2.
I would test the validity of this method using the scientific method by direct and systematic observation. I would select a representative sample of birds. The sample would need to include birds of the same type, so the bird behavior would not differ. I would watch the birds during the same temporal interval (morning, between 10 to 11 am or whenever I see the birds are active) and monitor whether their flight habits are generally individual or group.

These observations will be gathered in a table and the purpose of this would be to understand patterns. If a pattern does exist that would show that the birds have a tendency of flying together in the same group, then one can conclude…...

Response to Language, Truth and Logic by AJ Ayer The Nature of Science
Ayer makes the argument that empirical science must serve as the basis of all claims, as it is through empirical science—evidence obtained through the use of the five senses—that one knows reality. Ayer (1990) asks, “What valid process of reasoning can possibly lead [one] to the conception of a transcendent reality?” (p. 4). The answer he provides is that there is no valid process: “Surely from empirical premises nothing whatsoever concerning the properties, or even the existence, of anything super empirical can legitimately be inferred” (Ayer, 1990, p. 4). Ayer’s approach to science, however, is firmly rooted in the traditions fostered during the Age of Reason; prior to that, it was widely accepted that metaphysical reality could be ascertained through the use of logical suppositions. I myself believe there are a number of ways to know the world and…...

Connection Between Class Learning and an Article The development of a COVID-19 vaccine is considered critical in curbing the spread of this virus and dealing with the global pandemic. Companies like Moderna have embarked on efforts to develop an effective coronavirus vaccine. The development process involves conducting extensive research through clinical trials. These clinical trials involves using different concepts of scientific research to ensure the effectiveness of the vaccines. Grady (2020) published an article on the effectiveness of Moderna’s coronavirus vaccine based on early data.
One of the connections between the article and lessons learnt in the classroom is the use of two groups of study participants i.e. an experimental group and a control group. In this regard, the study employed a between-participants design for the experimentation to determine the difference between conditions among people who contracted the virus. The experimental group of five people were vaccinated while the control group of…...

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Reference

Grady, D. (2020, November 16). Early Data Shows Moderna’s Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective. The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html

Scientific Knowledge
There lies question on whether scientific knowledge is able to answer all the questions that relate to physical reality. For many years, people have wondered what the earth is composed of, leaving them wondering if the nature's secrets will one day be revealed (Grant 64). However, it is notable that since Galileo discovered the moon in 1608, there has been a remarkable move by his fellow scientists.

A lot of studies in science including the origin of the solar system, sonata of the stars, how matter changes to energy, and detailed works of an atom, among others has not fully exposed the science knowledge. However, the human culture seems to change with science. orldview patterns prove that complex systems studies by working from their smallest constituents meaning from bottom up. These paradigms also confirm that the laws of nature pounce from deep symmetry writs in to the basics of time,…...

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Works cited

Berlin, I. Concepts and Categories New York: Viking Press, 2006

Davis, P. Cosmin Jackpot: Why Our Universe is Just Right for Life California: Houghton Mifflin 2007

Grant, EA History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century. London: Cambridge University Press, 2007 pp. 62 -- 67

Gleiser, M. The dancing Universe: Creation Myths to the Big Bang New York: Continuum 2001

The relationship goes beyond any simple realistic or complex scientific models, because it cannot be explained through the observances of realities around us. Myth and culture can often be on the same temporal level, with one or the other being generated at different times. As such, some of the myths were actually born out of a certain culture, determined by the geographic or demographic realities of the respective culture. In other cases, culture was born out of a myth.
An important element to be analyzed in the differences between religious myths and scientific models is the introduction of variables and the type of variables in each case. The religious myth, especially the creation myths in different cultures, falls into the category of sacred myths. There is always such a distinction between sacred and profane myths or, as Eliade puts it, people "distinguish between sacred myths (cosmogony, creation of the stars,…...

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Bibliography

1. McGrath, Alister. 1998. Science and Religion: An Introduction. Wiley -- Blackwell.

2. Eliade, Mircea. 1963. Myth and Reality. Trans. Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper & Row,

McGrath, Alister. 1998. Science and Religion: An Introduction. Wiley -- Blackwell.

Ibid. Page 107

So, just as the concept of Right has to have Wrong as its counterpart to be a truth, so does theory need evidence. Science is a method of understanding, it is an understanding of what exists, what we can determine that we know about these things, and the method by which we go about achieving that understanding. Thus, without evidence on either side of the theory, there can be no support for the theory therefore making that theory non-scientific.
The evaluation of a theory is the identification of the type of theory it is. Much like theories themselves that set out a parameter of evaluation of a measurable prediction about a particular behavior or set of behaviors, theory evaluation is the determination of the validity, structure, and use of the theory itself. Theories have two dimensions: parasitical (its reliance on other theories) and operationalizable (interpretations of the theory). The less…...

In fact:
In the months following the accident, although questions were raised about possible adverse effects from radiation on human, animal, and plant life in the TMI area, none could be directly correlated to the accident. Thousands of environmental samples of air, water, milk, vegetation, soil, and foodstuffs were collected by various groups monitoring the area. Very low levels of radionuclides could be attributed to releases from the accident. However, comprehensive investigations and assessments by several well-respected organizations have concluded that in spite of serious damage to the reactor, most of the radiation was contained and that the actual release had negligible effects on the physical health of individuals or the environment. (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission).

hile the Three Mile Island incident did not cause the same type of damage as Chernobyl and the destruction from Chernobyl was less than people initially believed it would be, it is clear that…...

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Works Cited

Kinley, D, Ed. Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental, and Socio-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine.

Chernobyl Forum: Vienna, 2006.

TXU Energy. "Nuclear FAQS." TXUCorp.com. 2008. TXU Energy. 8 June 2008 http://www.txucorp.com/power/faqs.aspx.

United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. "Fact Sheet on the Three Mile Island Accident."

Scientific Approaches to Hookup Culture
On a practically day-to-day basis we are swamped with tales about the collapse of the current star marital relationship-- and cheating is usually the source of those who choose to separate. Is it even possible for 2 individuals to remain together gladly over a prolonged time frame? Since early evolution day, we've been informed that sexual monogamy comes normally to our types. However it does not and never ever has (yan and Jetha, 2010).

Mainstream science-- in addition to spiritual and cultural establishments-- has long propagated the belief that males and females progressed in nuclear households where a guy's possessions and defense were exchanged for a female's fertility and fidelity. However this story is breaking down; now more so than before. Less and less couples are marrying and divorce rates keep climbing up while adultery and flagging sexual libido drag down even relatively strong marital relationships (yan…...

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References

Abbey, A., Ross, L.T., McDuffie, D., & McAuslan, P. (1996). Alcohol and dating risk factors for sexual assault among college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 147 -- 169.

Armstrong, E.A., England, P., & Fogarty, A.C.K. (2009). Orgasm in college hookups and relationships. In B.J. Risman (Ed.), Families as they really are (pp. 362 -- 377). New York, NY: Norton.

Backstrom, L., Armstrong, E.A., & Puentes, J. (2012). Women's negotiations of cunnilingus in college hookups and relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 49,1 -- 12.

Bisson, M.A., & Levine, T.R. (2009). Negotiating a friends with benefits relationship. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 66 -- 73.

Scientific Methods
The law enforcement in the U.S.A. today is better equipped to handle the terrorism attacks and any terrorism threats than it was before the 9/11 incidence in America. This is evident in the general ways through which the security measures are implemented in the country and the intricate manner of investigations that take place to counter terrorism.

Due to the nature of the data and information that is needed here, the scientific method employed was statistical data collection. This was due to the fact that there is need to have objective information on the facts surrounding the various arms of law enforcement. The best way to have facts behind the changes that took place after the 9/11 in terms of the quality of training and the number of law enforcement agencies, it was not feasible to conduct interviews among the Americans as they would only give a general view and…...

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References

Central Intelligence Agency, (2011). About CIA. Retrieved January 29, 2011 from  https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/index.html 

National commission on Terrorist Attack Upon United States, (2004). Counter Terrorism evolves. Retrieved January 28, 2011 from  http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch3.htm 

US Department of Justice, (2006). Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National SECURITY Agency Described by the President. Retrieved January 28, 2011 from http://www.justice.gov/opa/whitepaperonnsalegalauthorities.pdf

Scientific eport of Tufted Capuchin Monkeys in SanDiego Zoo
Behavioral Differences Between Male and Female Capuchin Monkeys in an Artificial Habitat

Studies have shown that the activity and energy of an animal can be determined through the collection of data and presentation as an activity budget (Altmann 1974, Tacha 1985). An activity budget collects specific behavior data over a predetermined time for an animal or population for analysis in the evaluation of a hypothesis. This study reports the differences in activity between males and females for a population of tufted capuchin primates living in an outdoor artificial habitat within a North American zoo. The hypothesis that there are differences in activity levels between male and females for this population is confirmed for the duration of observation in this study. More study would be required to determine the effects of weather, seasonal variation, and daytime verses nocturnal behavior.

Introduction

The tufted capuchin (Sapajus paella) is…...

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References

Altmann, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: sampling methods.Behaviour 49:227-267.

Bobick, J. 2004. The Handy Biology Answer Book New York, Visible Ink Press 141.

Bohn, K. 2012. Photography Credit, copyright San Diego Zoo

Di Bitetti, M.S. Janson, C.H. (2001) Social foraging and the finder's share in capuchin monkeys, (Cebus apella), Animal Behavior 62, 1, 47-56

Title: Reasons Why the US is the Best Country in the World

Introduction:
The United States of America is widely regarded as one of the most powerful and influential countries globally. As an epitome of democracy, economic strength, innovation, and cultural diversity, several reasons make the US the best country in the world today.

1. Political Stability:
The US boasts a stable political system that upholds the principles of democracy and individual liberties. Its robust system of checks and balances ensures accountability and prevents the concentration of power, making it an attractive destination for both citizens and immigrants.

2. Economic Powerhouse:
The United States possesses the....

Sure! Here are some essay topics on various aspects of the English language:

1. The importance of learning English as a second language.
2. The evolution and history of the English language.
3. The impact of technology on the English language.
4. The influence of English in the global world.
5. The role of standardized testing in assessing English language proficiency.
6. The benefits and drawbacks of using English as a global lingua franca.
7. The representation and portrayal of English in literature and media.
8. The challenges and strategies for teaching English as a foreign language.
9. The differences between British English and American English.
10. The role of....

1. Should social media platforms be held responsible for monitoring and removing hate speech?
2. Is the death penalty an effective deterrent for violent crime?
3. Should college athletes be paid for their performance?
4. Are stricter gun control laws necessary to reduce gun violence?
5. Should the government provide free healthcare for all citizens?
6. Is climate change a result of human activity?
7. Should the minimum wage be increased to a livable wage?
8. Is affirmative action still necessary in today's society?
9. Should standardized testing be the primary measure of student achievement?
10. Is privacy in the digital age a fundamental human right?
11. Should the use....

Thesis Statement:

The United States Navy has played a crucial role in shaping the course of history, safeguarding national interests, and upholding global security. Its contributions encompass a wide spectrum of operations, from defending territorial waters to conducting humanitarian missions, demonstrating its unwavering commitment to protecting the nation and its allies.

Arguments/Points to Discuss:

1. Historical Significance:

- Highlight the Navy's origins during the American Revolutionary War, emphasizing its instrumental role in securing independence.
- Discuss the Navy's involvement in major conflicts, including the War of 1812, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, and the Korean War, showcasing its adaptability....