Public School Prayer: Is it Constitutional and Moral?
Proponents of allowing public school prayer cite both legal and moral reasons to allow prayer in public schools. On a legal basis they state that banning prayer in public schools is a violation of our First Amendment right of Free Exercise. From a moral standpoint they cite the so-called degeneration of the public school system and the so-called declining quality of public education along with an overall decline in American society as a result of the public schools no longer teaching morals. This lack of moral instruction is linked to the ban on prayer in public schools. However, proponents of public school prayer have overlooked the big picture and are the victims of biased reasoning. By not allowing prayer and the exercise of religious ceremonies in public schools the Supreme Court has protected our First Amendment rights and at the same time adhered…...

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References

Barton, C.D. (1994). America: To pray or not to pray (Fifth Edition). Aledo TX: Wallbuilder Press.

Barton, C.D. (March 30, 2009). A guide to the school prayer debate. Retrieved September, 22, 2011, from EXAM PLES.http://www.famguardian.org/Subjects/Education/Articles/SchoolPrayer.htm#BM_

Bergel, G. (May, 1988). Banning prayer in public schools has led to America's demise. In The Forerunner. Retrieved September, 22, 2011, from  http://www.forerunner.com/forerunner/X0098_Ban_on_school_prayer.html .

Cousins, N. (1988). The Republic of reason: The personal philosophies of the Founding Fathers. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

They predict age and gender variations relate to bullying concerns. Of the 25 cartoons implemented in the study, two depict characters with different shades of skin color where skin color appeared to be an issue. One cartoon relating to sexual orientation was not used in several countries. Smith et al. report Olweus to assert bullying to be characterized by the following three criteria:
1. It is aggressive behavior or intentional "harmdoing"

2. which carried out repeatedly and over time

3. In an interpersonal relationship characterized by an imbalance of power. (Smith et al., 2002, p. 1120)

In their study, Smith et al. (2002), participating researchers in the 14 countries to completed the following

1. Listed and selected bullying terms as well as social exclusion in the applicable language.

2. Used fundamental focus groups with participating children to confirm usage and extensive comprehensive of terms.

3. Using cartoons, sorted tasks to describe ways terms relating to bullying…...

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REFERENCES

Anti-Bullying programs for schools. (2009). NoBully.com. Retrieved March 3, 2010 from  http://www.nobully.com/index.html 

Beaty, L.A., & Alexeyev, E.B. (2008). The Problem of School Bullies: What the Research Tells Us. Adolescence, 43(169), 1+. Retrieved March 3, 2010, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5026476147 

Beran, T.N., Tutty, L. & Steinrath, G. (2004). An evaluation of a bullying prevention program for elementary schools. Canadian Journal of School Psychology. Vol. 19, Iss. 1/2, p. 99

116 . Retrieved March 3, 2010 from  http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1188387401&Fmt=4&clientId=9269&RQT=30

The U.S. Supreme Court has supported school cooperation in regards to the establishment of religion. They have done this because they respect the religious nature of people and feel that people should be able to accommodate their spiritual needs (hat are the pros and cons of prayer in school, n.d.)?
On the other side of the debate, those who are against putting prayer back into the public schools often argue that school prayer violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment because it says that the government shall not make laws in regards to the establishment of religion. Due to the fact that public schools are financed by the government, prayer that is led by school officials or included in any school program can be seen as government-established religion. Proponents to school prayer feel that school prayer ignores the division of church and state. Traditionally public schools are thought to…...

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Works Cited

"Prayer in Public School - Overview of Governing Constitutional Principles." 2003. Viewed 23

June, 2010. <  http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/prayer-in-public-school.htm >

"What are the pros and cons of prayer in school?" n.d. Viewed 23 June, 2010, <

  >.http://www.allabouthistory.org/pros-and-cons-of-prayer-in-school-faq.htm 

Religious Symbols be worn in Schools?
Many parents and students were confused, when a school district in Nebraska stopped a 12 years old girl, Elizabeth Carey from wearing a necklace because it resembled a rosary. Rev. Joseph Taphorn said to press that "One ought to be able to figure out whether she's trying to promote a gang," he added. "If she's not, why would she be punished for her right of religious freedom and religious expression? (Haynes)"

Symbols are the powerful source of meaning and ideas. They have different meanings in different religions and are considered very important by the religious individuals and communities. The religious symbols also have a very close connection with the identity of a religion. The individuals believe their identity to be strongly connected with the symbols; therefore preserving these symbols is very important in their daily lives (Renteln 1575). Unfortunately, the United States of America, which…...

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Works Cited

Ash. The Ban on Religious Symbols in Public Schools. Darkness Embraced. 2007. Published Aug 3,

2007. Retrieved Dec 10, 2012.

 http://www.darknessembraced.com/pagan-and-occult/pagan-and-neo-pagan-paths/item/204-the-ban-on-religious-symbols-in-public-schools 

Clark, Matthew. Victories: Students can wear religious symbols to School. American Centre for Law and Justice. 2011. Published Dec 16, 2011. Retrieved Dec 10, 2012.

The case snowballed and grew until the nation viewed Zelmanv Simmons-Harris as the test case to try the legal boundary between church and state. It was also looked to for the purpose of redefining the meaning and scope of public education in America.

Enacted by the Ohio legislature in 1995, the Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program allows 4,000 low-income children to attend private religious and secular schools with up to $2,250 in public support (Vitteritti, 2002). Participating schools must cap their tuition at $2,500 a year; the state pays up to 90% of whatever the school charges, depending on family income (Vitteritti, 2002). Following a high-profile legal battle, the program was upheld by the Ohio Supreme Court in 1999, prompting opponents to take their case into federal court (Vitteritti, 2002). On the day before school was to open that year, federal district court judge Solomon Oliver struck down the program, ruling…...

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References

Text of U.S. Supreme Court decision: Zelman, superintendent of Public Instruction of Ohio, et al. v. Simmons-Harris et al. (Features). Journal of Church and State | Date: June 22, 2002 | More results for: Zelman vs. Simmons-Harris No. 00-1751 536 U.S. -- (2002) Argued February 20, 2002 Decided June 27, 2002

Vouchers on trail: will the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Zelman end the voucher debate? (Feature).(Statistical Data Included) Education Next | Date: June 22, 2002 | Author: Viteritti, Joseph P. | More results for: Zelman vs. Simmons-Harris

Zelman: the court gets it right. (Opinion).(school voucher case)

First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life | Date: January 1, 2003 | Author: Uhlmann, Michael M. | More results for: Zelman vs. Simmons-Harris

Share Jesus Without FearBibliographic DetailsFay, William, and Linda Evans Shepherd. (1999). Share Jesus Without Fear. Nashville,Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group.Summary of the BookShare Jesus Without Fear by William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd is a guide for Christians on how to share their faith without having to worry about whether they are doing it the right way or not. The book outlines a simple, step-by-step approach to sharing faith, which includes asking five questions to determine the other person\\\'s spiritual condition, having the person read several key Bible verses, and asking what the verses say to them.[footnoteRef:1] The goal is to allow the Holy Spirit to bring conviction as the person reads and thinks about the truths of Scripture. The third step is another series of five questions that summarize the truths of the verses the person has just read, and they call for a decision to receive Christ. The authors…...

504).
Given the limitations mentioned above, researchers studying intercessory prayer are also banging their heads against reality because they are claiming to make discoveries that are "incompatible with current views of the physical universe and consciousness" (Sloan, p. 504). That having been said, if IP studies are held to the "standards of science" and if "more precise hypotheses are tested" then a "scientific revolution" is not beyond imagination (Sloan, p. 513).

Using personal prayer for health reasons. An article published in 2004 reports on a national survey that was conducted in 1998; in that survey researchers found that 35% of participants used prayer for "health reasons" (McCaffrey, et al., 2004, p. 858). Of those respondents, 75% prayed for "wellness" and 22% prayed for "specific medical conditions" (McCaffrey, p. 858). Of the 22% who prayed for specific medical conditions 69% "found prayer very helpful,' McCaffrey reports on page 858. This research offers…...

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Works Cited

Benson, Herbert, Dusek, Jeffery a., Sherwood, Jane B., Lam, Peter, Bethea, Charles F.,

Carpenter, William, Levitsky, Sidney, Hill, Peter C., Clem, Donald W., Jain, Manoj K.,

Drumel, David, Lopecky, Stephen L., Mueller, Paul S., Marek, Dean, Rollins, Sue, and Hibberd, Patricia L. (2006). Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer

(STEP) in cardiac bypass patients: A multicenter randomized trial of uncertainty and certainty of receiving intercessory prayer. American Heart Journal, 151(4), 934-942.

Instead, holiness is attained through right-mindedness and a right heart. You say that the body affects the mind -- and indeed it does. But no longer is an obsession with bodily attributes, such as food, drink, and adherence to the laws of Leviticus (including circumcision) that connects us to God.
"Again Jesus called the crowd to him and said, 'Listen to me, everyone, and understand this. Nothing outside a man can make him 'unclean' by going into him. Rather, it is what comes out of a man that makes him 'unclean.'" (Mark 7:14-15). I do indeed agree that religiosity cannot be found in rote prayers, learned in childhood, or be encompassed by a vague sense of spirituality that does not take into consideration Christ's sacrifice. On the subject of prayer, I can only say that I pray daily -- both in the conventional manner in which you seem to think…...

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Work Cited

BibleGateway.com. October 26, 2010.  http://www.biblegateway.com/

Illinois Silent eflection ActThe Illinois Silent eflection Act was passed in 2007 and requires that all public schools begin each day with a moment of silence for silent reflection, during which students may engage in silent prayer or reflection. This law was challenged in court, but the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld its constitutionality. The appellate court upheld the act in 2011, ruling that it was not an unconstitutional establishment of religion. This decision is in line with the Supreme Court\\\'s ruling in Kennedy v. Bremerton in 1984, which found that moments of silence can be constitutionally permissible. The Supreme Court in Kennedy v. Bremerton School District found that a similar moment of silence law in Washington was constitutional, as long as the state\\\'s intent was to promote quiet reflection rather than religious worship.Possible concerns raised by students and parents about the Illinois Silent eflection Act might include worries…...

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ReferencesIllinois General Assembly. (2022). (105 ILCS 20/) Silent Reflection and Student Prayer Act. Retrieved from  https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1008&ChapterID=17

Jesus' Teachings, Prayer, & Christian Life
"He (Jesus) Took the Bread. Giving Thanks Broke it. And gave it to his Disciples, saying, 'This is my Body, which is given to you.'" At Elevation time, during Catholic Mass, the priest establishes a mandate for Christian Living. Historically, at the Last Supper, Christ used bread and wine as a supreme metaphor for the rest of our lives. Jesus was in turmoil. He was aware of what was about to befall him -- namely, suffering and death. This was the last major lesson he would teach before his arrest following Judas' betrayal. Eschatologically speaking, the above set the stage for the Christian ministry of the apostles, evangelists and priests. Indeed, every Christian is called to give of him or herself for the Glory of God and the Glory of Mankind. The message at the Last Supper was powerful. People have put themselves through unimaginable…...

Lord's Prayer as the Model for Christian Prayer
The Lord's Prayer is the principal Christian prayer that Jesus Christ taught his followers, saying, "Pray then in this way." The prayer appears in Matthew 6: 9-13 and Luke 11: 2-4, and summarizes Jesus' teaching and stresses the concern of honoring God before that of meeting one's own needs and also reveals Christ's sense of a filial relationship with God (Columbia Pp). After the Second Vatican Council, the Roman Catholic Church added a version of the doxology, 'For thine is the kingdom ..., ' to prayer when used in the Mass (Columbia Pp). The doxology was already current in Protestant liturgies, and is also present in some manuscripts of Matthew (Columbia Pp). The prayer is called Paternoster in Latin, it also occurs in the Didache, and the first three phrases of the prayer parallel the opening words of the ancient, Jewish Kaddish…...

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Work Cited

"Lord's Prayer." The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition. 4/22/2004; Pp.

Remsen, Jim. "Parishioners take at fresh look at the Lord's Prayer.

Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service. 8/7/2002; Pp.

Christian, Graham. "The Prayer of Fire: Experiencing the Lord's Prayer."

eligion and health have long been linked, and continue to be so in most cultures around the world. In fact, both mental and physical health problems were once believed to have supernatural or spiritual origins, a belief which persists until this day in spite of empirical evidence showcasing the biological and chemical causes of illnesses (Koenig, 2000). egardless of whether or not religion is a worthwhile social institution, religion, spirituality, and practices like prayer remain central to the lives of most people. eligion can be inextricably linked with personal and cultural identity, and can greatly inform both medical decisions and health practices including lifestyle choices. There is also a notable link between religiosity and a number of health outcomes including morbidity and mortality rates, proven in empirical studies. The literature tends to support a strong connection between prayer and stress relief in particular, as prayer and religion are widely believed…...

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References

Bearon, L.B. & Koenig, H.G. (1990). Religious cognitions and use of prayer in health and illness. The Gerontologist 30(2): 249-253.

Davis, L.I. & Owens, C. (2013). The impact of religion on health practices. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Retrieved online:  http://www.aacp.org/governance/SIGS/hdcc/Documents/Webinar%20Materials/Impact%20of%20Religion%20Webinar.pdf 

Koenig, H.G. (2000). Religion and medicine I. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 30(4): 385-398.

Koenig, H., King, D. & Carson, V.B. (2012). Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press.

Scottish Covenanter Party
We are inclined to of revolutions as being historical events that disrupt the order of the world, eras that rewrite the history of their times and transform the cultures of the places. And of course the great revolutions of the world do indeed do all of these things. But simply because the historical effect of revolutions is such a radical transformation of the world, we should not therefore be lured into seeing revolutions as arising from disjunctures in the social fabric. Revolutions are not like a meteor crashing into the body politic and changing the way in which things are done in an abrupt and external fashion. he English Civil War, like other revolutionary battles, was fought along long-standing cultural, economic and religious faultlines.

Rather, revolutions are like earthquakes: While they may seem to come out of nowhere and while they certainly shake the world, they arise from long-discerned…...

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The Book of Common Prayer represents an attempt by Thomas Cranmer to introduce church reform in England. Cranmer had risen to prominence by suggesting means to implement Henry VIII's much-desired divorce from Catherine of Aragorn. A grateful Henry made Cranmer his aide in carrying out the divorce and in 1533 made Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury. Though Cranmer did not participate in some of Henry's more zealous anticlerical acts, he held very profound beliefs about the direction the church should take.

Though Cranmer was hampered during Henry's lifetime from carrying out many of his own reforms, the old king's death in 1547 put the archbishop in a position to carry out a program of religious reform. In 1549 he put forward his major work, The Book of Common Prayer. This handbook for liturgical practice combined in one volume Cranmer's own versions of the Catholic Breviary, Missal, Pontifical, and Ritual. In the Book and the revised version that followed in 1552 Cranmer laid down the language and practice that should guide the Anglican church in England. Adherence to the practices outlined in the Book of Common Prayer was made compulsory under law in the Act of Uniformity of 1549.  http://www.courts.fsnet.co.uk/SChamber.htm 

   http://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/common-prayer.htmhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/stu_prayer_riots.shtml 

eligion is not a code of conduct that is imposed; rather it is code of conduct that you practice and in case if the individual shares affiliation with minority, the values are definitely in volatile state under young age.
Young individual is shares different believes and culture, definitely find it to be difficult in assimilating into the society, and for the sake of doing so compromise has to be accorded with the dominant social forces. The compromise can be accorded either by isolating yourself, or by intermingling. In case of a young individual, isolation is more like social curse, and it has major impact on the grooming and growth. The young individual is therefore found willing to compromise and mingle up with the society; this is because that is the psychological requirement of an individual. In some of the cases, perhaps isolation is preferred rather than intermingling with the society,…...

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References

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES No. 02-1624 ELK GROVE UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT AND DAVID W. GORDON, SUPERINTENDENT, PETITIONERS v. MICHAEL A. NEWDOW ET AL. On writ of certiorari to the United States Court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

Journal of Gender, Social Policy & The Law: ELK GROVE UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT V. NEWDOW.

Matthew (EDT) Spalding, Edwin Meese. The Heritage Guide to Constitution.

Peter K. Rofes. The Religion Guarantees: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution

8). Under such circumstances, the theme of tragic love in the seventeenth century is rife with passionate rebellion against such marital arrangements. Moreover, Arnolphe's view of wifedom is base: "And there are four things only she must know: to say her prayers, love me, spin, and sew" (I.1). Women are to remain austere peasants, obedient to their masters, and kept free from emulating flirtations wives upon threat of Hell (III.2). With such a view of women, it is not surprising he is afraid of their challenge and seeks to inoculate himself through rational schemes.
Arnolphe's tyrannical grip is broken through fate. As with all forms of tyrannical insulation, it could not last. The plight of Agnes is softened in two ways: by chance and through her own skillful rebellion against ignorance. y chance, first, and despite Arnolphe's best efforts to keep Agnes ignorant and secluded from worldly corruption, fate brings her…...

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Bibliography

Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin. The School for Wives: Comedy in Five Acts, 1662. Translated by Richard Wilbur. New York: Harvest/HBJ, 1971.