The second student being admitted is an English language learner. It was determined that he would require special assistance, and one of the bilingual teachers at the school offered to spend three hours per week tutoring the student in English.
Dietary issues were raised, as the school cafeteria has been under scrutiny by some of the local parents. Parents have been expressing concern about their children's lunch choices at the school, claiming that too many fried and salty foods are being served. Because several of the students at the school are overweight, the issue of how to incorporate healthy choices became a hot topic at the meeting. Changing the catering company would be impossible given the budgetary constraints.

A new software system had been introduced to the Christian school. The software would allow for greater classroom integration. For example, the topics raised in science class could become the word problems for…...

While a relative handful in number, the attention given to these districts has caused some to conclude that the nation's 14,350 school boards overall might not be needed or equipped to provide a 21st-century education.

School boards, like an old car past its prime, need attention and that the status quo will not suffice for those who want improved student outcomes.

Teachers, especially in connection with collective bargaining, have assumed many of the prerogatives that school boards once reserved for themselves.

Some commentators have implied that school boards are really not necessary any more.

New governance models threaten to make school boards in some locales obsolete; financial pressures leave school boards less and less leeway in their spending decisions.

n America of the 21st century, many school boards struggle to attract top-flight members who are willing to put up with the grief that comes with the job.

nterest in and support for the public schools have…...

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Ibid.

Pankratz & Petrosko, p. 63.

Manley, P.J. & Manley, R.J. (2005). School boards don't need state oversight. The CPA Journal, 75(4), p. 11.

evolution of perception of the role of school members over the past 2 centuries or so and how the analyses of these perceptions also changed over time. This discussion is followed by an examination of the antecedents of tension for school board members in general and for rural schools board members in particular in the United States and how these tensions have been described and reported in the relevant literature. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings concerning the evolution of perceptions of school board member roles and sources of tension for school board members concludes the chapter.
Evolving Perceptions of School Board Member oles

During the 1980s and early 1990s, the literature concerning perceptions of school board members and their roles generally included an overview of the historical origins and development of the role of school board members, with some researchers beginning their analyses as early as the…...

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References

Allen, J.C. & Dillman, D.A. (1994). Against all odds: Rural community in the information age. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Asen, R., Gurke, D., Conners, P., Solomon, R. & Gumm, E. (2013). Research evidence and school board deliberations: Lessons from three Wisconsin school districts. Educational Policy, 27(1), 33-63.

Berry, C.R. & Howell, W.G. (2008, Winter). Accountability lost: Student learning is seldom a factor in school board elections. Education Next, 8(1), 66-73.

Bradshaw, P. & Osborne, R. (2009/2010, Winter). School boards: Emerging governance challenges. Canadian Education, 50(1), 46-49.

findlaw.com).
Raney v. Board of Education., U.S. 443 (1968) -- The Gould Arkansas School District which, at the time, had about 60% African-Americans and no racial segregation, maintained two combination elementary and high schools located about ten blocks apart. In order to remain eligible for Federal funding, the school adopted a "freedom of choice" plan in which students were annually required to choose a school. No White students opted for the Black school, but 85 Black students were enrolled at the formerly all-White Gould school. A new building was needed, and petitioners enjoined to have it built near Gould, to avoid continued segregation. The District denied all relief, and the ourt of Appeals affirmed the dismissal. The ourt found that a constitutionally acceptable plan was necessary with the goal of rapid and complete desegregation.

Monroe v. Bd of ommr r's, 391 U.S. 450 (1968). -- 1/3 of the ity of Jackson's population…...

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Cited in: www.Justia.com, "U.S. Supreme Court Center."http://www.vahistorical.org/civilrights/green.htm

The court easily could have come to a contrary result, given that it denied most of the allegations of the plaintiff, other than the specific contention that the nature of this specific advertising was particularly inconsistent with state educational statues and school board policy. Even the plaintiff conceded that advertising in the form of school vending machines, yearbooks, sports scorecards, etc. had long been tolerated in schools, and would continue to be tolerated.
Question 2: What guidelines may administrators who are considering potential educational uses of commercially driven Internet technology draw from the above opinion?

The guidelines for school administers regarding advertising thus remain blurry. Video advertising is acceptable, but not the type of video advertising on Channel One. Regarding Internet advertising, it would seem that using the Internet to research material on websites where advertising may appear would be analogous to the permissible practice of taping programs from the television…...

School-to-Work Programs
Every school board now offers school-to-work (STW) programs, which are designed to meet the needs of a large portion of today's students - those who are work-bound as soon as they graduate high school. Many of these programs allow students to enroll as apprentices and accumulate hours and experience towards a qualifying certificate in a specific profession while earning credits towards their high school graduation diploma, as well.

While advocates of such programs argue that they give additional relevance and meaning to the educational process as a whole and give students real opportunities to make connections between theory and actual practice, opponents believe that these types of programs are pervasive and prevent students from receiving a thorough and valuable education.

This paper supports the opposing viewpoint of school-to-work programs, arguing that education that concentrates on job training results in graduates who are less adaptable and less able to change occupations without…...

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Bibliography

Brandeis University. (1992). Future options education: Careers and middle school youth. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University.

Cook, Mary. (June, 2001). Do School-to-work Programs Help or Hinder Education? Ingram's Education Edition.

Starr, Linda. (1998). STW Programs. Education World. Retrieved from the Internet at http://www.education-world.com/a_admin/admin081.shtml.

The 21st Century Education Foundation, (2001). U.S. Department of Education. School to Work Initiative. Retrieved from the Internet at http://www.buildbridges.net/businesses/schooltowork.htm.

Board of Education
An Examination of Several Issues Facing a Typical American School Board Today

According to Shannon (1994), school board members today are increasingly recognizing that genuine education reform is only possible when it is completely fashioned in the local community and only when there is a firm commitment to support and maintain it locally. "The school board," he says, "is the most credible agent of change in the community it serves. Elected directly by the people in the community (less than 3% are appointed by other locally elected officials), the school board has the political support to lead educational change in the best tradition of Jeffersonian democracy" (p. 387). To accomplish change effectively, though, a school board's consistent message to the entire school system must be that systemic reform is its main goal rather than just a passing fad (Kirst, 1994). Local school boards play a major role in coordinating…...

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References

Cochran-Smith, M. (2005). No Child Left Behind: 3 Years and Counting. Journal of Teacher

Education, 56(2), 99.

Danzberger, J.P., & Usdan, M.D. (1994). Local education governance: Perspectives on problems and strategies for change. Phi Delta Kappan, 75(5), 366.

Etheridge, C.P., & Green, R.L. (2001). Collaborating to establish standards and accountability:

It raises the need for both written and verbal communication skills to reach an optimum level that can persuade and cajole.
It is believed by many experts that this economic role will become more important in future years and that in order to achieve the status of superintendent, a candidate will have to display some experience or education in that field to ensure board members that he or she is capable of representing the district well (Thomas, 2002).

With Administrators, Staff and Teachers

School superintendents face a new level of issues when dealing with these three groups of employees, and it is very important how the man or woman in that position communicates layoffs, curriculum changes, school closures, firings, or an order to re-apply for their jobs, as has been done now in a significant number of districts around the country.

One of the superintendent's first priorities is to get out of the…...

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Bibliography

Board perceptions. (2007, December). Retrieved May 28, 2009, from School Administrator Journal - GALE database (A172251160): .

Glass, T.E., Bjork, L., & Brunner, C. (2000). A study of the American school superintendency. Retrieved May 28, 2009, from eric.ed.gov (ED440475):  http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/16/2d/e9.pdf 

Hopper, J. (2005, December). Communication essentials: What superintendents need to know and want to share about communicating. Retrieved May 28, 2009, from Michigan edusource: http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:PvTiyj6oFJsJ:www.michiganedusource.org/PublicRelations/Supt_Communication_Essentials.doc+school+superintendents+communication+methods&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

McAdams, D.R. (2009, February). Top 10 'guarantees' for a great relationship. Retrieved May 28, 2009, from EBSCO data base (AN 36326105): AD-b5be-a37ac1448272%40sessionmgr7&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=tfh&AN=36326105http://ezproxy.ppld.org:2054/ehost/detail?vid=2&hid=9&sid=99164b10-d3d2-43

From the school staff perspective, the identification badges would be a useful instrument to recognize who is a student and who is a teacher. Additionally, somewhat related to the identification purpose, as well as to the security perspective that one parent has mentioned, the staff can easily recognize who is actually meant to be on school grounds and who isn't. If we consider the global terrorist threat, this is a highly important argument.

On the other hand, as the parent has mentioned, security and safety measures on school premises need to have a limit somewhere, otherwise we risk having a reminder of concentration camps, where number identification tags were used. As the parent has asked, where can we draw the line?

From the parents' perspective, wearing a badge may be an additional form of security and safety on school grounds, but it also may be considered a measure that will give way…...

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Bibliography

1. Parents, students protest school ID badges. November 2004. On the Internet at http://edition.cnn.com/2004/EDUCATION/11/02/school.badges.ap/index.html

Parents, students protest school ID badges. November 2004. On the Internet at http://edition.cnn.com/2004/EDUCATION/11/02/school.badges.ap/index.html

For school retention, the major reason for support of this was academic achievement. If the child does not meet the set benchmarks for performance, the decision-making panel simply agreed to retention of the student. There was no formal assessment system for this decision process.
These results were supported by the result of the study conducted by Hong and audenbush (2006)

who found that student achievement were used in state and district schools to decide social promotion vs. school retention instead of formal systems of assessment of student performance. According to these findings, the schools that used academic achievement as the main criterion for social promotion did not bother to understand how the decision affected the student for who the decision was being made and the other students in general. The findings of these authors showed that these were very important aspects in the general performance of the school itself and the…...

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References

Bali, V.A., Anagnostopoulos, D., & Roberts, R. (2005). Toward a Political Explanation of Grade Retention. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 27(2), 133-155. doi: 10.2307/3699523

Hong, G., & Raudenbush, S.W. (2005). Effects of Kindergarten Retention Policy on Children's Cognitive Growth in Reading and Mathematics. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 27(3), 205-224. doi: 10.2307/3699569

Hong, G., & Raudenbush, S.W. (2006). Evaluating Kindergarten Retention Policy: A Case Study of Causal Inference for Multilevel Observational Data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 101(475), 901-910. doi: 10.2307/27590770

Jacob, B.A., & Lefgren, L. (2009). The Effect of Grade Retention on High School Completion. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(3), 33-58. doi: 10.2307/25760170

School esponse to Student Suicide: Postvention
The emotional impact on family and friends following an adolescent suicide - and the school's response to a suicide - has not been the subject of the same level of intense research as have: a) the causes of suicides; and b) programs to prevent suicides. However, there is now an emerging body of solid research on what protocol a school can put into place, to be more prepared in the unfortunate circumstance of a teen suicide. Indeed, on the subject of tragedy, in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, many schools and communities re-tooled their crisis/response plans for dealing with such threats. And yet, in many ways, the sudden, inexplicable death of a student can cause serious psychological ramifications to fellow students on a part with the shockwaves following an attack by terrorists. And hence, this paper analyzes literature that is…...

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References

American Association of Suicidology (2003). Remembering Our Children:

Parents of Suicides, A Memorial to Our Precious Sons & Daughters.  http://www.angelfire.com/mi2/parentsofsuicide/page1.html 

Bratter, Thomas Edward (2003). Surviving Suicide: Treatment Challenges for Gifted, Angry, Drug Dependent Adolescents. International Journal of Reality

Therapy, XXII, 32-36.

, 1999). In many areas of the country this may be very accurate.
Another problem that comes into the picture where obesity in children is concerned is that many parents must work very long hours today to pay bills and have money for what their family needs (Mokdad, et al., 1999). ecause of this, many children are latchkey kids and are not watched as closely by their parents as they used to be (Mokdad, et al., 1999). Children used to come home from school and go and play with others, but many now live in neighborhoods where this is unsafe or where there are no children their age so they remain inside watching TV or playing video games and snacking on whatever is available (Mokdad, et al., 1999).

If there is healthy food in the house this is often not a problem, but many households are full of potato chips, candy, soda,…...

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Bibliography

Anderson, J.G. (1987). Structural equation models in the social and behavioral sciences: Model building. Child Development, 58, 49-64.

Arlin, M. (1976). Causal priority of social desirability over self-concept: A cross-lagged correlation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 267-272.

Averill, P. (1987). The role of parents in the sport socialization of children. Unpublished senior thesis, University of Houston.

Bandura, a. (1969). A social-learning theory of identificatory processes. In D.A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 213-262). Chicago: Rand McNally.

And when the parent comes to an event held in the classroom, it makes good sense to have interpreters available, and "invite the extended family," which of course is a very welcoming act of kindness and good judgment. The other parent in this list of "types" is the "Busy Parent," who is a person with a work schedule that is hard to get a hold of, or plan meetings for. Get the cell phone number of parents like this, and the email addresses, and "continue to send home their children's work on a regular basis, including writing samples, artwork, and test copies" - and even consider taking digital photos of class activities and attaching those pictures to emails that go to parents.
On a more serious note, the literature on school administration duties as far as training staff to be parent-active and family-friendly offers an article called "here's the Ministry…...

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Works Cited

Beaudoin, Nelson. (2006). Giving Stakeholders a Voice. Educational Leadership, 63(8), 74-75.

Flannery, Mary Ellen. (2005). A field guide to parents: famed for its vast appetite for information

And ability to protect its offspring, the parent genus has nonetheless eluded scientific study.

Until now. NEA Today, 24(2), 36-38.

"Failure of any district to budget funds to meet statutory requirements is a very serious matter and will result in the executive county superintendent rejection of the budget. The district will be advised of any lack of budget approval with specific recommendations on necessary corrective revisions." (New Jersey Department of Education 2013, P 14).

3. Key Budget Terminology

There are numerous terminologies with regard to the school district budget. The most important budget terminologies are

evenue

The revenue is the money received by the school district within an accounting year. A fund is part of the revenue and there are four sources of revenue for the school district and this include:

Local source,

Intermediate source, state, and Federal sources.

Expenditures

Expenditures are the expenses that the school district must fulfill within an accounting year. Part of the school district expenditures are the payment of teachers' salary, and travel expenses for the school staff

Balance Sheet

Balance sheet reveals the total…...

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References

Ernest & Young (2012).U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS the basics. Ernst&Young LLP.

State of New Jersey (2008).The Uniform Minimum Chart of Accounts for New Jersey Public Schools. Department of Education, Division of Finance.

New Jersey Department of Education (2013).Budget Guidelines Fiscal Year 2013-2014.Office of School Finance.

Board of Education in school districts is first set by state law and then by local regulations, with various customs and practices developing over time and becoming part of the role and responsibilities taken by these boards. In New York State, that role includes the governance of local school districts in different municipalities and educational districts (which may cross municipal boundaries in many cases). Among the tasks undertaken by school boars are personnel decisions and policies, the management of the school system including budgetary considerations, decisions regarding educational theory and practice to some degree, and the protection of students on school grounds and advocacy for fulfilling the needs of students and meeting the expectations of parents. Such broad responsibilities may be interpreted differently in different districts.
The school district in New York City is the largest and most complex in the state, facing the need to balance the competing interests…...

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Works Cited

"A Guide to Special Education." Special Education New York United Teachers (2005). October 30, 2005.  http://www.nysut.org/specialed/print.html .

"Race for the Mineola School Board." Mineola American (13 May 2005). October 28, 2005.  http://www.antonnews.com/mineolaamerican/2005/05/13/news/school.html .

"Report of the UFT Task Force on School Governance." The United Federation of Teachers (December 1999). October 30, 2005.  http://www.uft.org/news/issues/schoolgovernance/ .

The Roslyn Board of Education (2005). October 30, 2005.  http://www.roslynschools.org/code/board.htm .