Saudi Arabia's International Business Law
Saudi Arabia and Socio Economics

Oil wealth, which led to dramatic standard of living increases in the Gulf for much of the second half of the twentieth century, no longer is enough to ensure the prosperity of several states. Living standards in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Oman have remained at a standstill in recent years. For example, from 1980 to 1998, the Saudi economy grew at an average of 0.2% a year -- a stagnation that ended only when oil prices soared in 1999 and 2000.

Gulf regimes have failed to diversify their economies beyond the oil sector. Oil dominates the Gulf economies, leaving them vulnerable to sudden price fluctuations. For example, about 40% of Saudi Arabia's GDP, and over 90% of its export earnings come from oil revenues. Many industries depend heavily on subsidized energy, as well as direct and indirect government subsidies, to survive. As discussed…...

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References

Ali, A. And Al-Shakhis, M. (2008) "Changing Managerial Values in Saudi Arabia," Advances in International Comparative Management, 6, 81-102.

Al-Ghamdi., Salem (1999), "Success and Failure in S. audi- American Negotiation: American Views," International Negotiation, Vol. 4, 1-14.

Au, K. (2007), "Another Consequence of Culture Intra-Cultural Variation," The International Journal of Human Resources Managers Managements, Vol. 8 No.5, pp. 743-55.

At-Twaijri, M.I. (2002), 'The negotiating scale of Saudi industrial buyers: An empirical investigation," International Journal of Value-Based Management, Vol. 5, No. 1.

Saudi Arabia vs. American Business Culture
A number of U.S. And Europe-based MNCs have, in the past, suffered huge losses due to the lack of appreciation for the Asian way of conducting business, and their culture in general. This explains why it is necessary for businesses and individuals to understand and manage diversity in culture. There is a huge cultural variation between the western and the Asian worlds. Diversity management goes beyond just changing standards and valid expectations; it entails recognizing the fact that different groups would approach different situations in different ways, and then developing mechanisms through which potential frictions could be reduced. Whereas effective diversity management is a success factor, the contrary could have detrimental effects on the success of any business unit.

Differences between American and Saudi-Arabian Cultures

eligion and Language: U.S. doctrines strongly advocate for the separation of the church, and the state. The bulk of the American population…...

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References

CESL. (2008). The Differences between Saudi Society and American Society. AE2. Retrieved from  http://ceslae2.blogspot.com/2008/09/differences-between-saudi-society-and_13.html 

Chaney, L.H. & Martin, J.S. (2012). Global Business Etiquette: A Guide to International Communication and Customs (2nd ed.). Santa Barbra, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Zaharna, R.S. (1995). Bridging Cultural Differences: American Public Relations Practices & Arab Communication Patterns. Public Relations Review, 21 (3), 241-255.

This also includes the well-known Saudi offshore portion of the Persian Gulf which was the focus of much interest and debate during the first Gulf War in early 1990's as a result of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
Geologically, these oil fields "are mostly the result of what is known as extensional block faulting" in ancient sedimentary rock layers (i.e., sandstone and shale) "in the crystalline Pre-Cambrian basement (or subfloor)" which runs approximately along a north-to-south axis deep beneath the Arabian desert. This gigantic structure "underlies the world's largest oil field Ghawar and other major oil fields, such as Khurais, Mazalij and Abu Jifan (Rickard, 156). To the trained geographer/geologist, the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia in the region of Al-Dahna with its as Summan Plateau, greatly eroded with deep gorges, is very indicative of oil reserves lying far beneath the surface, extending to depths of some 11,000 feet (Rickard, 157).

As…...

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Bibliography

Background Note: Saudi Arabia." U.S. Department of State. Internet. June 2007. Retrieved at  http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3584.htm .

Rickard, Michael J. Basement Tectonics in the Middle East. New York: Kluwer Academic

Publishers, Inc., 1993.

Saudi Arabia." Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 24. Danbury, CT: Grolier, Inc.

Thus, Saudi Arabia is caught between a short-run dependency on oil that has it opposing tight restrictions on oil consumption, but has a long-run interest in moving away from the oil economy, something that will only be forced by decreasing oil revenues.
There are indications that Saudi Arabia is willing to be flexible in negotiations. It is unlikely that the country would accept limits on its own consumption of fossil fuels, because of its economic dependence on oil, high unemployment and the need to diversify its economy. However, despite OPEC's posturing, it is highly unlikely that Kyoto or any subsequent protocol would have a negative impact on the country's earnings from oil. The main reason is that a decrease in sales to estern regions will be made up for with sales to India, China and other growth regions that for some reason have been excluded from Kyoto.

Saudi Arabia's main trading…...

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Works Cited:

CIA World Factbook: Saudi Arabia. (2011). Retrieved November 21, 2011 from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html 

Morgan, G. (2011). Youth unemployment the kindling the fuels unrest. Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 21, 2011 from  http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/commentary/gwyn-morgan/youth-unemployment-the-kindling-that-fuels-unrest/article2161624/print/ 

Daya, A. (2011). Saudis say OPEC is asked to pay more than fair share on climate action. Bloomberg. Retrieved November 21, 2011 from  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-21/saudis-say-opec-asked-to-pay-more-than-fair-share-on-climate-1-.html

In other words, the Court looked at why Nelson was suing Saudi Arabia, and determined whether those claims were based on Saudi Arabia's actions as a sovereign nation or on its actions as a business.
Sovereign immunity should continue, even if it results in the occasional unjust activity. To subject foreign governments to liability for their actions as governments would be allowing other countries to dictate the internal policies of foreign countries. In this instance, the conditions of Nelson's confinement sound absolutely horrific. Moreover, it seems clear that Nelson would not have been arrested had he not been performing his job-related activities and reporting safety violations that existed in the hospital. The Saudi Arabian government, undoubtedly, if United States laws applied, committed a number of torts and crimes in confining Nelson. However, Nelson was not in the United States. U.S. law did not apply to his scenario. Nelson could have…...

Approximately 4.5 million have main telephone lines; almost 20 million have mobile cellular telephones; and more than 6.25 million have radio sets (ureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor 2004). More than 5 million own television sets, 4.7 million people use the internet, and there are around 22 internet service providers. Saudi Arabia has 213 airports; 8 heliports; 1.392 km railways; 59 marine ships. The average consumption of electricity by the population is 150 billion per kilowatt hour (ureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor).

Wildlife and environment issues center on desertification, depletion of underground water resources, the lack of perennial rivers or permanent bodies of water, and coastal pollution from oil spills (ureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor 2005).

Saudi men wear the traditional dress called a "thobe," which symbolizes equality (ArabNet 2002). Their headdress consists of the taiga, the gutra, and the iqal. A Saudi woman wears a thick…...

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Bibliography

ArabNet. Clothing, 2002. Retrieved on May 7, 2008 at  http://www.arab.net/saudi/sa_clothing.htm 

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Saudi Arabia. International Religious

Freedom Report. International Religious Freedom: U.S. Department of State, 2004

Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. Saudi Arabia. Bureau of Public Affairs: U.S. Department of State, 2008

In order to get various information for comparative analysis, several online databases will be explored so that the scientific data and social factors that will be unearthed are factual enough and relevant to the study of obesity among teenagers.
The publication year was used from 2000 to present. This is because the researcher can be access to the best data. Also, this period has showed the fast economic development that has affected on life style and public health. Some of those internet resources will include:

1. Databases and Subject Resources at linders University Library: Medline - Ovid, Scopus, Science Direct?, and Web of knowledge -- ISI. All of these have the best database for retrieving data and studies. Also, the researcher can access the times cited and cited references, this is done with much ease hence the researcher will spend a relatively short time looking for the information he needs from…...

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Following the study and the findings, it is important that a number of mitigating factors be engaged to help curb the obesity problem. There should be an advisory journals published by the government agencies and they be given to the citizens so that it forms a reference for them to check on their mass in relation to obesity. The wide spread obesity cases should also prompt the government to incorporate management of obesity in the curriculum sot that the students can start appreciating the importance of managing obesity as well as how it can be avoided and controlled (Osman & Al-Nozha, 2000).

There should also be a change in the lifestyle of the females, the sedentary life should be ignored and they should involve in doing light exercise and work outs to help them break the cycles of sedentary lifestyle. The transition of obesity from children to adulthood is very clear. This should prompt the government to educate mothers with small babies not to initiate obesity to their children at early time. This will break the nexus between the two levels of obesity. This is the most effective way of managing obesity as it reduces the time and resources that are required to mitigate the obesity.

The Non-governmental organization and other relevant stake holders should supplement the government efforts to manage the daunting issue of the obesity. This should be done by organizing workshops to help in training individuals on matters related to obesity. These trained persons on management and control of obesity. When all this efforts do not yield any positive results, then it may make the control measures to take a different turn that will compel people to check on their mass these include implementation of laws that will discriminate on the obese group when it comes to holding public offices.

cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html
orld Bank. (2009). Key development data and statistics. orld Bank. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from http://web.worldbank.org/BSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html

illiams, J. (2009). Oil price history and analysis. TRG Economics. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm

Kawach, N. (2008). Saudi debt set to drop sharply this year. Emirates Business. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from http://www.business24-7.ae/Articles/2008/8/Pages/Saudidebtsettodropsharplythisyear.aspx

Abocar, a. (2009). Saudi debt woes not derailing interest in mideast. Reuters. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from http://www.reuters.com/article/MiddleEastInvestment09/idUSTRE59P3NJ20091026

Kawach, N. (2009). Saudi Arabia's spending up by SR1trn in ninth plan. Emirates Business. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from http://www.zawya.com/printstory.cfm?storyid=ZAYA20091008043621&l=043600091008

SAMIRAD (2009). Supreme economic council. Saudi Arabia Market Information Resource and Directory. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from http://www.saudinf.com/main/e111.htm

Hardy, R. (2006). Unemployment, the new Saudi challenge. BBC. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5406328.stm

No author. (2009). Saudi seeks to up infrastructure investments. Maktoob. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from http://business.maktoob.com/20090000375542/Saudi_seeks_to_up_infrastructure_investments/Article.htm

Sawahel, . (2009). Saudi Arabia: 25-year plan for higher education. University orld News. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20090903215333517

Ghafour, P.…...

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Works Cited:

Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). Saudi Arabia. CIA World Fact Book. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html 

World Bank. (2009). Key development data and statistics. World Bank. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from  http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html 

Williams, J. (2009). Oil price history and analysis. WTRG Economics. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from  http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm 

Kawach, N. (2008). Saudi debt set to drop sharply this year. Emirates Business. Retrieved October 27, 2009 from  http://www.business24-7.ae/Articles/2008/8/Pages/Saudidebtsettodropsharplythisyear.aspx

Saudi Arabia Culture & Doing Business There
The term "culture" refers to the complex accumulation of knowledge, folklore, language, rules, rituals, habits, lifestyles, attitudes, beliefs, and customs that link and provide a general identity to a group of people. Culture takes a long time to build up it may take generations to develop. So, it becomes very difficult to move to some other country and communicate with that culture in a proper way. The case at hand and a study of the cultural traits and traditions of Saudi Arabia would help the sale investigation team to understand the prospects of selling their products in the kingdom with respect to the prevalent culture in the country (Shoult, 2006).

As already mentioned, the culture of a country or a region is defined by and based on the beliefs, values, and attitudes of the people residing there or those who have been influenced by these…...

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References

Keillor, B. & Wilkinson, T. (2011). International business in the 21st century. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger.

Morrison, T. & Conaway, W. (2006). Kiss, bow, or shake hands. Avon, Mass.: Adams Media.

Shoult, A. (2006). Doing business with Saudi Arabia. London: Global Market Briefings.

audit committee characteristics affect firm performance in Saudi Arabia?
What are audit committees?

Many studies have been carried out to demonstrate the manner in which audit committees reports affect the overall performance of companies in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in the world. The interest in conducting audit of accounts in different firms peaked in the early 1960's. Two main approaches of doing accounts investigations have emerged in financial literature. The first one is mainly based on sending out questionnaires to a pre-determined number of financial accounts users, asking them to rank a number of specific accounting items based on how important the item is to the decision making process (Buzby, 1974; Firth, 1978; Chandra, 1974; Turkey, 1985). The second approach was based on the link between a disclosure index of voluntary or mandatory or even total disclosure and specific company characteristics (source Alsaeed). The first step in conducting financial audit is…...

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Xu, L.C., Zhu, T., & Lin, Y. 2005. Politician control, agency problems and ownership reform: Evidence from China. Economics of Transition, 13 (1), 1-24.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2005.00205.x 

Zahra, S.A. & Pearce II, J.A. 1989. Boards of directors and corporate financial performance: A review and integrative model. Journal of Management, 15(2), 291 -- 334. Sage Publications.

Zahra, S. And I. Filatotchev, 2004. Governance of the entrepreneurial threshold firm: a knowledge-based perspective, Journal of Management Studies, 41: 885-97.

Hajj is the largest gathering in the world, attracting millions of Muslims each year. As the Muslim community worldwide grows to well over one billion, the number of pilgrims to Makkah (which is sometimes spelled Mecca) also grows The sheer numbers of people itself presents challenges for EMS staff. The population of Makkah province is currently seven million people, which increases during hajj (Arab News, 2012). In 2012, there were more than 3.5 million men and women in attendance but those numbers are expected to climb to as many as ten million by the year 2020 (D'Alessandro, Edd & Al Mubarek, 2013). The mass gathering presents a number of concerns for EMS professionals, from acute injuries related to crowd swells to the spread of infectious diseases to cardiac arrests. Effective communication is critical for the success of all EMS efforts at the annual Hajj pilgrimage.
As the number of pilgrims…...

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References

Alanazi, A.F. (2012). Emergency medical services in Saudi Arabia: A study on the significance of paramedics and their experiences on barriers as inhibitors of their efficiency. International Journal of Applied Medical Research, 2(1), 34-37. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657988/ 

Arab News (2012). Riyadh most populous Saudi city, Makkah most populous province. Retrived online:  http://www.arabnews.com/node/407209 

Aymen, A. (2016). An interview with the Hajj season EMS system general director.

Benedictus, L. (2015). Hajj crush. The Guardian. Retrieved online:  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/03/hajj-crush-how-crowd-disasters-happen-and-how-they-can-be-avoided

Academic Research in Saudi Arabia
Academic Research roductivity and Efficiency

User

UNIVERSITY EDUCATION AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN SAUDI ARABIA-SOME FACTS

HIGHER EDUCATION IN SAUDI ARABIA

ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN SAUDI ARABIA AND OBSTACLES TO ACHIEVE EFFICIENCY IN RESEARCH RODUCTIVITY

BIBLIOGRAGY

Having abundance in natural resources is not the only assets a country have. Real assets are the people of a country. Investing on people would generate higher returns in the future. The Saudi government is keen to invest on its people, since it is predicted that the country would lose its oil resources within a time spam of few years (Onsman, 2011). Apart from primary and secondary education, the higher education/university education contributes a lot in the development of a country. Universities are places which provide multilateral services to the people. Along with providing education and incentives for research, it also plays its role in providing guidelines to the individuals (Al-Gindan, Al-Sulaiman, Muhanna, & Abumadini, 2002). Competiting other…...

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Pappas, J., & Eckart, C.M. (1997). Strategies for the Future: Continuing Higher Education and Economic Development. New Directions of Higher Education, 97(3).

Sampson, D. (2003). Remarks for the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges. New Orleans, LA.

Wallsten, S. (2004). Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries. AEI- Brookings Joint Center, USA.

Lack of accountability, transparency and integrity, ineffectiveness, inefficiency and unresponsiveness to human development remain problematic (UNDP).
Poverty remains endemic in most Gulf States with health care and opportunities for quality education poor or unavailable, degraded habitats including urban pollution and poor soil conditions from inappropriate farming practices. Social safety nets are also entirely inadequate and all form part of the nexus of poverty that is widely prevalent in Gulf countries. While economic growth is not a sufficient condition for eliminating income poverty, it is certainly necessary in the overall scheme of things. Knowledge remains a cornerstone of development and knowledge absorption involves providing the capacity to use knowledge through education. One significant question remains relative to human development issues in Gulf States because the region has significantly outperformed all developmental regions with the exception of Latin America and the Caribbean. Taken as a group, Gulf countries spend a higher percentage…...

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REFERENCES

Ahmed, Q. (2008). In the Land of Invisible Women: A Female Doctor's Journey in the Saudi Kingdom. Sourcebooks.

Al-Abdulwahab, S. And S. Al-Gain. (2003). "Attitudes of Saudi Arabian Healthcare Professionals Towards People with Physical Disabilities." Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal. 14(1): 63-70. Cited in:  http://www.aifo.it/english/resources/online/apdrj/apdrj103/attitudes-professionals.pdf 

Al-Ahmadi, H. And M. Roland. (2005). "Quality of Primary Healthcare in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive Review." International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 17(4): 331-46. Cited in:  http://intqhc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/17/4/331 

Al-Akija, W., et.al. (1994). "Continuing Medical Education in Primary Health Care in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Egyptian Public Health Association. 69(1994): 469-79.

Education Budget in Saudi Arabia and Iraq:
Saudi's Education Budget

Iraq's Education Budget

Differences in the Education Budgets of Saudi Arabia and Iraq

b) Student Mobility

Education budget varies from country to country depending on the government's focus and the situation of a particular country. During the annual national budget, each country allocates a specific amount to various ministries including the education ministry in order to develop the country. The education budgets of both Saudi Arabia and Iraq are different because of the government's focus and the situation of the country. Considering the fact that Iraq is slowly regaining stability after the recent years of war, the country's education budget is far from that of Saudi Arabia. To further understand the differences in the education budget of the two countries, it's important to have an overview of the countries' education budgets.

Saudi's Education Budget:

At the end of August 2010, approximately two hundred jobless graduates from…...

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References:

Ameinfo.com (2010), Saudi Arabia's Record Budget for FY 2010 includes Focus on Education,

Ameinfo.com, viewed 12 November 2010,

England, A (2010), Education Mirrors Iraq's Steep Learning Curve, Ft.com, viewed 12

November 2010,

nursing education and specifically that completed in Saudi Arabia. The review will what the level of education is in Saudi Arabia now and historically, what efficacy critical thinking has as a component of nursing education and how that component can be enhanced among Saudi Arabian nurses.
Nursing Education in Saudi Arabia

History of Nursing Education

The roots of medical care on the Arabian peninsula can be traced to a single individual, ufaida Al-Asalmiya, who was engaged by the prophet Mohammed care for soldiers during the holy wars (Aldossary & Barriball, 2008). The women already had significant experience in the medical profession as many of them were traditional healers and were skilled as the nurturing heads of families (Aldossary & Barriball, 2008). There is significant documentation of this period which shows how the practice of nursing was carried out by ufaida and others, but after that period a history of nursing in the…...

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References

Aldossary, A., & Barriball, L. (2008). Healthcare and nursing in Saudi Arabia. International Nursing Review, 55, 125-128.

Almalki, M., Fitzgerald, G., & Clark, M. (2011). The nursing profession in Saudi Arabia: An overview. International Nursing Review, 58, 304-311.

Brown, G. (2006). International nursing department: An up close and personal look at Saudi Arabia (Jeddah and Riyadh) history, culture, and healthcare. ABNF Journal, 16(4), 83-88.

Maneval, R.E., Filburn, M.J., Deringer, S.O., & Lum, G.D. (2011). Concept mapping: Does it improve critical thinking ability in practical nursing students? Nursing Education Perspectives, 32(4), 229-233.

The Devastating Impact of the Syrian War on the Middle East's Future

The ongoing war in Syria, which began in 2011, has had a profound and far-reaching impact on the Middle East region. The conflict has caused widespread death, destruction, and displacement, exacerbating existing political, social, and economic challenges, and significantly affecting the stability and future prospects of the region.

Humanitarian Crisis

The Syrian war has resulted in a colossal humanitarian crisis, with millions of people killed, injured, or displaced. According to the United Nations, over 500,000 people have been killed, while millions have been forced to flee their homes, becoming refugees and....