The virus also can spread when a person touches a surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then touches his or her mouth, nose, or eye(s). In addition, it is possible that SARS-CoV might be spread more broadly through the air (airborne spread) or by other ways that are not now known (asic Information about SARS (3 May 2005), p. 1). What is the distribution pattern of the disease: All around the world, SARS has negatively affected every aspect of daily life. Today, the SARS coronavirus strain is believed to have originated in Guangdong province in southern China prior to its spread to Hong Kong, neighboring countries in Asia, and Canada and the United States during the 2003 outbreak. In early 2004, several new cases of SARS were investigated in eijing and in the Anhui province of China. All of these cases were epidemiologically linked to the National…...

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Bibliography

Basic Information about SARS. 3 May 2005. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Department of Health and Human Services. 1-2. Accessed 19 October 2011.

Hughes, J.M. & Wilson, M.E. 20 February 2010.

The Origin and Prevention of Pandemics. 1636-1640. Accessed 19 October 2011.

SAS and Tourism in Hong Kong
SAS stand for Severe Acute espiratory Illness. This illness, caused by a coronavirus, originated in China in 2002 and spread to Asia by 2003. SAS spread to several countries in Asia, South America, Europe and North America before the outbreak was contained. The illness is transmitted through respiratory droplets, when a person sneezes or coughs. Touching contaminated surfaces, and then touching your own mouth, nose or eyes can also spread the virus. The symptoms are similar to the flu and most patients develop pneumonia (Fact Sheet, 2004).

One industry that was particularly affected by SAS was the tourist industry. The Asian destinations suffered the most, particularly China, Hong Kong, Vietnam and Singapore (Clark, 2003). By May of 2003, the tourism business was significantly impacted, and perhaps Hong Kong was impacted the most. In Hong Kong, where there had been 299 deaths from SAS, the tourism dropped…...

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Reference List

Beveridge, D. (2004). Leaving SARS damage behind, Asian travel is back on track with healthy growth. Retrieved October 30, 2004, from  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5650783 

Clark, E. (2003). Sars strikes down Asia tourism. Retrieved October 30, 2004, from http://news.

Bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3024015.stm

Fact Sheet, Basic information about SARS. (2004). Retrieved October 30, 2004, from http://

The easiest way that the disease can be passed is: by having someone who was exposed to these symptoms interacting with the general public. This is when an infected person could easily spread the disease from one person to the next. as, their coughing and flu like symptoms will cause no one take notice of these effects. This makes it more likely that they will expose others during the incubation period. For example, someone who could have been exposed can spread the disease to: their coworkers and family (who are around them when they cough). These people will begin to: experience similar flu like symptoms and will spread them to their friends as well as associates. Once the person who was exposed becomes infected, is the point that health officials will be concerned about a possible outbreak. as, the disease had several days to: spread and infect large segments of…...

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Bibliography

Basic Information about SARS. (2005). CDC. Retrieved from:  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/factsheet.htm 

Consensus Document. (2003). World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  

SAS or Severe Acute espiratory Syndrome was a virus that began in the Guangdong Province in China in 2002 and spread to more than 35 countries before it was finished. At first, the medical community was completely taken off guard because this was a virus, the coronavirus (WHO, 2003b), that they had never seen before. A report from the WHO dated April 11, 2003 said that
"This appears to be the first severe and easily transmissible new disease to emerge in the 21st century. Though much about the disease remains poorly understood, including the exact identity of the causative virus, we do know that it has features that allow it to spread rapidly along international air travel routes."

The outbreak was sudden and the disease seemed tailor made for the present tide of global travel. Once SAS reached a major destination such as Hong King, as it did in the Spring of…...

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References

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2005). SARS surveillance and reporting. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/sars/Surveillance/index.html 

Colizza, V., Barrat, A., Barthelemy, M., & Vespignani, A. (2007). Predictability and epidemic pathways in global outbreaks of infectious diseases: The SARS case study. BMC Medicine, 5(34).

World Health Organization (WHO). (2003a). SARS epidemiology to date. Retrieved from  http://www.who.int/csr/sars/epi2003_04_11/en/ 

World Health Organization (WHO). (2003b). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) -- multi-country outbreak -- update 27. Global Alert and Response. Retrieved from  http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_04_11/en/

This could include symptoms such as,
Coughing

Throat irritation

Pain, burning, or discomfort in the chest when taking a deep breath

Chest tightness, wheezing, or shortness of breath

(Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population)

eferences

Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population. etrieved from http://www.epa.gov/apti/ozonehealth/population.html

Kamps B. And Hoffmann C. SAS eference: Epidemiology. etrieved from http://www.sarsreference.com/sarsref/epidem.htm

Key Measures for SAS Preparedness and esponse. etrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/guidance/core/keymeasures.htm

Markey M. SAS Severe Acute espiratory Syndrome. etrieved from http://www.safetyissues.com/site/health/sars_severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome.html

Meng Z. Lessons Learned From SAS for Future Epidemics.

http://bepast.org/disease_information/S%20A%20%20S/SAS%20Disease%20Information/SAS_Zhuo_Meng.pdf

National Ethics Teleconference: Health Care Ethics Issues aised by SAS. (2003).

http://www.google.co.za/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=25&ved=0CC4QFjAEOBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethics.va.gov%2Fdocs%2Fnet%2FNET_Topic_20030624_Ethics_Issues_aised_By_SAS.doc&rct=j&q=protocols%20for%20reporting%20SAS&ei=jrJYTsrxNcGohAf56_gh&usg=AFQjCNFgNosl0m2IQCkt140rYceIy0UucA&sig2=70WrOSUgttnzYZoND6v-rQ&cad=rja

Patient Exposure and the Air Quality Index. etrieved from http://www.epa.gov/apti/ozonehealth/aqi.html

SAS epidemiology to date. (2003). etrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/sars/epi2003_04_11/en/

Severe acute respiratory syndrome. etrieved from http://www.physorg.com/tags/sars/

Surveillance Protocol for SAS -- Draft. ( 2003) etrieved from http://www.dhhr.wv.gov/oeps/disease/Zoonosis/other/Documents/sars_protocol.pdf

What Is Asthma? etrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Asthma/Asthma_All.html

What Causes SAS? etrieved from http://diseases.emedtv.com/sars/what-causes-sars.html

Yang B. ( 2009) SAS epidemiology. etrieved from http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Benjamin-Yang/2009/05/21/sars-epidemiology/...

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Reference: Epidemiology. Retrieved from  http://www.sarsreference.com/sarsref/epidem.htm 

Key Measures for SARS Preparedness and Response. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/guidance/core/keymeasures.htm 

Markey M. SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Retrieved from http://www.safetyissues.com/site/health/sars_severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome.html

Meng Z. Lessons Learned From SARS for Future Epidemics.

http://bepast.org/disease_information/S%20A%20R%20S/SARS%20Disease%20Information/SARS_Zhuo_Meng.pdf

(Who issues global, 2003).
The impact and seriousness of the SAS epidemic proves that population health technology needs more attention. This includes the Internet, wireless devices, and mobile/smart phones. In the event of another outbreak, a bioterrorism attack, or even a serious public health emergency, these devices help gather, detect, and communicate information to a global audience that has a greater chance of working collaboratively to find a cure, vaccine, or at least understand how to quarantine certain populations and help prevent the disease's spread (Eysenbach, 2003).

Moreover, many medical scholars believe that the SAS outbreak, as serious as it was, may have been only a training exercise for the potential of a global pandemic. With world travel as easy as it is, 1 person travelling from China to Los Angeles could infect 100 people. Those 100 passengers could conceivable be traveling to 100 different destinations; when one adds the time…...

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REFERENCES

WHO Issues Global Alert About Cases of Atypical Pneumonia. (2003). World Health Organization. Retrieved from:  http://www.who.int/csr/sars/archive/2003_03_12/en/ 

Eysenbach, G. (2003). SARS and Population Health Technologies. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 5 (2): e14. Retrieved from:  http://www.jmir.org/2003/2/e14/ 

Heyman, D. (2004). Global Surveillance, National Surveillance and SARS. Medscape Today. Retrieved from:  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/467371 

Hsieh, Y., (2003, August). SARS and the Internet. New England Journal of Medicine. (349) 8: 711-12.

SAS with a focus on the impact it is having in Toronto Canada. The writer explores what the epidemic is about and what Toronto officials are doing to combat and contain it. There were three sources used to complete this paper.
SAS in Toronto

Around the world the medical community is focusing on a new virus called SAS. When SAS first began to surface the concentration was in China. Travelers to and from there were cautioned to be careful and there were many quarantines occurring throughout the area. In more recent history however the focus has moved from China to Toronto as the virus has made the leap and is now in North America. While America watches its northward neighbor with a watchful eye Toronto scrambles to contain and eradicate its existence among its residents.

The death toll in Toronto currently sits at almost 40 with an additional 28 suspected as having…...

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References

Author not available, Death toll from SARS in Toronto rises to 36., AP Worldstream, 06-20-2003.

Author not available, Canada remains cautious over SARS as active caseload declines., Agence France Presse English, 06-19-2003.

Author not available, Q&A: WHY TORONTO, AGAIN?: SARS ROUND TABLE: Ontario needs a better response system for SARS, say front-line experts., Maclean's, 06-09-2003, pp 26.

SAS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SAS) broke out in China in 2002, in Guangdong Province. This area is an industrialized region that lies at the heart of China's economic strategy. Cities like Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Dongguan are all major manufacturing hubs, the former two also shipping hubs. SAS was a form of pneumonia, and spreading from Guangdong it infected 1622 people in 13 countries, causing 58 deaths (Cyranoski, 2003). A doctor visiting nearby Hong Kong is believed to be responsible for the spared of SAS outside of China, though most commonly among medical professionals.

Social Factors

SAS was an issue because it was an unknown disease, and because of the nature by which it spread. People who came into contact with victims could catch the disease, and it is by this means that it traveled to multiple locations around the world. Most of these locations were in Asia, but there was also a…...

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Reference

Aguirre, A. (2003). WHO continues fight against SARS. British Medical Journal .Vol. 326 (7400) 1166.

BC Cancer Agency. (2010). SARS-associated coronavirus. BC Cancer Agency. Retrieved April 20, 2016 from  http://www.bcgsc.ca/project/sars/SARS 

CDC. (2012). Frequently asked questions about SARS. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved April 20, 2016 from  http://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/faq.html 

Cyranoski, D. (2003). China joins investigation of mystery pneumonia. Nature. Vol. 422 (3 Apr 2003) 459.

Communicable disease outbreak (SAS) by doing the following:
Describe the communicable disease outbreak.

A community wide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SAS) within the greater metropolitan area of Los Angeles County would represent one of the most dangerous and damaging health incidents in America's recent history. An extremely virulent manifestation of the human coronavirus SAS-CoV, SAS is known to cause severe fever in exposed patients which is typically accompanied by aches, chills, myalgia and other bodily symptoms. This extreme fever is soon worsened when "a lower respiratory phase begins with the onset of a dry, nonproductive cough or dyspnea, which might be accompanied by or progress to hypoxemia" (Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, 2011). Because the disease is so easily transmitted from patient to patient through physical contact, outbreaks of SAS are relatively common when proper precautions are not taken during the initial stages of exposure.

2. Describe the epidemiological…...

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References

Banos, A., & Lacasa, J. (2007). Spatio-temporal exploration of SARS epidemic. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography, 408. doi: 10.4000/cybergeo.12803. Retrieved from website:  http://cybergeo.revues.org/12803?lang=en 

Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, (2001). Childhood asthma in los angeles county, 1999-2000. Retrieved from Los Angeles County Department of Health Services Public Health website:  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ha/reports/habriefs/v3i6_asthma/asthm.pdf 

Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Acute Communicable Disease Control. (2011).Communicable disease manual. Retrieved from website:  http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/procs/b73/B73Part4.pdf 

Murphy, C. (2006). The 2003 sars outbreak: Global challenges and innovative infection control measures. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 11(1), doi: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol11No01Man05

Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS epidemic created a medical emergency and a healthcare crisis with the loss of hundreds of lives in a short span of time. The knowledge of the etiology of the disease and the genome sequence of the virus provided new impetus in treatment of the disease. The crisis was successfully managed through an international cooperative effort and today we are better prepared to handle possible future outbreaks of the epidemic.

SARS is an acute infectious respiratory disease with all the symptoms of atypical pneumonia like fever, breathlessness that caused severe casualties in a short period of time. The first instance of SARS infection was reported in November 2002 in the Guangdong province of china. The SARS epidemic created a panic worldover and the World Health Organization issued a global alert on March 12th 2003 about the rapid spread of symptoms of atypical pneumonia. Symptoms of atypical pneumonia were…...

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Bibliography

C Hui1, MCH Chan1, AK Wu1 and PC Ng2, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): epidemiology and clinical features," Postgraduate Medical Journal 2004;80:373-381, Available online at,  http://pmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/80/945/373 

Monica Avendano, Peter Derkach and Susan Swan, Clinical course and management of SARS in health care workers in Toronto: a case series" CMAJ • June 24, 2003; 168 (13), Available Online at,  http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/168/13/1649?ijkey=2dd9756c05e657670c3cc6745527d787a0db3efa 

Kamps, Hofman, " SARS Reference," Flying Publisher, Accessed on September 22nd, 2004, Available online at  http://www.sarsreference.com/sarsreference.pdf 

National Institutes of Health, "Intranasal SARS Vaccine Protects Monkeys from Infection," Accessed on 24th, September 2004,  http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2004/niaid-24.htm

Outbreak Management: The SARS Outbreak in Epiville D. Background of the Epiville SARS Simulation outbreak
The case definition is a list of specific criteria used to decide whether or not one has the disease under investigation. The case definition of the Epiville SARS outbreak is a visitor to, or resident of the Amoy Apartment Complex or a worker at Star Hospital, who has onset of respiratory flu-like symptoms (high fever, cough, difficulty in breathing) from 10th August 2003 to 23rd August, 2003, without other apparent cause. The Epiville General Hospital suspects that the strange disease is the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) although they are yet to conduct diagnostic tests to confirm the same. A clinical case is defined as an acute respiratory illness lasting ? 2 weeks and with onset from 10th August 2003 without other apparent cause for a person living in the Amoy Apartment Complex. A suspected case is…...

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References

CDC (2012). Lesson 1: Introduction to Public Health, Center for Diseases control and Prevention. Retrieved from  

Giesecke, J. (2017). Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section5.html 

Personal freedoms and choice to say is all well and good, but forced evacuations should have been done and the parking lots full of empty buses prove that this can and should have been done had anyone had the temerity to do it. The state of Louisiana and the city of New Orleans should fully implement the NF/NP frameworks so as to prepare for the next storm, which will come.
Two Concerns

One issue that predates 9/11 and has gotten both better and worse since then is airport security. Some of the screening tactics and procedures engaged in by the TSA are reassuring but some of them are head-scratching. When grandmothers and infant children are being poked and prodded for bombs or weapons, that is lunacy. Israel is widely condemned for their unapologetic racial profiling, but they simply point to two facts. The first is that most airplane-oriented terrorists are Muslim…...

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References

Barbera, J.A., DeAtley, C., & Macintyre, a.G. (1995). Medical aspects of urban search and rescue. Fire Engineering, 14888-92.

Currah, P., & Mulqueen, T. (2011). Securitizing Gender: Identity, Biometrics, and Transgender Bodies at the Airport. Social Research, 78(2), 557-582.

Edmonson, J.W., Keeton, M., & Vernon, M. (1995). Rescue command. Fire Engineering, 14848.

Fagnoni, C.M. (2006). Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Coordination between FEMA and the Red Cross Should Be Improved for the 2006 Hurricane Season: GAO-06-

The key ethical issues raised in the case study involving the SARS research, were that the center for disease control wanted blood samples from individuals who may have come into contact with the index case—i.e., the person who had SARS. If that person was on, say, a flight, the center wanted information from as many people on that flight as possible. The point was not to contact individuals to alert them of any danger, as they would have already passed out of danger or been placed into the hospital if they were in danger by the time they were located. The point was merely to obtain data so that the center could better understand the disease and how it spread. Thus, the key ethical issues involved obtaining consent from the participants in the study. Every participant in a study has a right to take part or not take part in…...

Due to their contact with different patients, it allows them to become carriers of the disease.
It is important to study the relevance of SARS to epidemiology because epidemiology can provide an amount of diverse and important information that can facilitate the process of controlling, if not totally preventing, its spread. y relating SARS to epidemiology, people can become aware of the whole story on SARS. Moreover, epidemiology can be a fundamental source in finding solutions to combat the disease. Thus, providing another measure in the management and control of its spread. For instance, in the outbreak cases of SARS in many places worldwide, the article indicated that epidemiology provided appropriate models in containing the disease.

ibliography

Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS?

Retrieved on Nov. 12, 2004, from CDC.GOV.

Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no7/pdfs/04-0166.pdf...

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Bibliography

Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS?

Retrieved on Nov. 12, 2004, from CDC.GOV.

Web site:  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no7/pdfs/04-0166.pdf

air traffic has continued to increase and it now constitutes a considerable proportion of the travelling public. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till 2020. Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being. Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and mutates, via transportation routes, is the reason why the influenza pandemic is considered to be a huge threat to the human population. Pandemic is a term, which is used for a virus or microbe when it spreads over a large area, in severe cases even the whole world and large number of people start getting affecting by it (CDC, 2009).
In the past 300 years, there have been ten significant influenza pandemics outbreaks that have taken place in this world. The…...

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References

Airports Council International (2009) Airport preparedness guidelines for outbreaks of communicable disease. Available at: (Accessed: 28 November 2011)http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/ACI_Priorities/Health/Airport%20preparedness%20guidelines.pdf

Bouma, G.D. (2002) The research process. 4th edn. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Brigantic, R., Delp, W., Gadgil A., Kulesz, J., Lee, R., Malone, J.D. (2009) U.S. airport entry screening in response to pandemic influenza: Modeling and analysis. Available at:   (Accessed: 28 November 2011)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7578-4W2M6SG1&_user=10843&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000000150&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10843&md5=44685b11dd53d74a8ef85a4f03e185f2 

Bush, George W. (2003a). Homeland security presidential directive -- 5: Management of domestic incidents. Available at:   (Accessed: 28 November 2011)http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030228-9.html 

Example Bibliography for an essay on assisted living.

Writing about assisted living facilities can be challenging, because many of the sources that you will find online will be advertising for assisted living, rather than factual and informative pieces.  An assisted living facility is a housing facility for people who cannot or choose not to live independently.  They can range from facilities where there is a minimum amount of help to full-care nursing facilities.  In fact, many facilities offer a range of housing options, which are adaptable as a person’s ability to live independently....

I. Introduction

- Briefly introduce Covid-19 as a global pandemic that has affected millions of lives worldwide

- State the purpose of the essay to provide an outline of important aspects related to Covid-19



II. Definition and Origin of Covid-19

- Define Covid-19 as a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

- Discuss the origin of the virus, which is believed to have emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019



III. Spread and Transmission

- Explain how Covid-19 spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks

- Discuss the role of asymptomatic individuals in transmission and the importance of wearing....

Key Symptoms of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Guide for Easy Identification

Introduction

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global pandemic, affecting millions worldwide. Understanding the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate management. This outline provides a detailed overview of the key symptoms associated with COVID-19, guiding healthcare professionals and individuals in recognizing and seeking medical attention when necessary.

Common Symptoms

Fever or Chills: A temperature above 100.4°F (38°C) or a subjective feeling of fever.
Cough: A new, persistent cough, either dry or producing mucous.
Shortness of Breath or Difficulty Breathing: A perceived lack of air or....

Research-Based Essay on COVID-19

Title: The Impact of COVID-19 on Global Health: A Comprehensive Analysis

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a global health crisis, transforming daily life and having profound implications for societies worldwide. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on global health, examining its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, management strategies, and long-term consequences.

Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations:
COVID-19 is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It primarily spreads through respiratory droplets and exhibits a wide range of clinical presentations. Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath, while severe cases may progress to pneumonia,....