elevance or Irrelevance of Sample Size
Probability offers a tool or mechanism for public health professionals to help populations in making healthier decisions and choices. In this case, these officers examine different aspects for promoting the health of communities through the use probability to encourage better health choices. For instance, by educating the public that wearing a helmet when riding a bicycle may lessen the risk of severe head or brain injury by more than 80%, public health professionals are using probability to encourage better health choices in the population. Moreover, when carrying out statistical analyses, some experimental design factors might lead to the projection of the necessary sample size.

There are various factors that might contribute to sample size when conducting statistical analyses, especially because of experimental design factors. The major factors that contribute to sample size when conducting statistical analyses include the design of the experiment, the allowed standard deviation,…...

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References

Mora, M. (2010, May 6). What is the Right Sample Size for a Survey? Retrieved December 16, 2015, from  http://www.relevantinsights.com/tag/sample-size#sthash.Rvml6bGs.dpbs 

"The Importance of Quality Sample Size." (n.d.). Unite for Sight. Retrieved December 16, 2015, from  http://www.uniteforsight.org/global-health-university/importance-of-quality-sample-size

Sampling Strategy and Sample Size for Quantitative Research Plan
Referred to as modern-day slavery, the criminal and devastating incidences of human trafficking is something that are of responsibility of the entire international stage. This paper will look at the global emergency of human trafficking and will seek to examine the best method of gathering a sample for a quantitative research study. This research study seeks to accumulate the most relevant and up-to-date numbers that are connected to this international tragedy. Thus, the overall purpose of this study is to determine the most overwhelming ways that women and children are pulled into human trafficking using a 2-tailed hypothesis. The null hypothesis is that all of the ways in which women and children are led into trafficking are more or less equivalent (such as deception, forced marriage, and kidnapping. The alternative hypothesis is that there are significances in the rates and manner by…...

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For the study in question, harnessing the ability of a stratified random sampling can give the researcher the ability to choose group samples that are of the same size and have the same required traits of their independent variables. This also demonstrates why using a more basic random sampling strategy is so unideal, as it would create unequal variable groups: the researchers would thus be unable to engage in making useful comparisons. Furthermore, this strategy would have also have exerted the danger of introducing bias as a result of the selection of all study participants.

The need for a new sample with regard to this study is incredibly pronounced as there is truly a lack of definitive data on the numbers of domestically trafficked human beings, something which poses a great problem to the task of finding these victims. Furthermore, the lack of data on such victims demonstrates a pervasive lack of awareness in society, and a lack of adequate record-keeping of the tracking of trafficked persons. This gathering of a sample also reflects the first steps in gathering better record-keeping systems to create a fuller overall picture of how human trafficking victimization manifests itself in America (Newton, 2008).

Part of the need for a new sample is in part to rectify the massive gaps in communication which in its own way contributes to

Sampling Strategy and Sample Size in a esearch Article
The study by Choi (et al. 2008) entitled "The efficacy of female condom skills training in HIV risk: A reduction among women: A randomized controlled trial" examined the extent to which training women in how to use the female condom at family planning clinics could potentially promote the use of this form of birth control. The study population was selected from women attending clinics at four San Francisco Bay Area cities (Concord, Mountain View, Santa Cruz, and San Francisco). 409 women elected to participate in the study. The women in the experimental group experienced a 4-session female condom skills training intervention vs. The control group which underwent a 4-session women's general health promotion intervention. Women answered questionnaires at baseline, at 3 months, and at 6 months (Choi et al. 2008: 1841). This is significant because it stresses how the sampling size…...

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References

Choi, K. (et al. 2008).The efficacy of female condom skills training in HIV risk reduction among women: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public

Health, 98 (10):1841-1848

Doherty, M. (1994) Probability vs. nonprobability sampling in sample surveys. The New

Zealand Statistics Review, 21-28. Retrieved from:  http://www.nss.gov.au/nss/home.nsf/75427d7291fa0145ca2571340022a2ad/768dd0fbbf616c71ca2571ab002470cd/$FILE/Probability%20versus%20Non%20Probability%20Sampling.pdf

Sampling Size
Sampling Strategy and Sample Size for a Qualitative esearch Plan

A grounded theory perspective on the victimization of women and human trafficking

The formulas for determining appropriate sampling sizes for quantitative research studies are fairly formalized, given the need to make generalizations about the macro-level population based upon the findings of these experimental or quasi-experimental studies. However, the purpose of qualitative studies is to come to conclusions based upon the researcher's inductive findings regarding a specific group of people. For an ethnographic study, the 'sample size' of the population might constitute a very small tribe. A narrative qualitative study might involve discussing the findings of studying a small class of children. The purpose of qualitative studies is to let the experiences of individuals speak for themselves, whether this takes the form of a case study, a narrative of a specific handful of participants, or simply 'making meaning' from a culture. Although…...

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References

Mason, M.V. (2010). Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews.

FQS Forum, 11 (3): 8. Retrieved from:

 http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1428/3027

Sampling Strategy and Sample Size for a Quantitative Research Plan
[To what extent do African-American men who live in an urban setting and exhibit aggressive behavior due to early development factors associated with depression receive a diagnosis at local medical facilities of conduct disorder as opposed to depression?]

The question posed in this study is one asking 'To what extent do African-American men who live in an urban setting and exhibit aggressive behavior due to early development factors associated with depression receive a diagnosis at local medical facilities of conduct disorder as opposed to depression?' Therefore, the population being studied is identified and a sampling must be chosen which defines the unit of analysis in this study.

Population

The population that will be utilized for the sampling in this study is comprised of an urban population of African-American men who have exhibited aggressive behavior due to early development factors associated with depression and who…...

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Works Cited

Hunt, Kendall (2009) Sampling. Davis/Gallardo's Straight Talk About Communication Research Methods. 1st Edition. Retrieved from:  http://www.kendallhunt.com/uploadedFiles/Kendall_Hunt/Content/Higher_Education/Uploads/Davis_Gallardo_1e_Ch8.pdf

credentials and affiliation?
The one person named was Jane McCausland Kurz. She is an Registered Nurse and a PhD at Temple University in Philadelphia.

Did the researcher/s received funding that supported this research?

That was not disclosed. There is a header at the very end that says "Financial Disclosures" but there is nothing listed there.

Who were the study participants?

Nursing students…not quite 120 in total.

Was the eligibility criteria stated?

Didn't seem to be any…convenience sample.

Was a pilot study undertaken?

What is the underlying paradigm of the study?

That the network of organ donations existing right now is not sufficient for the people that need them, when they need them. At least part of the problem, as explained in the abstract of the study, is the misinformation that exists.

Does the study involve the collection of empirical evidence?

Yes.

What is empirical evidence?

Completed Likert-scale surveys from two groups that are differentiated based on how they were treated as part of…...

Appraising Findings of a Quantitative Study1. Were the primary hypotheses addressed in the introduction?No hypotheses were stated for the article by Sigala et al. (2022). Instead, the introduction reviewed relevant literature and stated its purpose, which was to provide the foundation for rigorous evaluations of the impact of restaurant menu added-sugar warning labels on consumer behavior (Sigala et al., 2022, p. 2). Specifically, the authors aimed to better understand the relative performance of multiple added-sugar warning label designs while establishing whether restaurant menu added-sugar warning labels could change consumer perception and knowledge outcomes on the causal pathway between warning-label exposure and behavior change (Sigala et al., 2022, p. 2). With this research intention, the authors proceeded in explaining the methodology of the study, leaving no indication of how they expected the results to play out.2. How were participants selected and assigned to groups and were groups similar at the start…...

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References

Adcock, C. J. (1997). Sample size determination: a review. Journal of the Royal

Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician), 46(2), 261-283.

Sigala, D. M., Hall, M. G., Musicus, A. A., Roberto, C. A., Solar, S. E., Fan, S., ... &

A different sample looked at 144 offenders incarecerated only in Texas and 137 of those 144 completed the PAI as mentioned above to help classify them. The average age of this 144 people was 36.99 years. The same sample was pretty racially diverse given that roughly half was white, 35% was black, 16.1% was Hispanic and the other 0.7% was something else (Caperton, Edens & Johnson, 2004).
As for how all of this impacts the study, a sample of less than 100 or 200 people in a larger pool of 100,000 is pretty small. However, to have a sample near or above 100 is still not bad although the sample should have been larger for the Texas sample since they have such a large share of the United States population and, probably, the population of sex offenders as well. Even with the size of the sample being small, the results…...

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References

Caperton, J.D., Edens, J.F., & Johnson, J.K. (2004). Predicting Sex Offender

Institutional Adjustment and Treatment Compliance Using the Personality

Assessment Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 187-191.

doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.187

sampled, and the various types of instruments used in data collection. The methods also differ in how the data will be collected: qualitatively, quantitatively or both.
In the following essay we will be discussing the comparisons and contrasts of the following research methods, followed by some examples and particular usage of these methods.

Field esearch Method

Experimental esearch Method

Comparison

Field esearch Method

Field research is an activity used to collect primary or unusual data using methods such as face-to-face interviewing, telephonic interviews, surveys and direct observation etc. The purpose of this study is to observe the phenomena in its natural state, collection of data and then construction of theory. The field research method has much strength, such as that the researcher can conduct research in a better way to find out the specific information that is required. Similarly, flexibility is also a great strength of this method, as the researcher can make many changes…...

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References:

Babbie, Earl R (1973) "Survey Research Methods" Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Co.

Experiment Resources (2008) "Experimental Research" Retrieved 7th May 2011 from Experiment Resources:  http://www.experiment-resources.com/experimental-research.html 

Shuttleworth, Martyn (2009) "Field Experiments" Retrieved 7th May 2011 from Experiment Resources:  http://www.experiment-resources.com/field-experiments.html

digit integers {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
Sampling distribution of each sample is .04

Mean () Probability P (x)

If a population has a standard deviation ? of 25 units, what is the standard error of the mean if samples of size 16 are selected? Samples of size 36? Samples of size 100?

Standard error for sample size 16 25 / 4= 6.25

Standard error for sample size 36 25/6= 4.17

Standard error for sample size 100 25/10= 2.5

According to Nielsen's Television Audience report, in 2009 the average American home had 2.6 television sets (more than the average number of people per household, at 2.5 people). If the standard deviation for the number of televisions in a U.S. household is 1.2 and a random sample of 0 U.S. households is selected, the mean of this sample belongs to a sampling distribution.

a.What is the shape of this sampling distribution? Normal

b.What is the mean of this sampling…...

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8.39

From candy to jewelry to flowers, the average consumer was expected to spend $123.89 for Mother's Day 2009, according to an April 2009 National Retail Federation survey. Local merchants felt this average was too high for their area. They contracted an agency to conduct a study. A random sample of 60 consumers was taken at a local shopping mall the Saturday before Mother's Day and produced a sample mean amount of $106.27. If ? = $39.50, does the sample provide sufficient evidence to support the merchants' claim at the 0.05 level of significance?

Z star is .0575, which means the p value is .48 and is not smaller than the established level of significance. Therefore, the sample does provide sufficient evidence to support the merchants' claims.

Sampling Size: Qualitative esearch
The aim of qualitative research is to ensure that the population in question is studied with sufficient rigor and above all sufficient depth to yield meaningful results. "There is a point of diminishing return to a qualitative sample -- as the study goes on more data does not necessarily lead to more information… qualitative research is concerned with meaning and not making generalised hypothesis statements" (Mason 2010:8). The advantage to large sampling sizes is that they are more representative as a whole and are less likely to be thrown off by anomalies: "for qualitative studies, where the goal is to 'reduce the chances of discovery failure,' a large sample size broadens the range of possible data and forms a better picture for analysis" ("The importance of a quality sample size," 2013, Unite for Sight). In the process of qualitative research, when a small sampling size is selected…...

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References

Mason, M. (2010). Sample size and saturation in PHD studies using qualitative research.

Qualitative Social Research, 11 (3): 8. Retrieved from  http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1428/3027 

Maxwell, J.A. (2005). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (2nd Ed.).

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Depending on what the particular needs are for a qualitative study, the samples should be small so that researchers can achieve data saturation, in which no new information is encountered so that redundancy occurs (Polit & Beck, 2008, p. 363). In comparison, quantitative studies are usually advantaged by larger samples that are more representative of a population.
Developing a sample for a research study requires researchers to specifically tailor their sample to the research design. Doing so involves determining whether the study will be quantitative or qualitative, and utilizing one of the many different sampling measures that categorized as either nonprobability or probability sampling. There is a distinct relationship between quantitative studies and probability sampling measures, and qualitative research and non-probability measures (particularly those that involve purposive sampling). However, researchers must ensure that their samples demonstrate a causal relationship -- that is ideally in accordance with their hypotheses -- and…...

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References

Creswell, J. (2002). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Retrieved from  http://files.myopera.com/caohockinhtek21/blog/Qualitative,%20Quantitative,%20and%20mixed%20methods.pdf 

Lunsford, T.R., Lunsford, B.R. (2005). "Research forum -- the research sample, part I: Sampling." American Academy of Orthotists & Prosthetists. Retrieved from  http://www.oandp.org/jpo/library/1995_03_105.asp 

No author. (no date). "What is research design." Esf-agentschap.be. Retrieved from Polit, D.F., & Beck, C.T. (2008). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice, (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781794688

Saldanha, L., Thompson, P. (2002). "Conceptions of sample and their relationship to statistical inferences." Educational Studies in Mathematics. 51 (3) 257-270.

pros of a representative sample in this case? In this regard, your thread provides some of the advantages?
The study affirms the importance of cultural influences in research and management. A representative sample is particularly important in this study since the ramifications are immense. The authors argue that culture impacts perceptions and outcome of research. The researchers argue that consideration of cultural differences is critical when choosing researchers for and applying techniques in cross-cultural research as well as in the performance appraisal and international management. Implications of this study would have huge effects in an immense amount of fields from that of the social sciences where scholars and government as well as NGOs would choose researchers based on cultural specifications to conduct and evaluate research. Corporations, too, would include ethnicity as one of their criteria when choosing employees who would conduct performance appraisals. Most importantly still, management echelons would be…...

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References

People science & Policy The need for representative samples in quantitative research  http://www.peoplescienceandpolicy.com/perspectives/representative_samples.php 

Rundblad, G (2006) Recruiting a representative sample. appliedlinguistics.org  http://www.appliedlinguistics.org.uk/pdfs/sample.pdf

Company Email
Two alternatives to increase the company's customer service score

Dear Greg,

I first would like to thank you, for providing me the opportunity to oversee your four store locations as the retail division manager. This is a large responsibility, and one that I am willing to accept. One of my roles is to ensure the competitiveness of our growing franchise. Customer service is a pivotal strength of our business; however, it has been declining of late.

I understand that with any business customer service is paramount to success. BCCC is no different in this regard. This is particularly true as competition is pervasive in all of our markets. Competitors, particularly in our industry, will strike at any opportunity to steal market share from our company. I understand this dynamic and have enclosed recommendations to keep the company competitive from a customer service perspective. Over my tenure as manager, I have amassed all…...

42).
In the context of higher education, then, redefining mission statements to reflect this wide range of influences requires a balancing act between the interests of all of the stakeholders involved. This not a static, one-time analysis, either, but requires constant reevaluation to ensure that the educational institution is delivering the type of graduates with the skill set needed in the 21st century workplace. For instance, Berg et al. (2008) emphasize that, "It is out of the complex set of alignments as well as realignments in response to changing conditions, that institutional missions are created and, when necessary, transformed. For example, the goals of the external stakeholders and those of the institution must constantly be realigned" (p. 44).

Properly developed in this fashion, some proponents of mission statements maintain that the payoff is worth the effort. According to Bartkus, Glassman and McAffee, "The aim [of the mission statement] is to publicly…...

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References

Abdullah, Z., Samah, S.A., Jusoff, K. & Isa, P.M. (2009, February). Succession planning in Malaysian institution of higher education. International Education Studies, 2(1), 129-

Bardo, J.W. (2009, Spring). The impact of the changing climate for accreditation on the individual college or university: Five trends and their implications. New Directions for Higher Education, 145, 47-59.

Barker, T.S. & Smith, H.W., Jr. (2006, August). Integrating accreditation into strategic planning. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 22(8), 741-750.

Bartkus, M.G. & McAfee, R.B. (2008, November/December). Mission statements: Are they smoke and mirrors? Business Horizons, 24-30.

Without knowing what two scenarios you selected, we cannot help you specifically evaluate the sample size, evaluate the statements for meaningfulness, critically evaluate the statements for statistical significance, or provide an explanation of the implications for social change.  We can, however, provide information to you about how you can make those evaluations.

Understanding how statistics work, especially in the context of science and social science research, is very important.  That is because you can have studies that seemingly show the same results, but actually contain very different information.  One important component of any type of statistic presented is....

Yes, we are often too quick to assume that the most recent evidence is inevitably the strongest. Our tendency to prioritize recent evidence is influenced by the availability bias, which is a cognitive bias that gives greater weight to information that is readily available in our memory or immediate surroundings. As a result, we often assume that recent evidence is more reliable and accurate.

However, the strength of evidence should not solely depend on its recency. It is crucial to consider various factors in evaluating the strength of evidence, such as:

1. Research design: The rigor and methodology of the study should....

I. Introduction (200 words)
A. Background and Context: Provide a brief overview of the salon industry in Kidapawan City, highlighting its importance to the local economy and employment. Discuss the significance of customer relationship management skills in driving business performance in this competitive market.
B. Thesis Statement: Clearly state the central argument or hypothesis of the essay, which should focus on the positive correlation between customer relationship management skills and business performance in salons in Kidapawan City.

II. Literature Review (300 words)
A. Define and Discuss CRM Skills: Explain key concepts and theories related to customer relationship management skills, drawing upon relevant academic literature....

Here are some topic ideas related to Qualitative Research:

1. Exploring the use of thematic analysis in qualitative research
2. The role of reflexivity in qualitative research
3. A comparative analysis of different qualitative research methods
4. Examining the ethical considerations in qualitative research
5. The challenges and benefits of using in-depth interviews in qualitative research
6. The impact of researcher bias on the results of qualitative research
7. Investigating the use of case studies in qualitative research
8. Exploring the validity and reliability of qualitative research findings
9. Analyzing the role of participant observation in qualitative research
10. Examining the importance of triangulation in qualitative research.
11. The use of....