collects sample data from 2001 households across the United States to evaluate the attributes of the participants. The total number of 50 variables are used to identify the data attributes, however, three discrete variables and three continuous variables are selected to evaluate the relationships. The selected discrete variables are Number of Children, Number of cars and Mail Buyer. However, the selected continuous variables are Athletic Dimension, Length of residence, and Wealth Rating. The data analysis is carried out using the descriptive statistics to summarize the data in a manageable form using the Mean, mode and median to compare the discrete and continuous variables. The results of the analysis reveal that all the data of the discrete variables are complete, however, the data of the variables Lengthofresidence and Athleticdimension are missing affecting the validity of the data. The bar graph is also used to provide the visual presentation of the…...

Statistical Analysis of the Sample Data
Identification of Discreet Variables and Continuous Variables

A discrete variable is obtained by counting, and the continuous variable is obtained by measuring. The study selects the following discreet variables for the analysis:

• Number of cars

• Number of Children

• Mail Buyer

The study also selects the following continuous variables for the analysis:

• Length of residence

• Athletic Dimension

• Wealth Rating.

Numerical Distribution of Discreet and Continuous Variable

The study uses the frequency distribution to compare the selected discreet and continuous variables using the central tendency tools and graph. As being revealed in the frequency table below, THE variables Lengthofresidence and Athleticdimension do not have the mean values showing the limitation of the data.

Frequencies

Comparison of Discreet and Continuous Variables

MailBuyer

LengthOfResidence

AthleticDimension

WealthRating

N

Valid

2000

2000

2000

2000

Missing

0

0

0

0

Mean

1,03

0,59

1,25

7,39

Median

1

0

1

8

Mode

1

0

2

9

The bar graph of all the six variables are presented below

Bar Graph

T-Test

The section presents the T-Test for the discreet and continuous variables. The p-value of the sample four populations is 0 revealing that the…...

Flight Data ecorder
From a system viewpoint, prevention is a great deal less expensive than accidents. Two Boeing 737 accidents remain entirely unexplained at this time (Colorado Springs, 1992; Pittsburgh, 1994). Both airplanes had older digital flight data recorders that did not record control surface positions; that information might very well have led to an unambiguous finding of probable cause. In sharp contrast, the Aerospatiale AT-72 that crashed after extended flight in icing conditions ( oselawn, Indiana, 1994), was equipped with a modern digital flight data recorder whose data enabled investigators to discover, literally within days of the accident, that icing had disturbed airflow over the ailerons beyond the pilots' ability to maintain control. It has been suggested that a substantial fleet could have been equipped with modern flight data recorders for less than the costs of the two 737 accidents.

Some of the innovations discussed here are clearly needed if the…...

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Resources

Ashford, Peter. (2010) Flight Data Recorders: Built, Tested to Remain Intact After a Crash. Parts I & II. Technically Speaking. Avionics News.

Hopkin V.D. (2004). "Human factors in air traffic system automation." In R. Parasuraman & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Human performance in automated systems: Current research and trends (pp. 319-336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hopkin V.D. (2007). "Situational awareness in air traffic control." In, R.D. Gilson, D.J. Garland, & J.M. Koonce (Eds.), Situational awareness in complex systems (pp. 171-178) Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Press.

Hughes J.A., Randall D., & Shapiro D. (2002). Faltering from ethnography toward design. CSCW 92 Proceedings.

DATA ANALYSIS Problem 1Answer the question: Does practice time make a difference? Support your answer with your findings.The ANOVA single factor test was used to determine whether there was a difference in the swimming time by practice time. ANOVA was calculated using the following steps:i) Present the data in three columns by practice time as shown:less than 15 (1)15-25 (2)greater than 25(3)58.764.46855.355.865.961.858.754.749.554.753.664.552.758.76167.858.765.761.665.751.458.766.553.654.656.75951.555.454.751.561.454.856.957.2ii) State the null and alternative hypothesesHo: all means are equalHA: all means are not equaliii) Run a single-factor ANOVA using the data analysis tool on Excel. The results are presented below:Anova: Single FactorSUMMARYGroupsCountSumAverageVarianceColumn 110580.558.0529.87833Column 213753.557.9615422.68423Column 313767.459.0307731.07897ANOVASource of VariationSSdfMSFP-valueF critBetween Groups8.86876068424.434380.1600920.8527233.284918Within Groups914.06346153327.69889Total922.932222235Implication: The F statistic (0.16) is less than the F critical (3.29). Further, the F-statistic is yields a p-value of 0.853, which is greater than p?0.05, implying that the differences in means is not significant at the .05 level of significance and hence, we accept the null hypothesis.…...

Electricity Bill Summary eportFrom the review of the data, the Singapore market electricity bill increased on average in 2020 relative to the electricity bill in 2019. The mean, or average bill in Singapore based on the sample size of 50 users was 31.03. This figure indicates that consumption was higher in the 2020 period on average due in part to the increase in electricity consumption during COVID-19. Although the average was higher, the overall dispersion of values was also high. Here the largest value related to electricity usage was 54.2 with the lowest value being 15.8. This large disparity in values tends to indicate other variables may be influencing the figures outside of COVID-19. As a result, another variable or a combination of variable may be responsible for consumer electricity usage within the Singapore market as indicated by the large disparity in values. This is validated by the positive skewness…...

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References 1. Bhattacharyya, G. K., and R. A. Johnson, (1997). Statistical Concepts and Methods, John Wiley and Sons, New York

sampled, and the various types of instruments used in data collection. The methods also differ in how the data will be collected: qualitatively, quantitatively or both.
In the following essay we will be discussing the comparisons and contrasts of the following research methods, followed by some examples and particular usage of these methods.

Field esearch Method

Experimental esearch Method

Comparison

Field esearch Method

Field research is an activity used to collect primary or unusual data using methods such as face-to-face interviewing, telephonic interviews, surveys and direct observation etc. The purpose of this study is to observe the phenomena in its natural state, collection of data and then construction of theory. The field research method has much strength, such as that the researcher can conduct research in a better way to find out the specific information that is required. Similarly, flexibility is also a great strength of this method, as the researcher can make many changes…...

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References:

Babbie, Earl R (1973) "Survey Research Methods" Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Co.

Experiment Resources (2008) "Experimental Research" Retrieved 7th May 2011 from Experiment Resources:  http://www.experiment-resources.com/experimental-research.html 

Shuttleworth, Martyn (2009) "Field Experiments" Retrieved 7th May 2011 from Experiment Resources:  http://www.experiment-resources.com/field-experiments.html

unning head: DATA COLLECTION, ELIABILITY AND VALIDITY DATA COLLECTION, ELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 8Abstracteliability is a measure of consistency; that is, how well a measure or instrument measures something. Validity, on the other hand, is a measure of accuracy; that is, the extent to which a study or instrument measures what it is expected to measure. The first part of this text reviews some steps that researchers could take to enhance intervention validity and reliability (fidelity) while the second part examines the data collection processes used in a selected study.Part 1: Intervention FidelityIntervention fidelity refers to the methodological strategies used to ensure the reliability and validity of a behavioral intervention (French et al., 2015). In this case, a researcher is interested in investigating the differential effect of an educational video intervention in comparison to a telephone counseling intervention. Data is to be collected from four different hospitals by four different researchers.…...

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References Adawi, M., Zerbetto, R., Bisharat, B., Mahamid, M., Del Puente, G.,& Braggazi, N. L. (2018). Psychometric Properties of the Brief Symptoms Inventory in Nomophobic Subjects. Psychol Res Behav Management, 12(1), 145-54. Clark, L., Cuthbert, B., & Lewis-Fernandez, R. (2017). Three Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorder: ICD-11, DSM-V, and the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18(2), doi: 10.1177/1529100617727266Demetriou, C., Ozer, B., & Essau, C. (2015). Self-Report Questionnaires. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), doi: 10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp507French, C. T., Diekemper, R. L., & Irwin, R. S. (2015). Assessment of Intervention Fidelity and Recommendations for Researchers Conducting Studies on the Diagnosis and Treatmemt of Chronic Cough in Adults. CHEST, 148(1), 32-54. sLopez-Ortega, M., Torres-Castro, S., & Rosas-Carrasco, O. (2016). Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): Secondary Analysis of the mexican Health and Aging Study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 170(1), doi: org/10.1186/s12955-016-0573-9Larson, R. B. (2018). Controlling Social Desirability Bias. International Journal of Market Research, 61(5), doi: org/10.1177/1470785318805305Laaksonnen, S. (2018). Survey Methodology and Missing Data: Tools and Techniques. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Turner-Sack, A. M., Menna, R., Setchell, S. R., Maan, C., & Cataudella, D. (2015). Psychological Functioning, Posttraumatic Growth and Coping in Parents and Siblings of Adolescent Cancer Survivors. Oncology nursing Forum, 43(1), 48-57.

DOCTORAL SUCCESS: QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS DOCTORAL SUCCESS: QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 11Doctoral Success: A Qualitative Data AnalysisStudent NameInstitutionIntroductionStatement of the ProblemGetting accepted into a doctoral program is only half the battle. Completing the program is not a given, and current doctoral completion rates are only fifty-seven percent: meaning that almost half of all doctoral students do not complete the program as planned (Johnson, 2015). Those rates are substantially lower for minorities and women. Although women outnumber men at the time of enrolment in masters and doctoral programs, a greater percentage of men go on to complete their degrees (Castro, Garcia, Cavazos, et al, 2011). Understanding why students are not completing degrees is important because it will help reveal which student needs are not being met.Given the tremendous challenges of simply reaching the stage of beginning ones doctoral degree program, motivation and aptitude would not seem to be variables that impact doctoral…...

Excel
"According to T-100 Domestic Market, the top seven airlines in the United States by domestic boarding in a recent year were Southwest Airlines with 81.1 million, Delta Airlines with 79.4 million, American Airlines with 72.6 million, United Airlines with 56.3 million, Northwest Airlines with 43.3 million, US Airways with 37.8 million, and Continental Airlines with 31.5 million. Using Excel, construct a pie chart and a bar graph to depict this information". ( Kaplan University, 2016 p 1).

Pie Chart

Bar Graph

Department of the Interior releases figures on mineral production. The following are the 15 leading states in nonfuel mineral production in the United States in 2008". ( Kaplan University, 2016 p 2).

State

Value ($Billon)

Arizona

Nevada

Florida

Utah

California

Texas

Minnesota

Alaska

Missouri

Colorado

Michigan

Wyoming

Georgia

New Mexico

Pennsylvania

1.68

Descriptive Statistics

Value ($Billion)

Mean

3,613333

Standard Error

0,496542

Median

2,98

Mode

#N/A

Standard Deviation

1,923099

Sample Variance

3,69831

Kurtosis

3,583069

Skewness

1,783901

ange

7,27

Minimum

1,68

Maximum

8,95

Sum

54,2

Count

15

Confidence Level (95,0%)

1,064977

The…...

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Reference

Kaplan University (2016). Using Data Analysis in Excel. USA

Management
The five management programs have the same common dependent variables. These are the average turnover, the weekly profit and the monthly staff time cost. The independent variable for this experiment is the management system that is used. There are five different management systems that are being used at the company, and they differ in their methods. The data presented show the impact of the different management systems on the different output measures (dependent variables).

The wild card is the type of store data. The company investigated this using three store categories, and presented its findings, but they were not presented with statistical analysis. As such, they should not be considered to be an independent variable.

Outcome variables are the dependent variables.. Ultimately, for this company the variables should reflect a wider variety of output measures for each store. . The output variables should be related to the success measures. First, it is…...

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References

Investopedia (2015). Sales per square foot. Investopedia. Retrieved December 10, 2015 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sales-per-square-foot.asp 

Taylor, C. (2015). What is a simple random sample? About.com. Retrieved December 10, 2015 from  http://statistics.about.com/od/HelpandTutorials/a/What-Is-A-Simple-Random-Sample.htm 

Baldwin, S. (2006). Organisational justice. Institute for Employment Studies. Retrieved December 10, 2015 from  http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp73.pdf 

Hannan, M. & Freeman, J. (1984). Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review. Vol. 49 (2) 149-164.

SOCIOLOGY Sociology: Single Subject Design- Sample, Context, Aims, and MeasuresStudy Aims and Measuresesearch Question Concerning the ClientThe research question concerning the client is:Is psychoeducation, specifically social skills training, useful for controlling the clients ADHD condition?Importance of QuestionThe importance of the question would be for the client to be able to educate him on his conditions management. Psychoeducation would help the child cope with three major symptoms of ADHD: inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (John Hopkins Medicine, n.d.).Conceptual Definition of esearch VariablesThe conceptual definition of the variables would be:Psychoeducation: Information is provided to the patients about a psychological disorder to empower them with equipment of pertinent knowledge (Orygen, 2019).Social skills: The knowledge of behaving appropriately in social conditions daily, such as conducting suitable conversations with verbal and nonverbal cues, speech, choice of words, facial expressions, etc. (Kid Sense, n.d.).Operational Definition of esearch VariablesSocial skills would be measured by accompanying and, in reality,…...

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ReferencesGould, E., Dixon, D.R., Najdowski, A.C., Smith, M.N. & Tarbox, J. (2011). A review of assessments for determining the content of early intensive behavioral intervention programs for autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(3), 990-1002.   Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Attention-deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children.  https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/adhdadd Kid sense. (n.d.). Social skills.  https://childdevelopment.com.au/areas-of-concern/play-and-social-skills/social-skills/ Orygen. (2019). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and youth mental health.  https://www.orygen.org.au/Training/Resources/Neurodevelopmental-disorders/Fact-sheets/Attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-(ADHD)-an/orygen-ADHD-factsheet-2019?ext=.#:~:text=Psychoeducation%20is%20the%20provision%20of,about%20management%20of%20the%20condition .Powell, L. A., Parker, J., Weighall, A., & Harpin, V. (2022). Psychoeducation intervention effectiveness to improve social skills in young people with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(3), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054721997553https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.012 John

digit integers {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
Sampling distribution of each sample is .04

Mean () Probability P (x)

If a population has a standard deviation ? of 25 units, what is the standard error of the mean if samples of size 16 are selected? Samples of size 36? Samples of size 100?

Standard error for sample size 16 25 / 4= 6.25

Standard error for sample size 36 25/6= 4.17

Standard error for sample size 100 25/10= 2.5

According to Nielsen's Television Audience report, in 2009 the average American home had 2.6 television sets (more than the average number of people per household, at 2.5 people). If the standard deviation for the number of televisions in a U.S. household is 1.2 and a random sample of 0 U.S. households is selected, the mean of this sample belongs to a sampling distribution.

a.What is the shape of this sampling distribution? Normal

b.What is the mean of this sampling…...

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8.39

From candy to jewelry to flowers, the average consumer was expected to spend $123.89 for Mother's Day 2009, according to an April 2009 National Retail Federation survey. Local merchants felt this average was too high for their area. They contracted an agency to conduct a study. A random sample of 60 consumers was taken at a local shopping mall the Saturday before Mother's Day and produced a sample mean amount of $106.27. If ? = $39.50, does the sample provide sufficient evidence to support the merchants' claim at the 0.05 level of significance?

Z star is .0575, which means the p value is .48 and is not smaller than the established level of significance. Therefore, the sample does provide sufficient evidence to support the merchants' claims.

Study Design LimitationsThe article Healing Faith: A Qualitative Exploration of Latina Breast Cancer Survivors by Barden et al. (2016) uses a qualitative design to explore the experiences of survivors of breast cancer. The qualitative method is useful in gaining insight into experiences, but it is limited in terms of generalizability and data robustness (McGinley et al., 2021).First off, sample size is a limitation. Qualitative studies necessarily use small samples (the research cannot be conducted otherwise as interviewing a large sample would be too much). The samples are typically purposive rather than random, which could limit the representativeness of the data. In this study, Latina breast cancer survivors\\\' experiences may not reflect those of broader populations or other ethnic groups, so the study might not have much external validity.Another limitation is the subjectivity that is necessarily inherent in qualitative research. Not only is data subjective (the self-reporting of individual people), but…...

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ReferencesBarden, S. M., Gutierrez, D., Gonzalez, J., & Ali, S. (2016). Healing faith: A qualitative exploration of Latina breast cancer survivors. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11(1), 20-28. S., Wei, W., Zhang, L., & Zheng, Y. (2021). The state of qualitative research in hospitality: A 5-year review 2014 to 2019. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 62(1), 8-20.https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12034McGinley,

Nurses' Work Schedule Characteristics, Nurse Staffing, and Patient Mortality" (Trinkoff, et al. 2011 p 1). The authors argue that lower nursing staff level can lead to poor patients' outcome and poor care, however, higher nursing skills mix can assist in recording lower mortality rates. In overall, increase in a number of nursing staff is associated with improving patient outcome. The authors use the quantitative technique to collect data from 633 nurses working in different 71 acute non-federal hospitals in Illinois and North Carolina. The study also uses a generalized estimating equation to examine the hypothesis. The research examines whether the authors explicitly states the research questions or hypothesis.
Hypotheses or esearch Questions

Analysis of the research reveals that the authors do not explicitly state the research questions, and the absence of the research questions is not justified because one of the main features of quality quantitative research is to state the…...

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Reference

Trinkoff, A. M., Johantgen, M., Storr, C. L., Gurses, A. P., Liang, Y., & Han, K. (2011). Nurses' work schedule characteristics, nurse staffing, and patient mortality. Nursing research, 60(1), 1-8.

Sundborg et al. (2012) conducted a quantitative study, which examined the preparedness of nurses to provide care for women who are exposed to intimate partner violence (p.1). The study was carried out on the premise that intimate partner violence (IPV) has significant effect on women's health. Therefore, nurses need adequate preparations to identify such victims and provide suitable interventions. While the study provides significant insights relating to nurses' preparedness in handling such patients, there are some drawbacks associated with it as demonstrated in this critique.
The sample for this study was randomly selected from the 174 primary health care centers that employ approximately 1,200 active nurses in Stockholm County (Sundborg et al., 2012, p.3). Since the sample was selected randomly, a probability sampling method was utilized by the researchers. Every individual in the sampling population had equal chance of being included in the study. The results from this sampling method were…...

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Reference

Sundborg, E.M., Saleh-Stattin, N., Wandell, P. & Tornkvist, L. (2012, January 10). Nurses' Preparedness to Care for Women Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: A Quantitative Study in Primary Health Care. BMC Nursing, 11(1), 1-11.

Health Record Utilization in Research and Data Analysis

Health records, traditionally used for patient care, can be a valuable asset for research and data analysis. Their comprehensive and longitudinal nature provides insights into health trends, treatment patterns, and patient outcomes.

Research Applications of Health Records

- Clinical Research: Studying the effectiveness of new treatments, comparing different medications, and identifying risk factors for diseases.
- Epidemiological Studies: Investigating the spread and distribution of diseases, monitoring health trends, and identifying at-risk populations.
- Health Outcomes Research: Evaluating the impact of healthcare interventions and policies on patient health and well-being.
- Big Data Analysis: Aggregating and analyzing health records....

Business Statistics: A Catalyst for Informed Decision-Making and Strategic Growth

In today's competitive business landscape, organizations face an overwhelming deluge of data. Harnessing this data effectively can propel organizations to make impactful decisions that drive strategic growth. Business statistics stands as a cornerstone of this process, providing the necessary tools and methodologies to transform raw data into actionable insights.

Descriptive Statistics: Painting a Clear Picture of Current Performance

Descriptive statistics lay the groundwork for business decision-making by presenting a comprehensive overview of data characteristics. Measures such as mean, median, mode, range, and standard deviation describe the central tendencies, variability, and distribution of data.....