wanda and Child Soldering
There are approximately 300,000 child soldier in the world today and 120,000 of these are present in Africa, wanda in one of the places in Africa with a very high ratio of child soldiers. These children are abducted and then brain washed and manipulated in order to make them killer, spies, messengers etc. They are given fire arms at such early age and trained to not feel anything when they kill someone. Most of the times these children are abducted but there are also times when they voluntarily come and join the groups in trying to escape the poverty as, as soldiers they do get food, shelter and medicines.

According to a survey about 20,000 child soldiers have been part of the warfare in wanda till date. Even though reports have been given by the government of wanda that there are no child soldiers in their government, reports…...

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References

Aptel, C. (2008). Closing the U.N. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Completion Strategy and Residual Issues. New England Journal of International and Comparative Law 14 (2): 169 -- 188.

De Brouwer, Anne-Marie L.M. (2005). Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence: The ICC and the Practice of the ICTY and the ICTR. Antwerp and Oxford: Intersentia.

Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York, NY: Viking.

Fujii, L.A.(2008). The Power of Local Ties: Popular Participation in the Rwandan Genocide. Security Studies 17 (3): 568 -- 597.

wanda is a country in eastern Africa where hundreds of thousands of Africans were massacred in one of the most troublesome time in international history. The book, "We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families" by Phillip Gourevitch (1998) tells an all too true account of the atrocities that occurred during this very unstable time in their past. Two opposing ethnic groups, the Tutsis and the Hutus, went head to head in a genocidal combat that eventually killed about one million individuals -- the majority of them innocent citizens -- and left millions more scarred both physically and psychologically. The Hutus believed in the extreme ideology of what was called Hutu Power. Followers of this ideology began to formulate ideas on the evil contribution that the Tutsis were making to their society and went as far as deeming them cockroaches. With the assistance of…...

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References:

Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1998. Print.

wanda
The UN's role in the wanda genocide

The wandan genocide took place during a civil war that nearly destroyed the poor, African nation. The civil conflict was waged between two ethnic groups known as the Tutsis and Hutu. An estimated 800,000 people were killed, mostly Tutsi, and the hands of the ethnic Hutu (UN admits wanda genocide failure, 2000, BBC). Initially, the UN had assumed some responsibility for attempting to keep the peace during what was supposed to be a transition to a power-sharing government between the rival factions. The UN mission (UNAMI) "created in October 1993 to keep the peace and assist the governmental transition in wanda, sought to intervene between the killers and civilians. It also tried to mediate between the [pro-Tutsi] PF [wandan Patriotic Front] and the [pro-Hutu] wandan army after the PF struck from wanda to protect Tutsi and rescue their battalion encamped in Kigali as part…...

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References

UN admits Rwanda genocide failure. (2000). BBC. Retrieved December 7, 2011 at  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/714025.stm 

Ferroggiaro, William. (2001). The U.S. And the genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of inaction.

National Security Archive. Retrieved December 7, 2011 at  http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html

he Kambanda case would officially begin only three years after the commitment of his crimes. According to a timeline on the trial, "Jean Kambanda is arrested in Nairobi, Kenya on 18th July 1997 and transferred to Arusha, to the International Penal Court for Rwanda on the same day." hus would begin a remarkable trial, somewhat unprecedented, but arguably driven by the conditions which would be established by the events of World War II. Kambanda's trial is contextualized by the recent and more distant elements of Rwanda's ethnic and political history.
he notorious ethnic cleansing of Rwanda which occurred in the early 1990's had actually been the long-standing product of decolonization. When the political power vacuum had left the nation to the disposal of leadership by force, Rwanda's 1959 revolution for independence did not just separate it from the authority of its German oppressors. It additionally exiled countless numbers from its…...

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The case in question concerns one amongst a comparably small handful of individuals who are accused of having actively endorsed a politcy of genocide as a way to relieve the nation of its ethnic conflict. The Kambanda case would officially begin only three years after the commitment of his crimes. According to a timeline on the trial, "Jean Kambanda is arrested in Nairobi, Kenya on 18th July 1997 and transferred to Arusha, to the International Penal Court for Rwanda on the same day." Thus would begin a remarkable trial, somewhat unprecedented, but arguably driven by the conditions which would be established by the events of World War II. Kambanda's trial is contextualized by the recent and more distant elements of Rwanda's ethnic and political history.

The notorious ethnic cleansing of Rwanda which occurred in the early 1990's had actually been the long-standing product of decolonization. When the political power vacuum had left the nation to the disposal of leadership by force, Rwanda's 1959 revolution for independence did not just separate it from the authority of its German oppressors. It additionally exiled countless numbers from its own population which the emergent leadership viewed as sympathizers to colonialism. This is a recurrence of an important theme in Africa's structural problems as characterized in the earlier breakdown of its continental factioning. With his power threatened in 1990 by the invasion of refugees from neighboring Uganda and their implied subversion of his rule through majority, despotic President Juvenal Habyarimana orchestrated a military propaganda initiative "to redefine the population of Rwanda into "Rwandans," meaning those who backed the president, and the "ibyitso" or "accomplices of the enemy," meaning the Tutsi minority and Hutu opposed to him."

Hearkening to ethnic tensions which had initially predisposed the Hutu to hatred for and fear of the Tutsi, Kambanda in the wake of Habyarimana's assassination continued the devastating exploitation of foreign incursion. The casualties, which numbered over a million, of Tutsi if including political enemies of the president, became just another in the litany of tragedies which are the lasting effect of colonialism. And more than that, it was a demonstration of the shortcoming in resources and liberties availed to international governing bodies whose powers appear to be stunted by poor collective judgment. The purpose of its implied powers to allow the U.N. To take immediate peacekeeping action when necessary is explicated by he legal charter, which states, "let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are planly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional. Essentially the same arguments pro and con

wanda Genocide and Stories
The majority of richer, stronger countries in the world failed to intervene during the genocide in wanda because they were part of the United Nations. While the UN does get involved in genocide issues, it is forbidden for other countries to get involved in internal disputes if there is no genocide taking place (Nyankanzi, 1998). Because the UN was not completely clear on what was taking place in wanda, and because it failed to act quickly, it later stated that its response (or lack of response, more accurately), was a complete failure (Nyankanzi, 1998). Many countries spoke out and wanted something done about the genocide that was taking place, and wanda was asked to end that aspect of the conflict. However, very little was done and the requests to stop the violence and killing were refused or simply ignored (Nyankanzi, 1998). While other countries could have done…...

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References

Cannon, C.M. (2009). Soraya M., Stoned to death for being an "inconvenient wife." Politics Daily. Retrieved from  http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/05/13/he-who-casts-the-first-stone/ 

Simons, S. (2009). Master of War: Blackwater USA's Erik Prince and the Business of War. NY: Harper.

Nyankanzi, E.L. (1998). Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi. NY: Schenkman Books.

While this still falls far short of the average of U.S.$34 for developing countries and U.S.$12 for sub-Saharan Africa, it represents tremendous progress for a country whose health infrastructure was virtually annihilated by the war."
Conclusion:

For a country that was virtually wiped out during an atrocious civil war in 1994, wanda's progress has been impressive especially where economy and education are concerned. However the reason this progress has failed to make a major impact on human development indices is because of the absence of trickle down effect. The benefits of progress are concentrated in high income groups and the wealthier families in the country while the rural areas continue to suffer. Dependence on agriculture is still a major issue for the country where low productivity has led to further suppression of poor families and has offered no respite to those suffering from debilitating effects of poverty. Education sector has seen…...

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References

Turning Vision 2020 into Reality. United Nations Human Development report.  http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/africa/rwanda/RWANDA_2007_en.pdf 

Millennium Development Goals in Rwanda.

As such, primordialism cannot fully be applied to the ethnic division between the Tutsis and Hutus groups during the intra-state conflict that dominated the genocide. On the other hand, social constructivism is slightly more applicable.
ocial constructivism is a sociological theory that implies that the formation of national identity and ethnic group formation is a consequence and creation based on Rwandan history. However, constructivism is based in political and societal context and must be examined according to the specific moral edicts that permeate the minds of the citizens of a country and also the leadership of that particular nation. ocial constructivists would argue that the social and political tradition of Rwanda dictates the ethnic identities of the Hutu and Tutsi peoples. The Tutsi monarchy ran the government and were more favored over the Hutu prior to 1959, when Belgium, officials began to see the Hutus as more socially acceptable.

Although this…...

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Social constructivism is a sociological theory that implies that the formation of national identity and ethnic group formation is a consequence and creation based on Rwandan history. However, constructivism is based in political and societal context and must be examined according to the specific moral edicts that permeate the minds of the citizens of a country and also the leadership of that particular nation. Social constructivists would argue that the social and political tradition of Rwanda dictates the ethnic identities of the Hutu and Tutsi peoples. The Tutsi monarchy ran the government and were more favored over the Hutu prior to 1959, when Belgium, officials began to see the Hutus as more socially acceptable.

Although this action did not initially lead to violence until 1990, the Tutsis groups did not overtly object to the newly formed Hutsi run government structure in 1962 when the Tutsi where overthrown. When Belgium colonized Rwanda, racial mixing to some extend did occur during the 1940s, which led to the formation of the Tutsi, who are a breed of European and African heritage. On the other hand, the Hutu is of pure African descent. Consequently, the general antagonism between both Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups is better explained through social constructivism as the sentiment between both groups resulted in the 1994 genocide in which hundred of thousands of Rwandans perished.

In conclusion, a closer examination of the current state of Rwanda does not fully depict the sordid 1994 genocide that arose between the Tutsi and the Hutu groups. To date, both groups are learning to tolerate each other after several international peacekeeping interventions by the United Nations and other peace promoting agencies. While primordialism is not relevant as a sociological concept to explain the tension between both groups, social constructivism is a better model to highlight the effects of intra-state ethnic conflict.

Inclusion of polarized differences within the so-called team in relation to the government of Rwanda was vital for the lack of agreement during the negotiations. Two-level game situation and chaotic structures led to the failure of the bargaining power of the government of Rwanda during the negotiation process. One of the eventual outcomes of the negotiation process was the composition of the national army with 50% from the Tutsis population. This led to inabilities and sense of inferiority in the case of Rwanda. It is also essential to note the difference between the fractured and ineffective Government of Rwanda in comparison to the strongly and united RPF during the negotiation process. This unity of the RPF was under the influence of the military superiority following the break-out of the civil war and essence of exile in the case of Uganda.
The concept of war in Uganda was essential in the…...

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Works Cited

K.I. Klepp, et al. "Changes in Exposure to Information, Communication and Knowledge

About AIDS Among School Children in Northern Tanzania, 1992-2005." AIDS Care

20.3 (2008): 382-387.

"Peace Accord in Rwanda May Be the Real Thing." Africa Report 38.5 (1993): 10.

("Rwanda Today: The International Criminal Tribunal and the Prospects for Peace and Reconciliation; Interview with Helen Cobban," 2004 at (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ghosts/today/)
The works that foster such shows of faith must continue and accelerate to meet the needs of the wandering souls who still carry the burden as ghosts of the Rwandan spirit. The Catholic church is also noted by Cobban as a very active member in this process and this is reflected in the words of Pope John Paul II in his Dives in misericordia, where he intones that the faithful take an anthropocentric view upon the state of humanity and step away from worldly designations of chauvinism of race, gender, and creed as a delimiting designation allowing humanity to shirk acknowledgement of its connectedness as one.

The more the Church's mission is centered upon man -- the more it is, so to speak, anthropocentric -- the more it must be confirmed…...

France's financial interests were reliant upon Hutu victory. As a result, France did intervene, even after the UN pulled out of wanda. However, the French intervention was not aimed at helping Tutsis. The Hutu greeted the French like allies, and the French did nothing meaningful to prevent further massacres. The fact that France is considered a powerful country, especially in the setting of the UN, made the rest of the world reluctant to meaningfully intervene, with the result that genocide was permitted to protect the financial interests of a powerful country.
As much as the world promised "never again," after the genocide in wanda, the genocide in Darfur in 2003 bears such similarities the situation in wanda that it is inconceivable to pretend that the genocide was not foreseeable, and, being foreseeable, the UN forces could not have done something to intervene. As in wanda, there had been historic fighting…...

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References

Frontline. 2008. On our watch. Retrieved October 28, 2009 from PBS.org

Web site:  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darfur/ 

Gourevitch, P. 1999. We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families:

stories from Rwanda. New York: Picador.

Child Soldering in Rwanda
Child Soldiering in Rwanda

In Rwanda, child soldiers have been used by different players as a part of reaching key objectives. To see the long-term consequences, requires examining the issue in detail and why it is occurring. This will be accomplished through studying the problem and how it is impacting the country. These factors will show the lasting effects on the region and the people who live within it.

In many regional conflicts, human trafficking has become an avenue for meeting the needs of the different sides. At the heart of this strategy, is recruiting child soldiers to conduct military operations. According to Human Rights watch, there are a total of 200 to 300 thousand who are recruited in achieving these objectives. This is problematic, as these tactics will destroy society and increase the perpetual cycle of violence. In the case of Rwanda, this is used to help provide…...

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Works Cited

Ohlsson, Leif. Livelihood Conflicts. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Coalition, 2000. Print.

Ragin, Charles. Configurational Comparative Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2009. Print.

Straus, Scott. Remaking Rwanda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011. Print.

Wesselles, Michael. Child Soldiers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006. Print.

Hotel wanda Summary
Genocide in Hotel wanda

Hotel wanda (2004) is a dramatic account of the obstacles Paul usesabagina, a Hutu hotelier, was forced to overcome to ensure the safety of not only his wife Tatiana, a Tutsi, and their children, but also of countless refugees of the wandan genocide of 1994. The film centers usesabagina's efforts to provide a safe haven at the Belgian-owned Hotel des Milles Collines in Kigali, wanda's capital, which is under constant threat of being overtaken by Interahamwe, the anti-Tutsi militia (Hotel wanda, 2004; Lovgren, 2004). Through the course of the film, it is made evident what factors contributed to the uprising and genocide in wanda that lasted from April 1994 until July 1994.

At the beginning of the film, which takes place before genocide breaks out, the Hotel des Milles Collines welcomes a BBC television camera crew who are in town to cover the recent peace agreement…...

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References

Hotel Rwanda. (2004). Directed by Terry George. United States: United Artists/Lions Gate

Entertainment. Accessed 31 January 2013, from Netflix.

Lovgren, S. (2004, December 9). "Hotel Rwanda" portrays hero who fought genocide.

National Geographic News. Accessed 31 January 2013, from  http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1209_041209_hotel_rwanda.html .

This is an emotional film, but it adds the balance of political self-interest and of the power of corruption that would incite the impoverished masses against one another to acquire individual wealth. What Paul quickly realizes, and what the viewer comes to understand, is that it is not about the masses whom are living in poverty and despair - although the rebel leaders do need the masses to accomplish their goals. Cheadle's character, who greased the system on both sides of the fence, stands helpless and disheartened when the action climaxes with violent murder of Rwanda's Tutsis.

He learns another lesson when, against his hope, the United Nations and the countries of the world fail to take action to help the Tutsis, who are dying by the thousands daily. There is almost a sense the killing is allowed to rage on because the world doesn't care about "black Africa." In fact,…...

The film thus shows an ordinary man, who, for the love of a woman, committed an extraordinary act of personal courage and selflessness. It shows much like Steven Spielburg's "Schindler's List" how ordinary people -- businessmen and husbands alike -- can do the amazing, when called upon by historical and personal needs. However, the true events depicted in the film are also somewhat shaming to the contemporary American viewer. It is saddening to realize how much of the events that transpired occurred during relatively recent years, and received almost no press, except the occasional mention in a tiny corner colum of the newspaper, when far less disasterous local events received coverage.

The film is horrifying, but not because it is graphic. It is poetic in its cinematorgraphy as well as realistic. For example, sometimes the director focuses on the weapons rather than the bloody bodies of those who have become the…...

For example, in 2004, bad weather threatened the already strained economic conditions in the area (USAID). In describing Rwanda's current economic situation, Murenzi states that the country cannot "meet food and nutrition needs of the population at large," has "exploit[ed]" the land, does not produce a diverse enough amount of goods, cannot stimulate its own economy because of a lack of wealth, especially among subsistence farmers, and has too weak of an infrastructure to support "low value, bulk commodities." High population density, large amounts of debt, and a great deal of foreign aid complicate the current economic crisis in Rwanda (USAID). Thus, the current state of Rwanda's economy can be described as developing primarily because the economy as it is cannot provide for its people.
Though Rwanda currently suffers from many economic problems, its future prospects are aided by several key factors -- a general willingness and desire to be…...

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Works Cited

Allen, Susan, Stephenson, Rob. Weiss, Heidi, Karita, Etienne, Priddy, Frances, Fuller,

Laurie, Declerco, Andre. "Pregnancy, Hormonal Contreceptive Use, and HIV-Related Death in Rwanda." Journal of Women's Health. 16.7 (2007): 1017-1027.

Bearak, Barry. "Education in Afghanistan: A harrowing choice." The International

Herald Tribune. 9 July 2007. 8 March 2009.  http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/07/09/news/afghan.php

Social Outcomes of Donor-Led Agricultural Interventions in Developing Countries

Introduction

Agricultural value chain interventions by donors have been implemented in developing countries to enhance agricultural productivity and economic growth. However, there is limited empirical evidence on their social outcomes. This essay reviews the literature to examine the social impact of donor-led agricultural interventions in developing country contexts.

Increased Access to Income and Employment

Numerous studies have demonstrated that agricultural value chain interventions can improve income and employment opportunities for farmers and their communities. For instance, a study by in Ethiopia found that farmers who participated in a donor-funded agricultural project experienced a significant increase....

Essay Topic 1: The Efficacy of Global Governance in Maintaining International Peace

Viewpoint 1: Global Governance is Essential for Peace

Argument: A well-coordinated global governance system can effectively prevent conflicts by promoting cooperation, facilitating dialogue, and establishing international norms.
Evidence: The United Nations, World Bank, and other international organizations have played a vital role in resolving disputes, providing humanitarian aid, and promoting sustainable development.
Counterargument: Global governance bodies can be slow to respond to crises and may face challenges in enforcing their mandates.

Viewpoint 2: Global Governance Undermines National Sovereignty and Peace

Argument: International organizations can infringe on the sovereignty of individual....