Healing and Belief

Russians base much of their healing system around beneficial herbs and folk remedies. This harkens to feudal eras when professional medical service was unavailable, but was reinforced in Soviet times when doctors were poorly equipped. Russians believe in preventative medicine, so the consumption of certain foods is thought to have preventative effects.

Another traditional Russian healing practice is called bonki, and consists of glass cups that are pressed against a person's back and shoulders. This is said to heal flu and fever symptoms. This practice has been discredited, but remains common in Russia and Russian communities abroad. Russians also attempt to cure some ailments with vodka, or vodka with sugar. Heat is another preventative measure favored by Russians, who attribute illness to cold more than to viruses (St. Elizabeth Medical Center, 2006).

Religion

Russians have followed Orthodox Christianity since the conversion of Vladimir the Great in 989. After the conversion, however,…...

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Works Cited

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. (1973). The Gulag Archipelago.

Zurcher, Christoph. (2007). The Post-Soviet Wars. Retrieved March 20, 2009 at  http://books.google.com/books?id=C0DTtKEktdEC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=putin+chechnya+crackdown+popularity&source=bl&ots=Wp8PIh7RJ6&sig=E2sbBydool0JptnLyy-se2RVxFo&hl=en&ei=4SfESemyN6KKmQex99HrCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result 

Bergelson, M.B. (2003). Russian Cultural Values and Workplace Communication Styles. Communication Studies 2003: Modern Anthology. Retrieved March 20, 2009 at  http://www.russcomm.ru/eng/rca_biblio/b/bergelson03_eng.shtml 

Comrie, Bernard; Stone, Gerald & Polinsky, Maria. (1996). The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century. Retrieved March 20, 2009 at  http://books.google.com/books?id=FFPzJx1jmnkC

Another important factor is that the modern ussian family structure also reflects the stress of the society as a whole. "Family stress is related to the local variant of the widespread crisis in the ussian economy (Wolfe and Vitebsky, 2002, p. 73)
This leads to the question of how social roles are defined. Social roles are linked to the authority structure in the family and are usually hierarchical and patriarchal. However, this situation is open to many variations, especially in the light of the recent changes that the society has undergone. As Schultze ( 2000) states, "Although the man is usually considered the authority in the house, the woman provides most of the discipline and the affection for the children"(Schultze, 2000, p. 45).

3. Attitudes towards activities and problem solving.

It should be borne in mind that there is a greater sense of conservatism among ussians generally than is found in developed…...

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References

Byers, E.S., & Slattery, G. (1997). Sexology in Russia and Estonia: Reflections on an Exchange. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 6(1), 53+.

Dupont-Joshua, a. (Ed.). (2002). Working Inter-Culturally in Counselling Settings. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Retrieved July 21, 2009, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107530551 

Elenkov, D.S. (1997). Differences and Similarities in Managerial Values between U.S. And Russian Managers: An Empirical Study. International Studies of Management & Organization, 27(1), 85+. Retrieved July 21, 2009, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000524515 

Goehner D. Russian / American Cultural Contrasts. Retrieved July 21, 2009, from  http://www.goehner.com/russinfo.htm

Aging and Russian Culture
In order to understand and relate to an older Russian in the context of providing psychological care, it is first important to understand the context of Russian society. Russian society has been marked by a transition in recent years that has reflected the rejection of communist ideology and all accompanying notions of collectivism. In many respects, this reactionary mentality has resulted in a breakdown in traditional values. In other respects, older values have resurfaced, including but not limited to the re-emergence of Christianity under the auspices of the Russian Orthodox Church. Russians harbor a deep mistrust of authority, are extremely warm and open when among friends (in many respects more so than their western counterparts) and share a fascination for the effects of western society that stretches back several hundred years. Russian culture relies heavily on allegory and superstition, which reflects an ancient culture steeped in mythology…...

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Works Cited

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=23478291 

Brucan, Silviu. Social Change in Russia and Eastern Europe: From Party Hacks to Nouveaux Riches. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=91465270 

Demko, George J., Grigory Ioffe, and Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya, eds. Population Under Duress: The Geodemography of Post-Soviet Russia. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.

Women and Russian Culture: Projections and Self- Perceptions. Ed. Marsh, Rosalind. New York: Berghahn Books, 1998.  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=4932096

Marketing
ussian culture compared to the culture found in Brazil is as different as night and day, yet the business environment in both countries offers unique opportunities for expansion and marketing for aggressive companies. Accordingly, there are risks and disadvantages to establishing a new business in both countries, but there are also advantages and benefits. Some of the advantages in each market include the fact that ussia is likely to present potential investors with a society comprised of an older, more established citizenry that is comfortable with working long, hard hours at laborious jobs. Brazil, on the other hand, is likely to provide a more vibrant, younger society filled with workers (both male and female) who wish to rapidly move upward. Interestingly enough though, recent and "numerous survey of young people…attest to a very strong disposition…to obtain a higher education, to find self-realization, to build a career and achieve financial independence…...

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References

Baumann, R.; (2010) Brazilian external sector so far in the 21st century, Revista Brasileira de Politica Internacional, Vol. 53, pp. 33 -- 53

Hamburg, A.; (2012) The world's business cultures and how to unlock them, Special chapters on: China, USA, Germany, UK, Russia, India, Brazil, France, Italy and Japan, Eastern Journal of European Studies, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 205 -- 208

Ranson, L.; (2011) The Russian bear is calling, but approach with caution, Lawyer, Vol. 25, Issue 37, p. 6

Stuchevskaia, O.; (2011) Harrassment and Russian women, Russian Social Science Review, Vol. 52, Issue 2, pp. 33 -- 48

Russia and the Mongol yoke: How bad was it?
The Mongol invasion forever changed the culture of Russia. It brought to an end the period known as the 'Kievan Rus' as the Mongols took control and "captured, sacked, and destroyed Kiev, the symbolic center of Kievan Russia."[footnoteRef:1] The Mongol invasion certainly changed Russia irrevocably: it is not simply that some of the measures of the Mongols were oppressive in nature, but that the autocratic methods of control used by the Mongols were later adopted by Russian leaders, and led to the development of a Russian form of government that was profoundly different from that of Russia's European neighbors. The 'Mongol yoke' ironically produced what we think of now as 'Russian culture.' [1: Dustin Hosseini, "The Effects of the Mongol Empire on Russia," Vestnik: The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies. 12 Dec 2005. Available: http://www.sras.org/the_effects_of_the_mongol_empire_on_russia [17 Apr 2013]]

Russia has long been…...

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Bibliography

Hosseini, Dustin. "The Effects of the Mongol Empire on Russia." Vestnik: The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies. 12 Dec 2005. Available:   [17 Apr 2013]http://www.sras.org/the_effects_of_the_mongol_empire_on_russia 

Stearns, Peter. et al. World Civilizations: The Global Experience. New York, 1992. Available:

 http://www2.stetson.edu/~psteeves/classes/mongolimpact.html 

[17 Apr 2013]

Ivanits'"Russian Folk Belief"
Linda Ivanits' Russian Folk Belief is a foundational and possibly one of kind work exploring concepts of Russian culture that have previously been unknown and would probably have remained so had Ivanits not seen fit to document them. The oral tradition is a largely challenged historical source as it is so difficult to both document and record in an accurate and scientific manner. The bedrock themes that are present within Ivanits work are continually demonstrated within her text through real memories and experiences of Russian people.

Ivanits clearly demonstrates how a tradition associated with eons of standards and cultural practices has evolved through more modern times, into the age of Christianity. Each section of her book weaves the roots of Russian folk belief with the dominance of the Christian ethic and practice.

In Part I Folk Beliefs About the Supernatural Ivanits demonstrates how the historical folk entities of the Russian…...

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Works Cited www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6583461

Ivanits, Linda J. Russian Folk Belief. Armonk, NY M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1989.

Joseph Stalin, with some justification, is perhaps one of the least popular leaders of recent world history. His brutal actions when enforcing collectivized agriculture upon the Russian peasantry caused casualties so high the numbers of the dead, in terms of the amount of the population of his nation that was killed, exceed that of the Holocaust. According to the historian Lynne Viola in her book Peasant Rebels Under Stalin, even the cagiest estimations of the death toll that occurred suggest that over the course of the decade between the 1920s and early 1930s, more than 1,100 people were directly killed by the state. Even more Russians indirectly suffered death by famine as a result of the agricultural process of collectivization. (210; 213-214) hat is not so well-known, however, is that starvation also had its roots in the policies employed by the resistance of peasants as well as the policies of…...

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Works Cited

Lynne, Viola. Peasant Rebels Under Stalin. New York, 1998.

There are also some words that are used, which do not translate into English such as privacy. This is because the cultural traditions of Russia do not understand such concepts, which makes translating certain ideas more challenging. (Richmond, 2009, pp. 109 -- 117)
1.3.1: Russian

Russian is a Slavic language that has close ties to all of the different European languages including: English and German. This means that many of the root words are similar to what is used in the common languages spoken throughout the West. However, as far as the alphabet is concerned, the language will utilize what is known as the Cyrillic alphabet. This is different from Western languages, as each of 32 different symbols will represent particular roots of certain words. When reading the language and learning Russian, the basic alphabet will help foreign business executives to navigate their way around. With the alphabet is pronounced the…...

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Bibliography

Andresen, F. (2007). Walking on Ice. Denver, CO: Outskirts Press.

Ayios, A. (2004). East West Relationships in Russia. Trust and Western Russian Business Relationships. (pp. 156 -- 180). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Horton, P. (2006). Religion. Russia and Belarus. (pp. 77 -- 83). Melbourne: Lonely Planet Publications.

Jones, A. (1994). Education and Society in the New Russia. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

Russian psychologist ygotsky's Sociocultural Theory, with Input and Interaction Theory. Beginning with a definition of both theories the paper will then note how the two theories differ and where they are similar in their approach as well as how they are applied to everyday issues such as teaching language.
Sociocultural Theory

Sociocultural theory was first conceived and developed by Russian psychologist Lev Semyonovich ygotsky's, (1896-1934). His most productive years were at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow (1924-34), where he expanded his ideas on cognitive development, particularly the relationship between language and thinking. His writings emphasized the roles of historical, cultural, and social factors in cognition and argued that language was the most important symbolic tool provided by society. His book, "Thought and Language" is a classic text in psycholinguistics' theoretical contributions to the development of curricula and teaching strategies. (Forman, Minick, Stone 1993)

ygotsky was interested in applying Marxist social theory…...

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Vygotsky was interested in applying Marxist social theory to individual psychology. The approach he took to cognitive development is sociocultural, working on the assumption that 'action is mediated and cannot be separated from the milieu in which it is carried out' (Wertsch, 1991) He devised the sociocultural theory that subsequently influenced the development of the constructivist movement. (Jaramillo, 1996) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning contends that intelligence in humans has its origins from within our society of culture. Individual cognitive advancement thus occurs first as interaction with one's social environment followed by interaction within oneself, e.g. internalization. (Brown, 1996) These two phases observed in classroom settings shows that the first phase of the cognitive process for students is when students encourage, support and guide each other while learning. This is followed by students forming their own conclusions based on the evidence they have observed and then resolve conflict by articulating their arguments. (Wertsch).

An important concept in Vygotsky's theory is that the potential for cognitive development is limited to a certain time span which he calls the 'zone of proximal development (Kearsley 1994). The zone of proximal development is defined as having four learning stages. These stages range from the lower limit of what the student knows and the upper limits of what the student has the potential of accomplishing. This seems to be very roughly analogous to concepts of intelligent quotients and testing in modern education.

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is the zone in which students can solve problems collaboratively and learn from one another. Or stated a different way, students may be able to complete some tasks independently; never the less, in order for them to increase their level of potential development, students need to work with others. This collaborative zone stems from the idea that learning is social and happens when speech and activity come together. Knowledge does not originate from within us, according to Vygotsky, but instead we learn from our environment: when a student learns arithmetic or writing, he or she is internalizing external knowledge (Brown).

USSR REFLECTION & RESPONSE
The end of the U.S.S.R. as explained in the very beginning of the source material is really not all that shocking when looking at the fate of other "empires" over the course of human history. One could point to other empires like the Roman one, which itself fell. More recently, even more modern versions of empires have fallen as well. For much of the 1600's, 1700's, 1800's and even the early 1900's, there were three countries that controlled most or at least much of the world, those being Great Britain, France and Spain. Regardless of the type and how big they get, they always seem to fall under the weight of their governmental structure, their compromised society or even just their sheer enormity on the global scale.

However, Russia as it is currently constituted is certainly still huge. The required source notes that the country is still the…...

innovation is a group of steps and activities visualized for translating ideas into actual products / services / processes. The innovation process commences with identifying and defining the source problem (Sva?, 2012).The building blocks of an innovative culture are as follows:
Values

Resources

Climate

Success

ehavior

These aforementioned building blocks are linked. For instance, the values of an enterprise affect the employee's behavior, workplace climate, and how success is perceived and quantified.

An innovative culture inherits ideas from research conducted by multiple authors. For promoting innovation, most enterprises generously invest time in resources, processes, and quantifying success. However, most companies have neglected to evaluate the more difficult to identify and/or measure factors of innovative culture with respect to people - including climate, behavior, and values.

To date, apparently, most companies have quantified innovative culture in terms of processes, management of resources, and measuring success of innovation rather than measuring building blocks of people oriented innovation. Most managers…...

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Bibliography

Curtis, S. (2013, October 15). The Innovations That Took Amazon from Online Bookseller to Dominant Global Marketplace. Retrieved from www.businessinsider.com:  http://www.businessinsider.com/the-innovations-that-took-amazon-from-online-bookseller-to-dominant-global-marketplace-2013-10 

Eaton, K. (2013, Febuary 05). Fast Feed. Retrieved from www.fastcompany.com:  http://www.fastcompany.com/3005481/samsung-bets-billion-innovation-and-investment 

He, L. (2013, March 29). Google's Secrets Of Innovation: Empowering Its Employees. Retrieved from www.forbes.com:  http://www.forbes.com/sites/laurahe/2013/03/29/googles-secrets-of-innovation-empowering-its-employees/ 

IBM. (2006). Five barriers to innovation: Key questions and answers. IBM Global Business Services.

Global Culture
I find the idea that the world is becoming homogenized to American culture to be parochial, offensive and ill-formed, the product surely of American thinking. Nobody from any other culture would see the world in that light, because they are actually informed about the non-American world. Writers arguing in favor of the idea that the world is becoming homogenized to American culture are laughably ill-informed. They make heroic errors in judgment in their arguments. The reality that there is some evidence of globalization, but only in the most superficial ways has this actually made its influence. Consider a moment the supposition that food and entertainment are changing -- not only is this a great leap but food and entertainment are rather superficial when one considers the depth and breadth of individual cultures.

The first thing to point out is that culture runs rich and deep. America is an outlier in…...

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References

Ghemawat, P. (Artist) & TEDTalks (Producer) (2012) Pankaj Ghemawat: Actually, the world isn't flat. [Web] Retrieved from  http://www.ted.com/talks/pankaj_ghemawat_actually_the_world_isn_t_flat 

Hall, S. (2000). The local and the global: Globalization and identity. Culture, Globalization and the World System. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis.

Hofstede, G. (2014). National culture. Geert-Hofstede.com. Retrieved March 31, 2014 from  http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html 

Tapscott, D. (Artist), & TEDTalks, (Producer) (2012).Don Tapscott: Four principles for the open world [Web]. Retrieved from  http://www.ted.com/talks/don_tapscott_four_principles_for_the_open_world_1

Asian Culture
It was created in 1949.

It was first showcased in 1936 (Berlin).

Cannot find any record of this person…is this the most common spelling of the

(1936, Berlin)

It was standardized in 1958.

It was first created in 1958.

There are 5 sections.

This information is not readily available through any sources I've researched.

They were revised in 1990.

Unable to find this information.

It was Richard Nixon.

They were a Wushu (Martial Arts) Company

It was in 495 A.D.

Damo is the Chinese name of Bodhidharma, credited for bringing Ch'an to China.

It was released in 1982.

It was in 2005, in Beijing.

It was in 1974.

Anthony Chen is a silver medalist at the 4th World Traditional Wushu Championship.

Bai Yu-Feng, from his monk name Qiu Yue Chan Shi is a martial art expert who trained at the Shaolin Temple. He is the author of the book Essence of Five Fist and expanded the 18 Buddha hands techniques to 173 techniques.

B. 1103, D. 1142. A…...

The cultural practices are evolved and based on the financial, social and moral understanding and capabilities of the local population, and it has been observed that Americans, Asians and Africans share extremely different perspectives and understanding on these issues, therefore the cultural adoption has been intense in countries where the technological revolution has been of the same intensity as in North America (Zelli, 1993). In some of the cases, the Americans companies has attempted to nullify the concerns and shortcomings of the American culture, by incorporating the cultural values of the local region, and has therefore evolve a different taste for the customers to avail, this has further delighted and fascinated the local population of different regions towards the American culture, for example the American culture has major differences with the Islamic culture adopted in Arab countries, therefore to compensate for such difference the American companies introduced the concept…...

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References

David W. Noble. Death of a Nation: American Culture and the End of Exceptional-ism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2002

Tafarodi R., Swann W. Individualism-collectivism and global self-esteem: Evidence for a cultural trade-off. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1996

Trubisky P, Ting Toomey S, Lin S. The influence of individualism collectivism and self-monitoring on conflict styles. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1991

Huesmann, Zelli, Fraczek, Upmeyer. Normative attitudes about aggression in American, German and Polish college students. Presented at Third European Congress of Psychology. Tampere, Finland. 1993

Business in ussia
The ussian Federation occupies most of Eastern Europe and north Asia. It stretches from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the East and from Arctic Ocean in the North to Black Sea in the south (Pearson Education, 2012). It is the largest of the 21 republics that make up the Commonwealth of Independent States. There are also 6 federal territories, 2 federal cities, 49 regions, 1 autonomous region, and 10 autonomous areas (Pearson Education, 2012). Norway and Finland borders the Federation in the northwest while Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, and Ukraine border it in the west. In the south it is bordered by Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and North Korea. ussia occupies a land area of approximately 17,075,500 sq km (Pearson Education, 2012).

ussia is spread over all climatic zones except tropical. West of the Ural mountains from the Black Sea to the Arctic Ocean…...

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References List

Kwintessential (2004). Doing Business in Russia. Retrieved from  http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/etiquette/doing-business-russia.html 

Pearson Education (2013). Russia: Maps, History, Government, Geography, Culture, Facts,

Guide and Travel. Retrieved from  http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107909.html 

Russian Embassy (2012). Russian Geography-Regions of Russia. Retrieved from  http://rusemb.org.uk/russiageography/

1. The Role of Ivan the Terrible in the Foundation of Russia
2. The Impact of Mongol Rule on the Development of Russia
3. The Influence of Byzantine Culture on the Formation of Russia
4. The Importance of Christianity in Uniting and Shaping Early Russian Society
5. The Expansion of Russia under Peter the Great
6. The Reforms of Catherine the Great and their Impact on Russian Society
7. The Role of Serfdom in the Russian Economy and Society
8. The Impact of the Decembrist Revolt on the Development of Russian Political Thought
9. The Role of the Russian Orthodox Church in Shaping Russian Identity
10. The Legacy of....