B. Jennings - 10% (Poole 2000).
Rockefeller believed that because entry costs were so low in oil drilling and refining, the market was glutted with crude oil with high levels of waste. Accordingly, the theory of free competition did not work well when there was such a mix of large, medium and small firms, believing that the weak ones drove prices below production costs, thus hurting even large firms (Poole 2000). His solution was a market with a few vertically integrated firms, "in effect an oligopolistic market," which is what other industrial sectors eventually evolved into (Poole 2000).

Keith Poole, Professor of Political Science at the University of Houston, writes, "hat makes oil stand out is that it happened by design - as the result of a plan formulated by a single person - John D. Rockefeller" (Poole 2000). It was during 1871, that Rockefeller devised his plan for consolidating all the…...

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Works Cited

Boyer, Paul S. (2001). The Oxford Companion to The History of the United States.

Oxford University Press. Pp. 671.

Chernow, Ron. (1998). Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. Random House.

Pp. 54,132, 148-153.

Microfinance
The new economic landscape that has been formed by recent history and events, has demonstrated to the world that new approaches and methods are not only acceptable, but in many cases, mandatory. The rise of the individual, and his ability to live life with liberty while pursuing happiness, has forced the way business and banking has practiced to essentially change and rethink their role in society and the economy.

Two important trends have surfaced in recent times that demonstrates the power of combining new ideas together to form something stronger than the sum of their parts. Micro-financing, has developed as a new way to help keep upward mobility a viable practice by allowing those who would not normally be able to take advantage of a good idea and capitalize on it by providing unique sources of lending for these entrepreneurs. Big data, and the use of information to help guide markets…...

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References

Bertolucci, J. (2013). Can't Hire Big Staff? Try Enterprise Crowdsourcing. Information Week, 14 Jan 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.informationweek.com/big-data/news/big-data-analytics/cant-hire-big-data-staff-try-enterpris/240146168 

Consultative Group to Assist the Poor. "What is Microfinance?" Viewed 20 Oct 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m/template.rc/1.26.12263/ 

DeAvila, J. (2010). Microfinance Groups Think Big. Wall Street Journal, 5 July 2010. Retrieved from  http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704699604575343270877593404 

Investopedia. "Microfinance." Viewed 20 Oct 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/microfinance.asp

Monopolies and Trusts:
Appropriate Areas for Government Intervention?

Capitalism is the economic system that has dominated the United States virtually since the day of its independence. A social and economic system based on the recognition of individual rights; capitalism demands that owners' rights to control, enjoy, and dispose of their own property must be respected. In a capitalist system, the purpose of government is to protect individual economic rights, and to make sure that no one individual, or group may employ physical or coercive force upon any other group or individual. The success of capitalism is well evident. The surpluses that this system produces have enabled individuals to experiment; to create new products, and market new ideas. These private surpluses are traded in a free market in direct competition with other buyers and sellers. Such competition is best represented by the efforts of two or more parties acting independently to secure the…...

Frankfurter landed on the Harvard law faculty, thanks to a financial contribution to Harvard by Felix Warburg and Paul Warburg..." (Viereck, 1932; as cited by Mullins, 1984)
In the "Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and anking Influence" as cited by The World Newsstand publication is that chart one "...reveals the linear connection between the Rothschilds and the ank of England, and the London banking houses which ultimately control the Federal Reserve anks through their stockholdings of bank stock and their subsidiary firms in New York. The two principal Rothschild representatives in New York, J.P. Morgan Co., and Kuhn, Loeb & Co. were the firms which set up the Jekyll Island Conference at which the Federal Reserve Act was drafted, who directed the subsequent successful campaign to have the plan enacted into law by Congress, and who purchased the controlling amounts of stock in the Federal Reserve ank of…...

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Bibliography

French, Douglas E. (1994) Separating Money and the State, Part I: Eighty Years of Destruction" October 1994. Online available at  http://www.fff.org/freedom/1094e.asp .

Mullins, Eustace (1982) Historical Beginnings...The Federal Reserve "The London Connection." The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 1982. Online available at http://www.apfn.org/apfn/reserve.htm.

Nathaniel Wright Stephenson (1930) Nelson W. Aldrich, A Leader in American Politics, Scribners, N.Y. 1930.

Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr. (1913) Banking, Currency and the Money Trust, 1913, p. 131

"These sentences are mandatory regardless of the individual's background, character, role in the offense, and the circumstances of the offense. hether the person is a first-time offender, for instance, is irrelevant" (Rockefeller drug laws, Drug Policy Alliance Network, 2009). In 2004, the NY State Legislature passed the Drug Law Reform Act of 2004 (DLRA) which imposed some limited reforms on the Rockefeller Drug Laws, including shorter minimum sentences, giving convicted inmates some access to drug treatment, and expanding parole requirements so that individuals without incident for three years would be allowed 'out of the system' ("Rockefeller drug laws," Drug Policy Alliance Network, 2009). But there was no return to the full exercise of judicial discretion that advocates of repeal of the Rockefeller Drug laws demand, and the legislature is still currently reviewing the prospect of doing away with these laws altogether. Many community activists continue to protest the laws…...

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Works Cited

Murray, Don. "Online New York criminal sentence assistant." Shelley & Murray. 2008.

May 24, 2009. http://www.queensdefense.com/nysentences.htm

Rockefeller drug laws. Drug Policy Alliance Network. 2009.

May 24, 2009.  http://www.drugpolicy.org/statebystate/newyork/rockefellerd/

Therefore, a closer look at what is needed is in order.
Needed Changes, Stakeholders and Barriers to Change

The decades that followed ockefeller and Felony Offender made it clear that these laws were in dire need of change for a variety of reasons. Perhaps most importantly among the reasons for a need for change was the fact that many of those in need of recovery from drug addiction were instead being locked away in prison, burdening the justice system, breaking up families and torturing people with a definite disease. On the other side of the argument, however, barriers to change in these policies was led by staunch conservatives who, not realizing the many facets of drug addiction, were too fast to dismiss addicts as criminals who were only getting what some felt they deserved (nysda.org). In reality, however, there are effective solutions to the debate.

Effective Solutions to the Debate simple relaxation…...

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References

Current Developments in the Rockefeller Drug Laws. Retrieved November 30, 2007 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nysda.org/Hot_Topics/Rockefeller_Drug_Laws/rockefeller_drug_laws.html

The Rockefeller Drug Laws. Retrieved November 30, 2007 from the World Wide Web:  http://www.drugpolicy.org/statebystate/newyork/rockefellerd/ index.cfm

Drug Laws

Modern-Day Corruption and Graft
The Watergate incident that occurred in President Nixon's Administration is exemplary of modern day corruption. Here, the government under Nixon's presidency was recognized to have sanctioned a sequence of confidential monitoring operations conducted by highly-trained agents that was financed by illegal campaign contributions. The seriousness of the incident was such that ichard Nixon had to resign his presidency.

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois offered differing philosophies, strategies, and tactics for African-Americans following econstruction. In your opinion, which of these leaders gave the best advice for their times? Why do you feel this way?

Booker T. Washington primarily believed that the approach to deal with the African-Americans after the econstruction was tolerance, adaptation, and self-assistance with maximum attention on the provision of job opportunities for possible advancement of the community W.E.B. Dubois, on the other hand, asserted that the best methodology was the use of campaigning disapproval of…...

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References

Brunner, B. (2011a). Civil Rights Timeline. Accessed 29-12-11 from:  http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html 

Brunner, B. (2011b). Heroes of Civil Rights Movement. Accessed 29-12-11 from:  http://www.infoplease.com/spot/bhmheroes1.html 

Digital History. (2011). Hypertext History: Our Online American History Textbook -- Interactive Timelines. Accessed 25-12-11 from: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/hyper_titles.cfm

Digital History. (2011b). Guided Readings: America in Ferment: The Tumultuous 1960s. Accessed 29-12-11 from: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/subtitles.cfm?titleID=65

Overcrowding also has deeper social, political and economic costs because through litigation it often forces states to build new facilities, whether the budget is available or not (Hanrahan, 2006).
Many scholars, in fact, conclude that the "lock em up" strategy is counter-productive to the overall system of criminal justice. Drug dealers figured out how to avoid getting caught "with product;" other criminals work the system so that it is the naive being preyed upon by both sides who end up incarcerated. Certainly, there are no easy answers to violent crime, to drug addiction and proliferation, or too innumerable other criminalization issues that exist within contemporary society. In fact, "Human Rights atch found that the United States is the only country in the world with such an array of restrictions" that are relatively ineffective (orrall, 2008, p. 174).

Perhaps modern society might take a hint from modern dentistry -- prevention is likely…...

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Works Cited

New York Legislature to Vote. (2009, March 2). Retrieved May 2011, from Democracy Now!:  http://www.democracynow.org/2009/3/3/drop_the_rock_new_york_legislature 

Hanrahan, C. (Ed.). (2006). America's Prisons: Opposing Viewpoints. New York: Greenhaven Press.

Liu, I. (2009, January 8). Paterson Once Arrested Over Rockefeller Drug Law Reform. Retrieved May 2011, from Capital Confidental:  http://blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/10410/paterson-once-arrested-over-rockefeller-drug-law-reform/ 

Worrall, J. (2008). Crime Control in America: What Works? New York: Allyn and Bacon.

Ancient Earth - Women's History
OFFICIAL USE ONLY

SUBJ:

An Analysis of "Life" Magazine dated November 17, 1958

Lexicoczar (All Hail!)

As you know, the recent discovery of a cache of "magazines" has provided our department with an opportunity to better understand the colorful but largely heretofore-baffling mid-20th century. The graphics and pictures contained in one of the "magazines" entitled "Life" appear to be particularly illustrative of the customs and values that were predominant during this period in Western history. Some sample illustrations, together with this analyst's interpretation of the contents of an issue of a "Life" "magazine" dated November 17, 1958 and their likely functions and purposes as they apply to female gender issues, are provided below.

General Description and Contents of "Magazine."

This copy of "Life" "magazine" is comparable to the other specimens discovered in "gar-[b?]ages" in recent years; this copy, though, is especially well preserved, due in large part to the manner in which…...

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References

TomFolio.com. Galactic Web: Available:  http://www.tomfolio.com/bookdetailsfg.asp ?

b=40315& m=40.

Source: TomFolio.com. Galactic Web: Available:

" (Adams et al.)
hat the report went on to show was how a decades long deception was practiced on a race that was viewed primarily as a guinea pig for medical science.

The Tuskegee Institute had been established by Booker T. ashington. Claude McKay had passed through there in 1912 to study agriculture (under the patronage of alter Jekyll, a man who provided the basis for Robert Louis Stevenson's classic horror tale character). Around the same time that Eleanor Dwight Jones was striving to preserve the white race, the United States Public Health Service began the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. hat took place was a forty year analysis of the life of syphilis. The two hundred black men who had syphilis were "deliberately denied treatment" (Adams et al.) in what was just one more step in oppression and callous social engineering.

And at the same time the Tuskegee experiment was going on, .E.B.…...

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Works Cited

Adams, Myrtle, et al. "Final Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee."

1996. Web. 8 June 2011.

Cone, James. Risks of Faith. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1999. Print.

Dowlings, Keven, and Knightley, Philip. "The Spy Who Came Back from the Grave."

Although they were considered as the bastions and foundation of America's industries and commerce, they were also considered 'models' of the gradually increasing social inequality in the country, having conquered and controlled almost all businesses in the country: railroad lines, oil refineries, and steelworks. hey were also images of business owners who had subsisted to corrupting the government in order to win business contracts and biddings and conduct their business operations without any intervention from the government.
Rockefeller was an industrialized who specialized in building construction in New York City, and though he was rumored to be one of the Robber Barons, his philanthropic activities downplayed the negative image that his wealth and businesses impressed upon the American society. Similarly, Carnegie, owner of Carnegie Steel Company, was criticized for controlling 25% of the country's iron and steel production. However, like Rockefeller, Carnegie's philanthropic programs and activities became a point for…...

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The Robber Barons was a title given to America's richest industrialists (with assets and riches reaching to millions of dollars), whose wealth came from war-related industries, such as the manufacturing of steel, machinery, and other tools of the industrialized society, among others. America during the 19th century had attained economic power well beyond Germany's and Britain's; moreover, the American dollar was more than what it costs prior to the war, while ordinary people's wages had also increased. However, the wealth gap between the rich and the poor widened, and criticisms of the Robber Barons' unethical conduct and practice of businesses in the country became an issue. It was purported that these rich man had attained their millions by cheating on the supplies they provided the government, producing sub-standard quality products and supplies for soldiers during the war while imposing a higher price than the product's actual unit value.

Three of the most popular Robber Barons during the 19th century are John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Henry Huntington. Although they were considered as the bastions and foundation of America's industries and commerce, they were also considered 'models' of the gradually increasing social inequality in the country, having conquered and controlled almost all businesses in the country: railroad lines, oil refineries, and steelworks. They were also images of business owners who had subsisted to corrupting the government in order to win business contracts and biddings and conduct their business operations without any intervention from the government.

Rockefeller was an industrialized who specialized in building construction in New York City, and though he was rumored to be one of the Robber Barons, his philanthropic activities downplayed the negative image that his wealth and businesses impressed upon the American society. Similarly, Carnegie, owner of Carnegie Steel Company, was criticized for controlling 25% of the country's iron and steel production. However, like Rockefeller, Carnegie's philanthropic programs and activities became a point for society to consider him a role model for the society rather than a Robber Baron. Collis Huntington, American railroad magnate, was the owner of the Central Pacific Railroad (in 1861) and founder and president of the Southern Pacific Railroad (founded in 1884). Huntington was known for being a strong lobbyist for railroad interests, a role that downplayed allegations that he was a Robber Baron, but instead, a champion of the railroad business and the people who make a living from this industry. These examples of the Robber Barons illustrate how philanthropy and actively participating in the lobbying process for legislation in the manufacturing industry have become strategies for the Robber Barons to continuously increase their wealth while at the same time maintaining a positive public image.

United Negro College Fund (UNCF) is the largest, oldest, most comprehensive, and most successful minority higher education assistance organization in America. They provide assistance in a variety of manners, including: operating funds and technology enhancement services its 38-member, historically black, universities and colleges, internships and scholarships for minority students at nearly 1,000 institutions, as well as faculty and administrative professional training ("About UNCF," 2004).
The United Negro College Fund has been in existence for more than 60 years. In this time, it has raised more than $2 billion that has assisted more than 300,000 students to attend college. They have distributed more money, in the assistance of minorities attending school, than any other organization, other than the United States government ("About UNCF," 2004).

Today, UNCF supports approximately 65,000 students at nearly 1,000 colleges and universities. 60%, of these students, are the first in their families to attend college. 62%, of these…...

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References

About UNCF. (2004). Retrieved January 16, 2005, from  http://www.uncf.org/aboutus/index.asp .

Roots that Run Deep. (No date). Retrieved January 16, 2005, from  http://www.uncf.org/doc/UNCF_Impact_History.pdf .

UNCF History -- Timeline. (2004). Retrieved January 16, 2005, from  http://www.uncf.org/history/timeline.asp .

politics is and what it is not. Some definitions of politics are examined. The applications of politics in society are explored. The paper also looks at some of the things that are not politics, and examines why these things are not politics. The role of politics is distinguished from the role of government, and the reasons for this are looked at more closely.
This is a paper written in Harvard style that is actually three five page essays in one. These three essays all answer specific questions about politics, particularly the theories of elitism and pluralism.

What is Politics?

Many people believe that politics is simply the workings of the government, the ins and outs of the daily process of making, enforcing, and interpreting the laws. This is certainly one aspect of politics. However, politics encompasses so much more than just this. Politics also takes into account the structures of power and…...

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References

Dahl, R., "Pluralism revisited," Comparative Politics, 10, (1978)

Dunleavy, Patrick and O'Leary, Brendan, Theories of the State, (London, Macmillan, 1987). Chapters 2 and 6.

Schwarzmantel, J., The State in Contemporary Society (Harvester, 1994). Chapter 3

Growth Techniques: The Entrepreneurs
Many entrepreneurs were born during this period of time and often used specific growth strategies that were key to their empires and their fortunes. None of them went about it in exactly the same way but it all came about to the same end. One of the largest entrepreneurs of the time was Gould. Most of his fortune was made in the western railroads and he also became involved with the Western Union Co., which is still around today. Although many of the enterprises he involved himself in eventually came to ruin he amassed a fortune that was over $100 million at the time of his death. The basic key growth strategy that Gould used had to do with creating great wealth for himself and not being concerned about those that he left in his wake.

Another individual that made his fortune in railroads during that time…...

Sanneh (2015) writes that Baltimore's crime statistics are complex: while killings have decreased in the several years since Coates' childhood, the population level of the city has also dropped. However, it can be said that United States (U.S.) crime rates, on the whole, have dwindled from the early 1990s, and the incarcerated U.S. population (unusually high compared to other nations) appears to have ceased rising. As regards police killings, every single one is heartrending, while the unjustified killings are downright shocking. For example, European police departments are far less prone to kill. However, no evidence exists to suggest a modern-day epidemic. While scant reliable nationwide data exists, records are maintained by the New York Police Department (NYPD). In the year 1973, when the ockefeller drug laws were signed, 58 individuals were shot to death by the NYPD; in the latest year for which the department holds records, 2013, there…...

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References

Blumstein, A. (1993). "Racial Disproportionality of U.S. Prison Populations Revisited," University of Colorado Law Review, Vol. 64, No. 3.

Mauer, M. (1990). "Young Black Men and the Criminal Justice System: A Growing National Problem," The Sentencing Project.

Mauer, M., & Huling, T. (1995). Young Black Americans and the Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later. The Sentencing Project.

Sanneh, K. (2015). Body Count. Engulfed by crime, many blacks once agitated for more police and harsher penalties. A Critic at Large